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FIRST LATIN LESSONS, 



CONTAINING 



THE MOST IMPORTANT PARTS OF THE 



GRAMMAR OF THE LATIN LANGUAGE, 



TOGETHER 



WITH APPROPRIATE EXERCISES IN THE TRANS- 
LATING AND WRITING OF 



LATIN, 

FOR \ 



THE USE OF BEGINNERS. 



CHARLES ANTHON, LL.D., 

JAY-PROFESSOR OF THE GREEK AND LATIN LANGUAGES IN COLUMBIA COLLEGE, 
NEW-YORK, AND RECTOR OF THE GRAMMAR-SCHOOL. 




NEW-YORK: 

HARPER & BROTHERS, 82 CLIFF-STREET. 



1839. 






}$**> 



Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1838, by 

Charles Anthon. 
in the Clerk's Office of the Southern District of New-York. 



CONTENTS. 



Page 

Alphabet 1 

Vowels and Diphthongs 1-2 

Consonants 2 

Parts of Speech 2 

Noun 3 

Declensions of the Noun 3 

General rules for declension 3 

First Declension 4-7 

Exercises on the First Declension 8-11 

Second Declension 12-16 

Exercises on the Second Declension 17-20 

First and Second Declensions of Adjectives . . . 20-23 

Exercises on Adjectives 23-26 

Third Declension 26-47 

Remarks on the cases of the Third Declension . 47-52 

Exercises on the Third Declension 52-63 

Third Declension of Adjectives 63-68 

Exercises on Adjectives of Third Declension . . 69-71 

Fourth Declension 71-74 

Exercises on the Fourth Declension 74-76 

Fifth Declension 76-77 

Exercises on the Fifth Declension 77-79 

Heteroclites 81-82 

Comparison of Adjectives 83-87 

Exercises on Comparison 87-92 

Numerals 92-95 

Exercises on the Cardinal Numbers 96-98 

Exercises on the Ordinal Numbers 99-101 

Exercises on the Distributive Numbers .... 103-105 

Pronouns 105-121 

Exercises on the Pronouns 121-128 

Verb 128-135 

Conjugation of the Verb 135 

Formation of the Tenses 136-141 

Auxiliary Verb Sum 141-143 

Exercises on Sum and its Compounds 144-147 

First Conjugation, Active Voice 148-151 



CONTENTS. 

Pags 

Exercises on the Active Voice, First Conjugation . 151-155 

First Conjugation, Passive Voice 155-159 

Exercises on the Passive Voice, First Conjugation 159-162 
Irregular Verbs of the First Conjugation .... 163-164 
Exercises on Irregular Verbs, First Conjugation . 164-165 
Deponent Verbs of the First Conjugation .... 166 

Exercises on Deponents of the First Conjugation . 166-167 

Second Conjugation, Active Voice 168-171 

Exercises on the Active Voice, Second Conjugation 171-174 

Second Conjugation, Passive Voice 175-178 

Exercises on the Passive Voice, Second Conjugation 178-180 

Deponents of the Second Conjugation 181 

Exercises on Deponents of Second Conjugation . 181-182 

Third Conjugation, Active Voice 183-186 

Exercises on the Active Voice, Third Conjugation 186-190 

Third Conjugation, Passive Voice 190-193 

Exercises on the Passive Voice, Third Conjugation 193-195 
Exercises on Deponents of the Third Conjugation 196-197 

Fourth Conjugation, Active Voice 198-201 

Exercises on the Active Voice, Fourth Conjugation 201-203 
Fourth Conjugation, Passive Voice . . . . . . 203-206 

Exercises on the Passive Voice, Fourth Conjugation 207-208 
Exercises on Deponents of the Fourth Conjugation 208-209 

Remarks on the Conjugations 210-213 

Exercises on the Gerunds and Supines .... 213-215 

Exercises on the Gerundives 216-218 

Irregular Verbs 219-227 

Exercises on the Irregular Verbs 227-236 

Defective Verbs 237-240 

Exercises on the Defective Verbs 240-242 

Impersonal Verbs 242-244 

Adverbs 244-245 

Exercises on Adverbs 245-247 

Prepositions ^ 247-256 

Exercises on Prepositions ......... 256-259 

Conjunctions 259-261 

Exercises on Conjunctions 261-263 

Interjections . 263-264 

Sketch of Latin Syntax . 264-277 

Dictionary 279-363 



LATIN LESSONS. 



I. ALPHABET. 

I. The Latin alphabet is the same as the English, except 
in its wanting the w, and also the capital y. 

II. The w can only be used when modern names are to 
be expressed in Latin. The smaller y occurs merely in 
words derived immediately from the Greek ; as, syllaba, 
Cyrus, and corresponds to the Greek upsilon or u. 

III. The reason of no capital y appearing in Latin is 
simply this : every Greek word beginning with an upsilon 
has that upsilon aspirated, that is, pronounced as if com- 
mencing with an k; hence no word in Latin can begin 
with a y, but must always commence with hy. 

IV. H is only an aspiration, and therefore, when joined 
with a consonant, does not lengthen the preceding vowel. 

V. J and v were written by the Latins with the same 
letters as the vowels i and u, namely, I and V, but were 
distinguished in pronunciation. 

VI. K became a superfluous letter, C having supplied its 
place ; but it still continued to be employed in a few words, 
when followed by the vowel a, as, for example, in Kalendce. 

VII. Z occurs only in words derived from the Greek. 

II. VOWELS AND DIPHTHONGS. 

I. Six of the letters are vowels, namely, a, e, i, o, u, y ; 
the remainder are consonants. 

II. The vowels are combined into eight diphthongs, 
namely, ae, oe, ai, ei, oi, ui, au, eu. 

III. Th€ diphthongs ei, oi, ui, occur, however, only in a 

1 



2 CONSONANTS. PARTS OF SPEECH. 

few words, chiefly interjections, as hei, eia, oiei, hui, and 
when dein, proin, huic, cui, are contracted into one syllable, 
as they commonly are in verse. The diphthong ei was 
written for the long i in heic (for hie, "here"), and quels 
(for quis, i. e., quibus), and in those accusatives plural of the 
third declension which are formed in is ; as, omneis, arteis, 
for omnes, artes. 

IV. The diphthong yi, occurring, for example, in Har- 
pyia (three syllables), is nothing more than the Greek ui (vl). 

III. DIVISION OF CONSONANTS. 

I. The consonants are divided into semi-vowels and mutes. 

II. The semi-vowels are f, I, m, n, r, s, v ; the remaining 
consonants are mutes, and are so called because they can- 
not be formed without an interruption of the sound by the 
closing of the lips, on which account they always need an 
accompanying vowel in order to be fully enunciated. 

III. Four of the semi-vowels, namely, I, m, n, r, are 
called liquids, from the ease with which, in pronunciation, 
they follow other consonants. 

IV. X and Z are double consonants, the former being 
equivalent to cs, ks, or gs, and the latter to ds. 

V. The consonants, exclusive of the liquids, are divided, 
according to the organ by which they are enunciated, into 
labials, palatals, and dentals. 

VI. The labials are formed by the lips, and are v, b, p,f. 
The palatals are formed by the tongue against the roof of 
the mouth, and are g, c, k, q. The dentals are formed by 
the tongue against the teeth, and are d, t. 

IV. PARTS OF SPEECH. 

I. There are nine parts of speech in Latin, five of which 
admit of inflection, that is, are either declined or conjugated ; 
the remaining four admit of no inflection. 

II. The parts of speech which admit of inflection are the 
Noun, Adjective, Pronoun, Verb, Participle, of which the 



NOTJN. 3 

noun, adjective, pronoun, and participle are declined, and 
the verb is conjugated. 

III. The parts of speech which admit of no inflection are 
the Adverb, Preposition, Conjunction, and Interjection. 

V. THE NOUN. 

I. The Noun is the name of any person, place, or thing. 

II. Nouns are of two kinds, Proper and Common. Prop- 
er nouns are the names of individual men or other objects. 
Common nouns are those which denote a whole class of 
objects, and can only be applied to individuals so far as they 
belong to that class. 

III. Nouns have three genders, the Masculine, Feminine, 
and Neuter. 

IV. The cases are six in number, namely, the Nomina- 
tive, Genitive, Dative, Accusative, Vocative, and Ablative. 

V. There are two numbers, namely, the Singular and 
Plural. "n 

VI. DECLENSION OF THE NOUN. 

I. Declension is the varying of a noun by cases and 
numbers. 

II. There are Jive declensions, distinguished from each 
other by the termination of the genitive singular. Thus, 

The genitive of the first declension ends in ae; 
" " second " " i; 

" " third " " is; 

" " fourth " " us; 

« " fifth t " " et 

III. The following general rules, regulating the different 
declensions, must be carefully remembered. 

GENERAL RULES. 

1. Nouns of the neuter gender have the nominative, ac- 
cusative, and vocative alike in both numbers, and these 
cases in the plural end always in a. 

2. The vocative singular, except in Greek nouns in as 



FIRST DECLENSION. 



and es of the first, and in some nouns of the second, is 
like the nominative ; but in the plural the vocative 
and nominative are alike in all the declensions. 

3. The accusative singular ends, where no exception 
arises from neuters, in m. Thus we have in the dif- 
ferent declensions, 

12 3 4 5 

am, um, em, urn, em. 

4. The genitive plural ends always in um, and hence we 
have in the different declensions, 

12 3 4 5 

drum, drum, um, Hum, erum. 

5. The dative plural has the same termination as the ab- 
lative plural in all the declensions. The ending in the 
different declensions are as follows : 



1 


2 


3 


4 


5 


is, 


is, 


thus, 


thus or ilbus, 


ebus. 



VII. FIRST DECLENSION. 

I. Nouns of the first declension end in a, e, as, and es. 

II. Those nouns of this declension that end in a are of 
Latin origin, the remainder are Greek. 

III. Nouns in a have the following terminations in the 
different cases of the singular and plural. 



Singular. 






Plural 




Nom. 


a. 


Nom. 




<B. 


Gen. 


<e. 


Gen. 




drum. 


Dat. 


(B. 


Dat. 




is. 


Ace. 


am. 


Ace. 




as. 


Voc. 


a. 


Voc. 




(2. 


Abl. 


a. 


Abl. 




Is. 



FIRST DECLENSION. 



EXAMPLE. 

Singular, 
a table, 
of a table, 
to or for a table, 
a table, 
oh table ! 
with, from, in, or by a table. 

Plural, 
tables, 
of tables, 
to ox for tables, 
tables, 
oh tables ! 
with, from, in, or by tables. 

IV. Some feminine nouns have abus in the dative and 
ablative plural instead of is ; as, deabus, filiabus, and this 
ending in abus serves to distinguish them from their cor- 
responding masculines in us of the second declension, 
which have the dative and ablative plural ending in is. 
The following are some of these nouns : l 

« a 



13 "T3 



N. 


Mens-a, 


G. 


Mens-ae, 


D. 


Mens-ae, 


Ace. 


Mens-am, 


V. 


Mens-a, 


Ab. 


Mens-a, 


N. 


Mens-ae, 


G. 


Mens-arum, 


D. 


Mens-is, 


Ace. 


Mens-as, 


V. 


Mens-ae, 


Ab. 


Mens-is, 



Dea, 


a goddess. 


Filia, 


a daughter. 


Equa, 


a mare. 


Mula, 


a she-mule. 


Asma, 


a she-ass. 


Nata, 


a daughter. 


Anima, 


the soul. 



Famula, a maid-servant. 






Deus, 


a god. 


Films, 


a son. 


Equus, 


a horse. 


Mulus, 


a mule. 


Asmus, 


an ass. 


Natus, 


a son. 


Animus. 


the mind. 



; Famulus, a man-servant. 



1. These are, in fact, very old forms, since, in the earlier periods of the 
language, the termination bus was common to datives and ablatives in 
all the declensions. In good prose writers, however, the form is of dea, 
filia, equa, and mula is the more common, especially if an adjective be 
joined with it, as in fdiis duabus, for this removes all the ambiguity. 

1* 



6 FIRST DECLENSION. 

V. The terms ambo, " both," and duo, " two," have like- 
wise dbus in the dative and ablative plural ; as, ambdbus, 
dudbus. 

VI. After nouns in a, we proceed to consider those in 
as, es, and e, which we have already said are of Greek origin. 

VII. Nouns in as and es are masculine, those in e femi- 
nine. 

VIII. The declension of nouns in as is as follows : 







Singular, 


N. 


Tiar-as, 


a turban. 


G. 


Tiar-ae, 


of a turban. 


D. 


Tiar-ae, 


to ox for a turban. 


Ace. 


Tiar-am or 


-an, a turban. 


V. 


Tiar-a, 


oh turban ! 


Ab. 


Tiar-a, 


with, from, by, or in a turban. 

Plural. 


N. 


Tiar-se, 


turbans. 


G. 


Tiar-arum, 


of turbans. 


D. 


Tiar-is, 


to or for turbans. 


Ace. 


Tiar-as, 


turbans. 


V. 


Tiar-ae, 


oh turbans ! 


Ab. 


Tiar-is, 


with, from, in, or by turbans. 


IX. 


Nouns in es are 


declined as follows : 
Singular. 


N. 


Comet-es, 


a comet. 


G. 


Comet-33, 


of a comet. 


D. 


Comet-ae, 


to or for a comet. 


Ace. 


Comet-en, 


a comet. 


V. 


Comet-e, 


oh comet ! 


Ab. 


Comet-e, 


with,from^ in, or by a comet. 



FIRST DECLENSION. 



Plural, 
comets, 
of cornets, 
to ox for comets, 
comets, 
oh comets! 
with, from, in, or by comets. 

X. In the same way are to be declined such proper 
names as Anchises, gen. Anchisce ; Thersites, gen. Thersi- 
t<B, &c, except that they want the plural. 

XI. Nouns in e are declined as follows : 



N. 


Comet-ae, 


G. 


Comet-arum, 


D. 


Comet-is, 


Ace. 


Comet-as, 


V. 


Comet-ae, 


Ab. 


Comet-is, 







Singular. 


N. 


Epitom-e, 


an epitome. 


G. 


Epit5m-es, 


of an epitome. 


D. 


Epitom-e, 


to ox for an epitome* 


Ace. 


Epitom-en, 


an epitome. 


V. 


Epitom-e, 


oh epitome ! 


Ab. 


Epitom-e, 


with, from, by, or in an epitome* 
Plural. 


N. 


Epitom-ae, 


epitomes. 


G. 


Epitom-arum 


of epitomes. 


D. 


Epitom-is, 


to or for epitomes. 


Ace. 


Epitom-as, 


an epitome. 


V. 


Epitom-ae, 


oh epitomes ! 


Ab. 


Epitom-is, 


with, from, in, or by epitomes. 


xn. 


In the same way are to be declined such proper 


nouns ; 


is Penelope, gen. 


Penelopes, &c. 



8 EXERCISES ON THE FIRST DECLENSION. 

VIII. EXERCISES ON THE FIRST DECLENSION. 
Preliminary Rules} 

1. Substantives referring to the same thing agree in 
case; as, Cicero orator, " Cicero the orator ;" Urbs 
Athena, " the city Athens." 

2. One substantive governs another in the genitive when 
they refer to different things ; as, Timor Dei, " the 
fear of God ;" Lex naturce, " the law of nature." 

3. Any verb may have the same case after it as before 
it, when both words refer to the same thing ; as, Jus- 
titia est virtus, " Justice is a virtue ;" Cicero vocatur 
orator, " Cicero is called the orator." 

4. A verb signifying actively governs the accusative ; 
as, amo Deum, " I love God ;" habemus divitias, " we 
have riches." 

5. The preposition in governs the ablative when motion 
or rest in a place is signified ; as, divitics non sunt in 
pecunia sed in sapientid, " riches consist not in money, 
but in wisdom." 

Vocabulary. 

Est He, she, or it is. 

sunt They are. 

erat He, she, or it was. 

erant They were. 

fuit He, she, or it has been, or was?' 

fuerunt They have been, or were, 

habet . . ... He, she, or it has. 

habent They have. 

et and. 

1. A few rules are here anticipated, in order to serve as a basis for the 
exercises in the different declensions. The same remark applies to the 
short vocabulary which follows immediately after. 

2. When/uiJ has the meaning of " has been," it is called the perfect ; 
when it signifies " was," it is the aorist. And so of fuerunt. 



EXERCISES ON THE FIRST DECLENSION. 



In what numbers and cases are the following words found ? 
Cura! Belluse. Semita. Animabus. Tydldes. 
Penelopen. Filiam. Priamiden. 
Boream. Mida ! Tydidae. 

Borean. 
Thersite ! 
Thersite. 



Cura. Bellua. 
Cura. Vitae. 
Cur am. Vitis. 
Curarum. iEneam. 
Curae ! Crambes 



Aloes. Alcida. 

Rhetoncen. Pyriten. 
Rhetonces. Musa ! 



II. 



Translate the following, and mention at the same time 
where they are found. 



Ala, " a wing" 
alas, 
alis, 
alam, 
alarum, 
ala, 
ala. 

Aqua, " water" 
aquam, 
aquarum, 
aqua! 
aquis. 

Alauda, " a lark" 
alaudis, 
alaudas, 
alaudae. 

'Anguilla, a an eel" 
anguillarum, 
anguilla ! 
anguillis. 

Scriba, " a scribe" 
scriba, 
scribis, 
scriboe. 



Gallina, " a hen" 

gallmas, 

gallmam, 

gallmae ! 

Insula, " an island" 

insula?, 

insulis, 

insularum. 

Ripa, " a bank" 

ripis, 

ripam, 

ripa! 

Agricola, " a farmer" 

agricolas, 

agricolarum, 

agricolae, 

agricola? ! 

Occa, "a harrow" 

occa! 

occa. 

Penna, " a feather or pen " 

pennas, 

pennis, 

penna. 



10 



EXERCISES ON THE FIRST DECLENSION* 



III. 

Convert the following into Latin, and name the case 
and number as in the previous exercise. 
(Musca, " a fly"), (Aquila, " an eagle"), (Vita, " life"), 



oh fly ! 




by eagles, 




oh life ! 


with a fly, 




with an eagle, 




of lives, 


of flies, 




to an eagle, 




in life, 


of a fly, 




to eagles, 




lives, 


to a fly, 




oh eagles ! 




of life l 


with flies. 




eagles. 




with life. 


(Via 


, " a way"), 


(Ara, 


" an altar"), 


oh 


joays ! 




of altars, 


oh 


way ! 




to an 


altar, 


with 


ways, 




altars 




with 


a way i 




of an 


altar, 


of ways, 




oh altar ! 


of a 


way. 




with an altar. 



IV. 

Translate the following, and explain the agreement or 
government in each clause or phrase. 

Ripam insulae. — Ripis insular nm. — Ripae insulae ! — Galll- 
nis agricolarurn. — Alis galllnarum agricolae. — Pennae alas 
alaudae. — Penna scribal ! — Alas alaudarum. — Pennae ala- 
rum ! — Pennas alarum alaudae et gallmae. — Occis agri- 
colarurn. — Occae agricolae! — Anguilla aquae. — Anguilla 
aquae. — Anguilla aquarum! — Agricolae et scribae! — Gallmae 
agricolarurn. — Occarum agricolarurn. — Gallmae agricola- 
rurn ! — Aquila insulae. — Musca aquae ! — Viam vitae. — Via- 
rum vitae. — Vita et ara. 

Anglia est insula. — Columba est arnica munditiae. — Aquila 
est incola silvae. — Columbae sunt amicae munditiae. — Aquilae 
sunt incolae sil varum. — Anglia, Sicilia, et Corsica sunt in- 
sulae. — Astrsea fuit dea justitiee. — Alaudae et columbae hab- 



EXERCISES ON THE FIRST DECLENSION. 



11 



ent caudas.— Januae et portae habent seras. — Vita agrico- 
larum est magistra diligentiae et parsimoniae. — In aqua sunt 
insulae.— -Ilanae sunt incolae aquae et terrae. — India est pa- 
tria gemmarum.— Pieria fuit provincia Macedpniae. — Pieria 
provincia Macedoniae fuit patria Musarum. — Agricolae ha- 
bent vaccas, columbas, galllnas et occas. — In fossis silva- 
rum est aqua. — In culinis sunt ollae et patinae. — Graecia est 
patria gloriae et sapientiae. — -Graecia, patria gloriae et sapien- 
tiae, est peninsula.— -Persae et Seythae erant incolae Asiae. — 
Pugnae et victoriae Persarum et Scytharum, incolarum 
Asiae. — Columba, arnica munditiae, est praeda aquilae, incolae 
silvarum. — In silvis Asiae sunt lupae, leaenae et simiae ; in 
aulis agricolarum sunt gallinae, columbae et vaccae. 



Convert the following examples of ungrammatical Latin 
into grammatical, so as to suit the English words opposite 

Diana was the daughter of Diana sum filia Latona. 

Latona. 
Asia and Europe are penin 

sulas. 
There are thorns to roses. 
There are wings to eagles. 
The scribes have pens. 
History and philosophy are 

teachers of wisdom and jus- 
tice. 
In the island is a poetess. 
To the doors are bolts. 
The owl is a friend of darh 

ness. 
The money of the maid-servant 

is in a lurking-place in the 

woods. 



Asia et Europa sum peninsu- 
la. 

Rosa sum spina. 

Aquila sum ala. 

Scriba habeo penna. 

Historia et philosophia sum 
magistra sapientia et justi- 
tia. 

In insula sum poetria. 

Janua sum sera. 

Noctua sum arnica tenebrae. 

(pi) 

Pecunia famula sum in late- 
brae (pi.) in silva. 



12 SECOND DECLENSION. 

IX. SECOND DECLENSION. 

I. Nouns of the second declension end in er, ir, ur, us, 
um, os, and on. 

II. The terminations os and on belong to Greek nouns. 

III. Nouns in um and on are neuter, the rest are masculine. 

IV. The terminations of this declension are as follows : 

Terminations. 
Singular. Plural. 



N. er, ir, ur, us, um, os, on, 

G. -i. 

D. -5. 

Ace. -um, -on. 

V. -e, or like nominative. 

Ab. -o. 



N. -i, in the neuter -a. 

G. -drum. 

D. -is. 

Ace. -6s, in the neuter -a. 

V. -i, in the neuter -a. 

Ab. -is. 



V. Nouns in us form the vocative in e. The rest have it 
like the nominative. 

VI. Originally, all of the nouns in er, ir, ur, ended in us, 
and, consequently, all originally made e in the vocative. But 
in the course of time many dropped the ending us from the 
nominative, and along with it e from the vocative. 

VII. Most nouns in er reject e before r in the oblique 
cases ; as, ager, gen. agri, &c. Others are declined by 
adding the terminations of the cases to the nominative ; as, 
puer, gen.puer-i, &c. 

Examples. 

Ager, " afield." 

Singular. 



N. 


Ager, 


a field. 


G. 


Agr-I, 


of a field. 


D. 


Agr-o, 


to or for afield. 


Ace. 


Agr-um, 


a field. 


V. 


Ager, 


oh field! 


Ab. 


Agr-o, 


with, &c, afield. 



SECOND DECLENSION. 13 







Plural, 




N. 


Agr-I, 




fields. 


G. 


Agr-5rum, 


of fields. 


D. 


Agr-is, 




to or for fields. 


Ace. 


Agr-os, 


i 


fields. 


V. 


Agr-i, 




oh fields ! 


Ab. 


Agr-is, 




with, &c., fields. 






Puer, " a boy" 






Singula? 




N. 


Puer, 




a boy. 


G. 


Puer-i, 




of a boy. 


D. 


Puer-o, 




to ox for a boy. 


Ace. 


Puer-um, 


> 


a boy. 


V. 


Puer, 




oh boy ! 


Ab. 


Puer-d, 


Plural, 


with, &cc.,a boy. 


N. 


Puer-i, 




boys. 


G. 


Puer-orum, 


of boys. 


D. 


Puer-is, 




to or for boys. 


Ace. 


Puer-os, 




boys. 


V. 


Puer-T, 




oh boys ! 


Ab. 


Puer-is, 




with, &c., boys. 






Vir, " a man" 






Singular 




N. 


Vir, 




a man. 


G. 


Vir-I 




of a man. 


D. 


Vir-o, 




to or for a man. 


Ace. 


Vir-um, 




a man. 


V. 


Vir, 




oh man I 


Ab. 


Vir-o, 




with, &c, a man, 



14 



SECOND DECLENSION. 



Plural. 



N. 


Vir-i, 




men. 


G. 


Vir-orum, 




of men. 


D. 


Vir-is, 




to or for men. 


Ace. 


Vir-6s, 




men. 


V. 


Vir-i, 




oh men ! 


Ab. 


Vir-is, 




with, &c, men. 




Gladius, " a sword" 






Singular 




N. 


Gladi-us, 




a sword. 


G. 


Gladi-I, 




of a sword. 


D. 


Gladi-6, 




to or for a sword. 


Ace. 


Gladi-um, 




a sword. 


V. 


Gladi-e, 




oh sword ! 


Ab. 


Gladi-o, 


Plural. 


with, &c, a sword. 


N. 


Gladi-T, 




swords. 


G. 


Gladi-orum 


y 


of swords. 


D. 


Gladi-Is, 




to ox for swords. 


Ace. 


Gladi-os, 




swords. 


V. 


Gladi-I, 




oh swords ! 


Ab. 


Gladi-is, 




with, &lc, swords. 



VII. Neuters in um are declined in the same way as 
nouns in us, except that they have the termination a in the 
nominative, accusative, and vocative plural ; and the voca- 
tive singular like the nominative and accusative. 

Scamnum, " a bench." 
Singular. 
N. Scamn-um, a bench. 

G. Scamn-I, of a bench. 

D. Scamn-o, to or for a bench. 

Ace. Scamn-um, a bench. 

V. Scamn-um, oh bench! 

Ab. Scamn-6, with, &c, a bench. 



SECOND DECLENSION. 15 







Plural. 




N. 


Scamn-a, 




benches. 


G. 


Scamn-orum 


9 


of benches. 


D, 


Scamn-is, 




to or for benches. 


Ace. 


Scamn-a, 




benches. 


V. 


Scamn-a, 




oh benches ! 


Ab. 


Scamn-Is, 




with, &c, benches. 



IX. The genitive of words in ius and ium was not 
formed in ii in the best age of the Latin language, but in i 
alone ; as, Tullius, gen. Tulli ; mancipium, gen. mancipi. 

X. Substantives in ius, if they are proper names, as Vir- 
gilius, Terentius, Tullius, make the vocative in i ; as, Vir- 
gin, Terenti, Tulli ; so also do filius, " a son," and genius, 
"a genius," &sfli, genu 

XI. Other substantives in ius, and proper names that con- 
tinue adjectives, form the vocative in e ; as, gladie, Delie, &c. 

XIL Deus makes the vocative like the nominative ; as, 
Oh Deus ! 

XIII. The genitive plural of some words, especially those 
which denote value, measure, and weight, is commonly 
formed in urn instead of orum ; particularly nummum, ses- 
tertium, modium, &c. 

XIV. Deus has in the nominative plural three forms, dei, 
dii, and di ; and three forms also in the dative and ablative 
plural, deis, diis, and dts. 



X. GREEK NOUNS OF THE SECOND DECLENSION. 


I. Greek 


nouns in os 


are declined like the Latin nouns 


in us, except that they 


make the 


accusative end in on in- 


stead of um. 


Thus: 






N. 


Del-os, 


Singular 


Delos. 


G. 


Del-i, 




of Delos. 


D. 


Del-o, 




to or for Delos. 


Ace. 


Del-on, 




Delos. 


V. 


Del-e, 




oh Delos ! 


Ab. 


Del-o, 




with, &c, Delos. 



16 SECOND DECLENSION. 







Singular 




N. 


Tened-os, 




Tenedos. 


G. 


Tened-I, 




of Tenedos. 


D. 


Tened-o, 




to or for Tenedos. 


Ace. 


Tened-on, 




Tenedos. 


V. 


Tened-e, 




oh Tenedos ! 


Ab. 


Tened-o, 




with, (fee., Tenedos 



II. Greek nouns in eus (svg) are declined two ways. 
Either the eus is pronounced as one syllable, and then the 
declension belongs to the third ; or else eus is pronounced 
as eus, two syllables, and the manner of declining is like 
that of Latin nouns in us. In both modes of inflecting, 
however, the vocative ends in eu. Thus : 

Singular. 



N. 


Orph-eus, 




Orpheus. 


G. 


Orph-eos, 




of Orpheus. 


D. 


Orph-ei, 




to or for Orpheus. 


Ace. 


Orph-ea, 




Orpheus. 


V. 


Orph-eu, 




oh Orpheus ! 


Ab. 


Orph-eo, 




with, &c, Orpheus. 






Singul 


ar. 


N. 


Orphe-us, 




Orpheus. 


G. 


Orphe-I, 




of Orpheus. 


D. 


Orphe-6, 




to ox for Orpheus. 


Ace. 


Orphe-um, 




Orpheus. 


V. 


Orpli-eu, 




oh Orpheus I 


Ab. 


Orphe-6, 




with, (fee, Orpheus. 


III. The preferable mode of 


declining, for prose, is Or- 


he-us, gen 


. Orphe-i, &c 


\ The other mode is poetical. 



EXERCISES ON THE SECOND DECLENSION. 



17 



XL EXERCISES ON THE SECOND DECLENSION. 
I. 
In what numbers and cases are the following words found ? 



Animus. Servos 


. Paron. 


Denarium. 


Ilion. 


Anime. Servo. 


Legatum. 


Deus ! 


Persea. 


Aminos. Serve. 


Antro. 


Oppida. 


Donorum. 


Anlmi ! Bella. 


Idomeneu ! 


Persei. 


Duumvirum. 


Animum. Bella ! 


Athon. 


Arbitri. 


Negotia. 


Animi. Horati 


! Phalereum. 


Austri. 


Idomeneos. 


Animis. Horati. 


Phalerea. 
II. 


Generi. 


Idomenei. 


Translate the following, and 


mention, at 1 


the same time 


where they are found. 






Nidus, " a nest" 


Corvus, " 


a raven" 


nidum, 




corve, 




nide! 




corvi ! 




nidos, 




corvos, 




nidis, 




eorvis, 




nidi ! 




corvo, 




nidorum, 




corvi, 




nidi, 




corvorum, 




nido. 




corvum. 




Populus, " a 
populo, 
populi ! 
populorum, 
popule. 


poplar" 


Liber, " a 
libro, 
librorum, 
libris. 
Pratum, " 


book," 

a meadow," 


Ovum, " an egg" 


prata, 




ova! 




prata ! 




ova, 




pratorum, 




OYO. 


2* 


prati. 





18 EXERCISES ON THE SECOND DECLENSION, 

III. 

Convert the following into Latin, and name the case 
and number, as in the previous exercise. 

(Fluvius, "a river"), (Remus, " an oar"), oh Lucretius! 

of a river, of oars, of Septimius. 

with rivers, with oars, oh Menoeceus ! 

oh rivers ! with an oar, of Paros. 

with a river, of an oar. to Ilium, 

to a river, (Aper, " a hoar"), to Ceos. 

to rivers. oh hoar I in Cos. 

(Somnium, " a dream"), of a hoar, oh Laertius ! 

oh dream ! of hoars, oh son ! 

to dreams, with a hoar. of a genius, 

in a dream, (Servus, " a slave"), oh genius ! 

of dreams, of a slave, of Terentius. 

in dreams. oh slaves ! oh Terentius ! 

IV. 

Translate the following, and explain the agreement or 
government in each clause or phrase. 

Nidum corvi. — Nide corvi ! — Nidi corvorum. — Nidos et 
ova corvorum. — Nidis et ovis corvorum. — Nidos merula- 
rum et ova alaudarum. — Corvos et aquilas silvarum. — Popu- 
lorum in ripis fluviorum. — Prata et aratra agricolarum. — 
Populis pratorum. — Popule prati ! — Pratum viri ! — Libri pu- 
eri. — Libros puerorum. — Libris puerorum et virorum. — 
Liber pueri. — Equi et asini ungulae. — Ccelum, throne 
Dei ! — Aquilae rostrum. — Monumenta Teucri, Alexandri, et 
Phalereos. 

Nilus est fluvius. — iEgyptus est patria pestilentiae. — Can- 
cer est insectum. — Nilus est fluvius ^Egypti. — Cancri sunt 
insecta. — In Nilo, fluvio iEgypti, sunt crocodili et hippo- 
potami. — Cancro sunt chelae, apro sunt setae. — Terra habet 
figuram globi. — Mercurius, filius Maiae, fuit nuntius deo- 
rum. — Rivi et fluvii sunt domicilia cancrorum, silvae apro- 



EXERCISES ON THE SECOND DECLENSION. 19 

rum. — Mercurio, nuntio deorum, fuit caduceus. — Rhenus et 
Danubius sunt fluvii Europae.— -Rhene, fluvie Germaniae ! — 
Luereti, poeta Romae !— -Fabri habent scalpra et malleos. — 
In officlnis fabrorum sunt mallei et scalpra ; in bibliothecis 
doctorum sunt libri. — In campo sunt herbae et plantae, in 
horto sunt mali, piri et cerasi ; in silva sunt fagi, fraxmi, et 
tiliae. — Orpheu, poeta Graeciae ! — Vir est praesidium patriae. 
— Agricolae habent equos, asmos, porcos, agnos, vaccas, 
gallinas, et columbas. — Virglli, poeta Mantuae ! — Socer est 
amicus generi, et gener soceri. — In Co insula sunt campi, 
prata, fluvii, herbae et plantae. — Terenti, Properti, et Tibulle, 
poetae Romanorum ! — Mercuri, fill Maise, nuntie deorum !— 
Tergum, collum, et brachium, sunt membra. — Yitia, Ido- 
meneu ! sunt morbi animi. — Uvae et vinum auctumni sunt 
dona Liberi. — Mala, pTra, et cerasa, sunt gaudium puero- 
rum. — Treviri sunt Germani. — Memoria est beneficium dei, 
domini coeli et terrae. — Malo sunt mala, piro sunt plra, ce- 
raso sunt cerasa. — Silvae sunt domicilia cervorum, luporum, 
ursorum, luparum, merularum, et aquilarum. — Domine coeli 
et terrae ! — Thebae sunt patria Pindari. 

V. 

Convert the following examples of ungrammatical Latin 
into grammatical, so as to suit the English words opposite. 



Drusus was the son of Tibe- 
rius. 

Oh Tiberius, tyrant and mon- 
ster ! 

Bacchus was the god of wine. 

To Corinth, a town of Greece, 
there was a theatre. 

Ploughs are the instruments 
of farmers. 

Stars are the ornaments of 
heaven. 



Drusus sum nlius Tiberius. 

Tiberius, tyrannus et mon- 

strum. 
Bacchus sum deus vinum. 
Corinthus, oppidum Graecia, 

sum theatrum. 
Aratrum sum instrumentum 

agricola. 
Astrum sum ornamentum coe- 

lum. 



20 ADJECTIVES. 

Javelins were the weapons of Pilum sum telum Romanus. 
the Romans. 



Bell am sum malum et causa 
lacryma. 



Wars are evils and causes of 

tears. 
Hoofs are the arms of the , Ungula sum arma equus. 

horse. 
The apple of discord was the i Pomum discordia sum causa 

cause of the ruin of Troy. I excidium Troja. 



The eyelids are the coverings 
of the eyes. 

Brooks and rivers are the ali- 
ment of meadows and gar- 
dens. 



Palpebra sum tegumentum 

oculus. 
Rivus et fluvius sum aliment- 

um pratum et hortus. 



XII. ADJECTIVE. 

I. The adjective denotes quality, and is either joined 
with a substantive or pronoun in the sentence, or refers to 
some one understood. 

II. Some adjectives have different terminations for all 
three genders. Some have one for the masculine and fem- 
inine, and another for the neuter. Some again have only 
one (in most of their cases) for all the genders. 

III. Adjectives have two declensions, namely, the first and 
second, forming one combined declension, and the third. 

IV. Adjectives of the first and second declension follow 
the terminations of the first and second declensions of nouns. 

V. Adjectives of the third declension follow the termina- 
tions of the third declension of nouns. 

XIII. FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSION OF ADJEC- 
TIVES. 

I. Adjectives of this declension are of three terminations, 
namely, -us or -er for the nominative singular masculine, 
-a for the feminine, and -um for the neuter ; as, 
M. F. N. 

Nom. Magn-us, Magn-a, Magn-um, " great." 
Ten-er, Tener~a, Tener-um, "tender." 



ADJECTIVES. 



21 



II. The termination in -er was, in early Latin, ~erus, as 
tenerus ; so that, at one period of the language, the ending 
in -us marked the nominative singular masculine of all the 
adjectives of this declension. 

III. Hence it becomes plain why tenerus, afterward 
changed to tener, makes tener-a in the feminine and tener- 
urn in the neuter. And so of the other adjectives in r} 

IV. The following adjectives in er reject e before r in 
declining : namely, 

cegr-um, " sick." 

atr-um, " coal-black." 

crebr-um, " frequent." 

macr-um, " lean." 

nigr-um, " black." 

pulchr-um, " fair." 

rubr-um, " red." 

sacr-um, " sacred." 

scabr-um, " rough." 

tcBtr-um, " foul." 

vafr-um, " cunning." 

sinistr-um, " left." 

V. Miser, " wretched," and the other adjectives in er, 
exclusive of those mentioned in the previous paragraph, 
retain the e before r. Dexter, " right," sometimes retains 
the e and sometimes rejects it. Sinister, " left," always 
rejects it. 

1. The same remark will apply to nouns in er, it, and ur of the 
second declension. These all ended originally in us, as Alexander-us 
(compare the Greek 'KMZavdp-oq), vir-us, &c, and hence the termina- 
tion in i of the genitive singular, like other nouns in us. In forming 
the genitive in i some of these nouns in r retained the preceding e, but 
the greater number dropped it. The case is just the reverse with the 
adjective, the greater number retaining the e. Many of the so-called 
nouns in r, however, of the second declension are, in fact, only adjec- 
tives, with a noun understood, 



JEger, 


<Bgr-a, 


Ater, 


atr-a, 


Creber, 


crebr-a, 


Macer, 


macr-a, 


Niger, 


nigr-a, 


Pulcher, 


pulchr-a, 


Ruber, 


rubr-a, 


Sacer, 


sacr-a, 


Scaber, 


scabr-a, 


Tater, 


tcstr-a, 


Vafer, 


vafr-a, 


Sinister, 


sinistr-a, 



22 


ADJECTIVES. 






EXAMPLES. 




M. 


F. 


N. 




Magn-us, 


Magn-t 


z, Magn-um, " Great." 






Singular. 




Masc. 


Fern. 


Neut. 




N. Magn-us, 


Magn-a, 


Magn-um 


great. 


G. Magn-I, 


Magn-ee, 


Magn-i, 


of great. 


D. Magn-6, 


Magn-as, 


Magn-5, 


to ox for great. 


Ac. Magn-um, 


Magn-am, Magn-um 


, great. 


V. Magn-e, 


Magn-a, 


Magn-um 


, oh great ! 


Ab. Magn-6, 


Magn-a, 


Magn-o, 
Plural. 


with, &c, great. 


Masc. 


Fern. 


Neut. 




N. Magn-i, 


Magn-ae, 


Magn-a, 


great. 


G. Magn-orum, Magn-arum, Magn-orum, of great. 


D. Magn-is, 


Magn-Ts, 


Magn-is, 


to or for great. 


Ac. Magn-6s, 


Magn-as 


, Magn-a, 


great. 


V. Magn-I, 


Magn-G8, 


Magn-a, 


oh great ! 


Ab. Magn-is, 


Magn-is, 


Magn-is, 


with, Sic, great. 


Miser, 


Miser-a, 


Miser-um, 


" Wretched." 




Singular. 




Masc, 


Fern. 


Neut. 




N. Miser, 


Miser-a, 


Miser-um, 


wretched. 


G. Miser-!, 


Miser-ae, 


Miser-I, 


of wretched. 


D. Miser-o, 


Miser-ae, 


Miser-o, 


to or for wretched. 


Ac. Miser-um, 


Miser-am 


, Miser-um, 


wretched. 


V. Miser, 


MIser-a, 


Miser-um, 


oh wretched / > 


Ab. Miser-o, 


Miser-a, 


Miser-6, 
Plural. 


with, &c, wretched 


Masc. 


Fern. 


Neut. 




N. Miser-!, 


Miser- 33, 


Miser- a, 


wretched. 



G. Mlser-orum, Miser-arum, Miser-orum, of wretched. 

D. Miser-Is, Miser-Is, Miser-is, to or for viretched* 



EXERCISES ON ADJECTIVES. 



23 



Ac. Miser-os, 
V, Miser-I, 
Abe Miser-Is, 

Pulcher, 



Miser-as, 
Miser-ae, 
Miser-Is, 



Miser-a, 
Miser-a, 

Miser-Is, 



wretched. 

oh wretched! 

with } &c, wretched. 

" Fair." 



Pulchr-a, Pulchr-um, 
Singular. 
Fern. Neut. 

Pulchr-a, Pulchr-um, fair. 

Pulchr-a?, Pulchr-i, of fair. 

Pulchr-as, Pulchr-6, to or for fair. 

Ac. Pulchr-um, Pulchr-am, Pulchr-um, fair. 

V. Pulcher, Pulchr-a, Pulchr-um, oh fair! 

Pulchr-a, Pulchr-o, with, &,c.,fair. 

Plural. 
Fern. Neut. 

Pulchr-ae, Pulchr-a, fair. 
G. Pulchr-orum, Pulchr-arum, Pulchr-orum, of fair. 

D. Pulchr-is, Pulchr-Is, Pulchr-is, to or for fair. 

Ac. Pulchr-os, Pulchr-as, Pulchr-a, fair. 

V. Pulchr-I, Pulchr-ac, Pulchr-a, oh fair! 

Ab. Pulchr-is, Pulchr-Is, Pulchr-is, with, &c, fair. 



Masc. 
N. Pulcher, 
G. Pulchr-I, 
D. Pulchr-6, 



Ab. Pulchr-o, 

Masc. 

N. Pulchr-i, 



XIV. EXERCISES ON THE 
SIONS OF 

Translate the following, 
Globus rotundus. 
terra rotunda. 
„ malum rotundum. 
terra rotunda ! 
globi rotundi. 
malo rotundo. 
equus magnus, 
silva magna, 
pratum magnum, r 



FIRST AND SECOND DECLEN- 
ADJECTIVES, 

I. 

and show the case and number, 
silvae magnae. 
equorum magnorum. 
prata magna ! 
populus procera. 
scriba sedule ! 
hortus pulcher. 
convlvae saturi. 
convivae saturi ! 
collum longum* 



24 



EXERCISES ON ADJECTIVES. 



nauta perito. 
theatri pulchri. 
theatra pulchra ! 
libro lacero. 
cervis timidis. 
lupe carnivore ! 
aquila carnivora. 
poetarum clarorum. 
formic am sedulam. 
Corinthe opulenta ! 
divitiis incertis. 
Persa bellicosus. 
Persae bellicosi. 
Persa bellicose ! 
pirus annosa. 
pire annosa ! 
pirum oblongum. 
pira oblonga ! 
vannus lignea. 
pharmacopolam doctum. 
belli exitiosi. 
puer attente ! 
pueros attentos. 
cultri acuti ! 
aprorum setosorum. 



specula vitrea ! 
vulgus credulum. 
guttae rotundae. 
agni teneri. 
violarum tenerarum. 
foliis teneris. 
folia tenera. 
taure corniger ! 
tauri corniger i ! 
tauri cornigeri. 
vaceae cornigerae ! 
cerasus alta. 
cerasum maturum. 
virorum liberorum. 
librorum multorum. 
profundo rluvio. 
diuturnae pluviae. 
patula malus. 
pnlchro theatro. 
dens arum silvarum. 
maturum fragum ! 
odoriferae rosae ! 
nigram t alp am. 
nigro corvo. 
discipulos pigros, 



Nidus ciconias est magnus. — Oculi magnorum elephanto- 
rum sunt parvi. — Numerus incolarum terrae est magnus. — 
Scythae bellicosi, magne popule Asiae ! — Germania habet 
multos latos et profundos fluvios. — Belli gloria populi Ro- 
mani erat magna. — Rubrae et odoriferae rosae sunt ornamenta 
pulchrorum liortorum. — Folia rosarum sunt pulchra et odor- 
ifera. — Coma Germanorum priscorum erat flava. — Apri sunt 
setosi et incolae magnarum et densarum silvarum. — Poetae 
sunt amici lusciniarum canorarum et fluviorum rapidorum. — 
Corvi habent plumas atras. — Silvae sunt domicilium meru- 



EXERCISES ON THE SECOND DECLENSION. 



25 



larum nigrarum et aquilarum carnivorarum —Nidi corvo- 
rum et picarum sunt in ramis populi procerae tuti. — In mag- 
nis silvis sunt multae fagi patulae. — Liberi Lacedaemoniorum 
non erant delicati.— Agni lanigeri sunt magnum gaudium 
puerorum. — Stelligerum coelum est thronus dei. — Lupus 
satur non est damnosus agno tenero. — Pretium poculi aurei 
est magnum.— Clara Corinthus erat oppidum opulentum. — 
Malum aureum deae Discordiae fuit causa belli Trojani et 
multarum lacrymarum. — In humo sicca sunt herb 83 macrae. 
— Cyprus opima provincia fuit imperii Romani. — Graecis et 
Romanis specula vitrea ignota fuerunt. — Teneri pampini 
sunt ornamentum ministrorum Liberi. — Virus multarum vi- 
per arum et plantar um est mortiferum. 

II. 

Convert the following ungrammatical Latin into gram- 
matical, so as to suit the English words opposite. 



The eagle has a thick and 
fleshy tongue. 

The nests of larks are small, 
and the nests of storks are 
large. 

The reindeer is peculiar to 
cold Lapland, 

The temples of the ancient 
Greeks were magnificent. 

Oh Olympus ! lofty abode of 
the Grecian gods ! 

Frequent rains are often pleas- 
ing to the husbandman. 

Cooked crabs are red. 

^With black feathers of ravens. 

Abodes of fleecy lambs. 

The garments of various com- 
munities are various. 



Aquila habeo crassus et car- 

nosus lingua. 
Nidus alauda sum parvus, et 

nidus ciconia sum magnus. 

Tarandus sum frigidus Lap- 

ponia proprius. 
Templum priscus Graecus 

sum magniflcus. 
Olympus ! altus domicilium 

deus Graecus ! 
Creber pluvia sum agricola 

saspe gratus. 
Cancer coctus sum ruber. 
Pluma ater corvus. 
Domicilium laniger agnus. 
Vestimentum varius populus 

sum varius. 



26 



THIRD DECLENSION. 



Golden cups are rare, but 
wooden writing-desks are 
many. 
Oh deep and broad Rhine I 
True friends are a great good. 

Bears are black, doves are 
white. 



Poculum aureus sum rarus, 

sed scrinium ligneus sum 

multus. 
Latus et profundus Rhenus. 
Verus amicus sum magnus 

bonum. 
Ursus sum niger, columba 

sum albus. 



THIRD DECLENSION. 

I. The number of final letters in this declension is 
twelve, of which five are vowels, a, e, i, o, and y, and the 
remaining seven are consonants, c, I, n, r, s, t, and oc. 

II. The following is a general scheme of the terminations. 

Singular. Plural.- 

N. a, e, i, o, y, c, I, n, r, s, t, x. N. is, Neut. a or id. 



G. is. 
D. f. 

Ac. em, im. Neut. like Nom. 
V. like Nom. 
Ab. e, I. 



G. um, ium. 

D. ibus. 

Ac. es, Neut. like Nom. 

V. like Nom. 

Ab. thus. 



EXAMPLES. 

I. Nouns in a. 
Nouns in a are of Greek origin and the neuter gender, 
and make dtis in the genitive ; as, poema, gen. poemdtis. 
Thus, 

Singular. 



N. 


Poem-a, 


a poem. 


G. 


Poemat-Ts, 


of a poem. 


D. 


Poemat-I, 


to ox for a poem. 


Ace. 


Poem-a, 


a poem. 


V. 


Poem-a, 


oh poem I 


Ab. 


Poemat-e, 


with, &c, a poem. 



THIRD DECLENSION. 



27 



Plural, 



N.- 


Poemat-a, 


poems. 


G. 


Poemat-um, 


of poems. 


D. 


Poemat-ibus, 


to or for poems. 


Ace. 


Poemat-a, 


poems. 


V. 


Poemat-a, 


oh poems ! 


Ab, 


Poemat-ibus, 


with, &c, poems. 



II. Nouns in e. 
Nouns in e change e into is in forming the genitive, and 
are of the neuter gender. Thus, 
Singular. 



N. 


Mar-e, 


a sea. 


G. 


Mar-is, 


of a sea. 


D. 


Mar-T, 


to or for a sea. 


Ace. 


Mar-e, 


a sea. 


Ve 


Mar-e, 


oh sea! 


Ab. 


Mar-i, 


with, &c, a sea. 




Plural, 


N. 


Mar-ia, 


seas. 


G. 


Mar-ium, 


of seas. 


D. 


Mar-ibus, 


to or for seas. 


Ace. 


Mar-ia, 


seas. 


V. 


Mar-ia, 


oh seas ! 


Ab. 


Mar-ibus, 


with, &c, seas. 



III. Nouns in i and y. 

I. Nouns in i and y are of Greek origin. They are 
partly, as neuters, indeclinable ; as, gummi, " gum ;" and 
partly have, as feminine s, is, yis, or yos in the genitive ; 
as, sinapi, "mustard," gen. sindpis ; misy, "a mushroom," 
gen. misy is or misyos. 

II. Compounds in meli, however, have melltis or melz- 
tos, in imitation of the Greek ; as, hydromeli, " mead," gen. 
hydromelitis or hydromelUos. 



28 



THIRD DECLENSION. 



IV. Nouns in o. 

I. Nouns in o (Avhere the o is common, that is, either 
long or short) add nis to form the genitive, sometimes only- 
lengthening the o (that is, keeping it long) and sometimes 
changing it to z. 

II. The following are some of the nouns which make o 
long before nis, and, consequently, have it long also in the 
other oblique cases, namely, 



carbo, 


a coal, 


gen. 


carbonis. 


latro, 


a robber, 


a 


latronis. 


leo, 


a lion, 


a 


leonis. 


ligo, 


a spade, 


it 


ligonis. 


pavo, 


a peacock, 


a 


pavonis. 


prsedo, 


a robber, 


a 


prsedonis. 


sermo, 


a discourse, 


a 


sermonis. 


aquilo, 


the northeast ivind, 


a 


aquilonis. 


bufo, 


a toad, 


a 


bufo nis. 



III. All words in io have the long o in the genitive ; as, 
ratio, "reason," gen. rationis ; pugio, "a dagger," gen.pu- 
gionis, &c, 







Leo, " 


.r.Li.fc.0. 

a lion" 1 






Singular. 






Plural. 


N. 


Leo, 




N. 


Leon-es, 


G. 


Leon-is, 




G. 


Leon-um, 


D. 


Leon-I, 




D. 


Leon-ibus, 


Ace. 


Leon-em, 




Ace. 


Leon-es, 


V. 


Leo, 




V. 


Leon-es, 


Ab. 


Leon-e. 




Ab. 


Le5n-ibus. 



1. The English designation of the cases will be henceforth dropped, 
and the student must be able to supply them for himself. 



THIRD DECLENSION. 



29 





Ratio, " 


reason" 






Singular. 




Plural. 


N. 


Ratio, 


N. 


Ratio n-es, 


G. 


Ration-Is, 


g. 


Ration-urn, 


D. 


Ration-i, 


D. 


Ration-ibus, 


Ace. 


Ration-em, 


Ace. 


Ration-es, 


V. 


Ratio, 


V. 


Ration-es, 


Ab. 


Ration-e. 


Ab. 


Ration-ibus. 



IV. Of nouns that, in forming the genitive, change o into 
X are, 1. All names of qualities in do; as, consuetudo, 
" habit," gen. consuetudinis . 2. Most words in go; as, 
imago, " an image," gen. imagxnis. 3. Some others that 
cannot be reduced to any particular class ; as, 



car do, 

hirundo, 

turbo, 

homo, 

nemo, 



gen. cardmis. 
" hirundmis. 
" turbmis. 
" hommis. 
" nemmis. 



a hinge, 
a swallow, 
a whirlwind, 
a man, 
nobody, 

V. Caro, " flesh," makes carnis, but the earlier form was 
carinis, of which carnis is merely a contraction. And so 
likewise of the other cases, such as, carni (for carini), car- 
nem (for carinem), &c. 

VI. Most names of nations have a short o ; as, Saxones, 
Senones, Macedones, &c. But the following are exceptions, 
namely, Lacones, lones, Nasamones, Suessones, Vettones. 

EXAMPLES. 

Consuetudo, " a habit." 





Singular. 




Plural. 


N. 


Consuetudo, 


1 N. 


Consuetudm-es, 


G. 


Consuetudm-is, 


G. 


Consuetudm-um, 


D. 


Consuetudm-i, 


D. 


Consuetudm-ibus, 


Ace. 


Consuetudm-em, 


Ace. 


Consuetudm-es, 


V. 


Consuetudo, 


V. 


Consuetudm-es, 


Ab. 


Consuetudm-e. 


Ab. 


Consuetudm-ibus. 



so 



THIRD DECLENSION. 





Imago, " an image. 


?) 




Singular. 




Plural. 


N. 


Imago, 


N. 


Imagm-es, 


G. 


Imagin-is, 


G. 


Imagm-um, 


D. 


Imagin-i, 


D. 


Imagm-ibus, 


Ace. 


Imagm-em, 


Ace. 


Imagm-es, 


V. 


Imago, 


V. 


Imagm-es, 


Ab. 


Imagm-e. 


Ab. 


Imagm-ibus. 




Homo, < 


a man" 






Singular. 




Plural. 


N. 


Homo, 


N. 


Homm-e s, 


G. 


Homm-is, 


G. 


Homm-um, 


D. 


Homin-I, 


D. 


Homm-ibus, 


Ace. 


Homin-em, 


Ace. 


Homm-es, 


V. 


Homo, 


V. 


Homm-es, 


Ab. 


Homm-e. 


Ab. 


Homm-ibus. 



V. Nouns in c. 

Only two nouns end in c, namely, halec, "pickle," 
gen. halecis, and lac, " milk," gen. lactis. 

VI. Nouns in I. 

Nouns in I add is to the nominative ; as, animal, " an 
animal," gen. animalis ; sol, "the sun," gen. solis, &c. 
But mel, " honey," makes mellis, plural mella. So also 
fel, " gall," makes fellis, but has no plural. 

EXAMPLE. 

Animal, " an animal? 





Singular. 




Plural. 


N. 


Animal, 


N. 


Animal-ia, 


G. 


Animal-is, 


G. 


Animal-mm, 


D. 


Animal-i, 


D. 


Animal-Ibus, 


Ace. 


Animal, 


Ace. 


Animal-la, 


V. 


Animal, 


V. 


Animal-ia, 


Ab. 


Anlmal-L 


Ab. 


Anlmal-ibus, 



THIRD DECLENSION. 



31 



VII. Nouns in en. 

I. Nouns in en make enis in the genitive ; as, lien, " the 
spleen," gen. lienis ; attagen, " a species of bird,' 1 gen. at- 
tdgenis. 

II. Nouns in en make mis; as, carmen, "a song," gen. 
carmznis ; nomen, " a name," gen. nominis, 

III. Greek words in an, en, In, yn, and on make the 
vowel long or short in the genitive, according as it is in 
Greek. Those which insert t in the Greek do the same 
in the Latin. Thus, agon, gen. agonis ; canon, gen. ca- 
nonis ; Xenophon, gen. Xenophontis, &c. 

EXAMPLES. 

Lichen, "a tetter" or " ringworm" 





Singular. 




Plural. 


N. 


Lichen, 


N. 


Lichen-es, 


G. 


Lichen-is, 


G. 


Lichen-um, 


D. 


Lichen-i, 


D. 


Lichen-ibus, 


Ace. 


Lichen-em, 


Ace. 


Lichen-es, 


V. 


Lichen, 


V. 


Lichen-es, 


Ab. 


Lichen-e. 


Ab. 


Lichen-ibus. 




Carmen, 


" a song. 


> 




Singular. 




Plural. 


N. 


Carmen, 


N. 


Carmin-a, 


G. 


Carmm-is, 


G. 


Carmm-um, 


D. 


Carmm-T, 


D. 


Carmin-ibus, 


Ace. 


Carmen, 


Ace. 


Car mm- a, 


V. 


Carmen, 


V. 


Carmm-a, 


Ab. 


Carmm-e. 


Ab. 


Carmin-ibus. 



VIII. Nouns in r. 

Nouns in r are to be distinguished according to the 
vowel which precedes. 

I. Those in ar have generally dris in the genitive ; as, 
calcar, " a spur," gen. calcdris. But some have dris ; as, 



32 



THIRD DECLENSION. 



Casar, gen. Casaris ; jubar, " a beam of the sun," gen. 
jubdris ; lar, " a household god," gen. Idris. So also the 
adjective par, " equal," and its compounds ; as, par, gen. 
pdris ; impar, " unequal," gen. imparts, &c. 

II. Far, " a species of grain," has f arris. Hepar, " the 
liver," has hepdtis. 

EXAMPLES. 

Calcar, " a spur" 





Singular. 




Plural. 


N. 


Calcar, 


N. 


Calcar-ia, 


G. 


Calcar-is, 


G. 


Calcar-Ium, 


D. 


Calcar-I, 


D. 


Calcar-ibus, 


Ace. 


Calcar, 


Ace. 


Calcar-Ia, 


V. 


Calcar, 


V. 


Calcar-ia, 


Ab. 


Calcar-i. 


Ab. 


Calcar-ibus. 




Lar, " a household god." 




Singular. 




Plural. 


N. 


Lar, 


N. 


Lar-es, 


G. 


Lar-is, 


G. 


Lar-ium, 


D. 


Lar-i, 


D. 


Lar-ibus, 


Ace. 


Lar- em, 


Ace. 


Lar-es, 


V. 


Lar, 


V. 


Lar-es, 


Ab. 


Lar-e. 


Ab. 


Lar-ibus. 



III. Nouns in er have eris ; as, mulier, " a female," gen. 
mulieris ; career, " a prison," gen. carceris. 

IV. Some nouns in er, however, throw out the e ; as, 
pater, " a father," gen.patris, and, along with pater, all nouns 
in ter except later, " a brick," gen. lateris. The following 
also throw out e, namely, imber, " a shower," gen. imbris, 
and the names of some of the months ; as, September, Oc- 
tober, November, December, gen. Septembris, Octobris, &c. 

V. Iter, " a journey," makes itineris in the genitive, the 
old nominative, besides iter, having been also itiner ; while 
iter itself made, in early Latin, the genitive iteris. 



THIRD DECLENSION. 



33 



VI. Ver makes veris, being derived from trie Greek, 
where the penult of the genitive is contracted, and, conse- 
quently, long. 

VII. Greek words follow the Greek declension; as, 
character, gen. characteris ; aer, " air," gen. aeris. 

VIII. Jupiter makes Jovis. But in early Latin Jupiter 
made Jupiteris, and Jovis is, in fact, the genitive of an old 
nominative Jovis, just as we shall presently see nouns in is 
making is also in the genitive. 





EXAMPLES. 






Mulier, " 


a female. 


»? 




Singular. 




Plural. 


N. 


Mulier, 


N. 


Mulier-es, 


G. 


Mulier-is, 


G. 


Mulier-um, 


D. 


Mulier-I, 


D. 


Muller-ibus, 


Ace. 


Mulier-em, 


Ace. 


Mulier-es, 


V. 


Mulier, 


V. 


Mulier-es, 


Ab. 


Mulier-e. 


Ab. 


Muller-ibus. 




Pater, " t 


i father " 






Singular. 




Plural. 


N. 


Pater, 


N. 


Patr-es, 


G. 


Patr-is, 


G. 


Patr-um, 


D. 


Patr-I, 


D. 


Patr-ibus, 


Ace. 


Patr-em, 


Ace. 


Patr-es, 


V. 


Pater, 


V. 


Patr-es, 


Ab. 


Patr-e. 


Ab. 


Patr-ibus. 




Iter, «a m 


journey." 






Singular. 




Plural. 


N. 


Iter, 


N. 


Itiner-a, 


G. 


Itiner-is, 


G. 


Itiner-um, 


D. 


Itiner-T, 


D. 


Itiner-ibus, 


Ace. 


Iter, 


Ace. 


Itiner-a, 


V. 


Iter, 


V. 


Itiner-a, 


Ab. 


Itiner-e. 


Ab. 


Itiner-ibus. 



34 



THIRD DECLENSION. 



IX. Nouns in yr are Greek, and form their cases after 
the Greek ; as, martyr, " a martyr," gen. martyris. 

X. Nouns in or have oris; as, amor, "love," gen. 
amoris ; soror, " a sister," gen. sororis ; but arbor, " a tree," 
ador, " a species of wheat," and the neuters cequor and mar- 
mor, have oris. 







EXAMPLES. 








Soror, " 


a sister." 






Singular. 






Plural. 


N. 


Soror, 




N. 


Soror-es, 


G. 


Soror-is, 




G. 


Soror-um, 


D. 


Soror-I, 




D. 


Soror-ibus, 


Ace. 


Soror-em, 




Ace. 


Soror-es, 


V. 


Soror, 




V. 


Soror-es, 


Ab. 


Soror-e. 
Singular. 


Arbor, ' 


Ab. 
a tree." 


Soror-ibus. 
Plural. 


N. 


Arbor, 




N. 


Arbor-es, 


G. 


Arbor-is, 




G. 


Arbor-um, 


D. 


Arbor-I, 




D. 


Arbor-ibus, 


Ace. 


Arbor-em, 




Ace. 


Arbor-es, 


V. 


Arbor, 




V. 


Arbor-es, 


Ab. 


Arbor-e. 
Singular. 


iEquor, < 


Ab. 
the sea." 


Arbor-ibus. 
Plural. 


N. 


JEquor, 




N. 


iEquor-a, 


G. 


iEquor-is, 




G. 


.^Equor-um, 


D. 


iEquor-I, 




D. 


iEquor-Ibus, 


Ace. 


iEquor, 




Ace. 


iEquor-a, 


V. 


iEquor, 




V. 


iEquor-a, 


Ab. 


iEquor-e. 




Ab. 


iEquor-ibus. 



XT. Nouns in ur have uris ; as, murmur, gen. murmiiris ; 
sulphur, gen. sulphiiris. Except fur, "a thief," which 
makes fiiris. 



THIRD DECLENSION. 



35 



XII. The four neuters, ebur," ivory," femur, "the thigh," 
jecur, "the liver," and robur, "strength," have oris; and 



3cur, , 


moreover, has 


jecinoris, jocinoris, and jocineris. 






EXAMPLES. 






Murmur, " 


a murmur" 


N. 


Singular, 
Murmur, 




N. 


Plural, 
Murmur-a, 


G. 


Murmur-is, 




G. 


Murmur-um, 


D. 


Murmur-I, 




D. 


Murmur-ibus, 


Ace. 


Murmur, 




Ace. 


Murmur-a, 


V. 


Murmur, 




V. 


Murmur-a, 


Ab 


Murmur-e. 




Ab. 


Murmur-ibus. 


N. 


1 Robur, " 
Singular, 
Robur, 


strength.' 

N. 


Plural. 
Robor-a, 


G. 


Robor-is, 




G. 


Robor-um, 


D. 


Robor-I, 




D. 


Robor-ibus, 


Ace. 


Robur, 




Ace. 


Robor-a, 


V. 


Robur, 




V. 


Robor-a, 


Ab. 


Robor-e. 




Ab. 


Robor-ibus. 



IX. Nouns in s. 
Nouns which end in s have either a, e, i, o, u, y, au, or 
a consonant before s. 

I. Those in as have in the genitive dtis ; as, cetas, " an 
age," gen. atatis ; except anas, " a duck," which makes 
anatis. 

II. Mas, " a male," makes maris, Vas, " a surety," 
makes vadis ; but vas, " a vessel," vdsis. The noun as, 
" a pound," makes assis. 

III. Greek words form their genitives according to their 
gender, the masculines in antis, the feminines in ddis, and 
the neuters in dtis ; as, addmas, " a diamond," gen. ada- 
mantis ; lampas, " a torch," gen. lampddis ; artocreas, " a 
meat-pie," gen. artocredtis. 



36 



THIRD DECLENSION. 



IV. The words Areas, " an Arcadian," and nomas, " one 
that pastures flocks," which are of the common gender, 
make the genitive in ddis. 

V. Greek nouns, which form the genitive in adis or 
antis, terminate the accusative either in a or m, the former 
according to the Greek, the latter according to the Roman 
form. 1 

EXAMPLES. 

iEtas, " an age." 





Singular. 






Plural. 


N. 


jEtas, 




N. 


iEtat-es, 


G. 


iEtat-is, 




G. 


iEtat-um, 


D. 


JEtat-I, 




D. 


iEtat-ibus, 


Ace. 


iEtat-em, 




Ace. 


iEtat-es, 


V. 


iEtas, 




V. 


iEtat-es, 


Ab. 


JEtat-e. 
Singular. 


Mas, " i 


Ab. 
% male." 


iEtat-ibus. 
Plural. 


N. 


Mas, 




N. 


Mar-es, 


G. 


Mar-is, 




G. 


Mar-ium, 


D. 


Mar-I, 




D. 


Mar-ibus, 


Ace. 


Mar-em, 




Ace. 


Mar-es, 


V. 


Mas, 




V. 


Mar-es, 


Ab. 


Mar-e. 
Singular. 


Vas, " a 


Ab. 
surety." 2 


Mar-ibus. 

Plural. ■ 


N. 


Vas, 




N. 


Vad-es, 


G. 


Vad-is, 




G. 


Vad-mm, 


D. 


Vad-I, 




D. 


Vad-ibus, 


Ace. 


Vad-em, 




Ace. 


Vad-es, 


V. 


Vas, 




V. 


Vad-es, 


Ab. 


Vad-e. 




Ab. 


Vad-ibus. 



1. Consult remarks on Greek nouns of this declension, page 51. 

2. Vas, vdsis, is neuter, and is also irregular in the plural, making 
vasa, vasorurn, vasis, &c., according to the second declension of neuters. 



THIRD DECLENSION. 



37 



Adamas, " a diamond" 





Singular. 




Plural. 


N. 


Adamas, 


N. 


Adamant-es, 


G. 


Adamant-is, 


G. 


Adamant-urn, 


D. 


Adamant-I, 


D. 


Adamant-ibus, 


Ace. 


Adamant-a & -em, 


Ace. 


Adamant-as, 1 


V. 


Adamas, 


V. 


Adamant-es, 


Ab. 


Adamant-e. 


Ab. 


Adamant-ibus. 




Lampas, ' 


' a torch. 


5> 




Singular. 




Plural. 


N. 


Lampas, 


N. 


Lampad-es, 


G. 


Lampad-is, 


G. 


Lampad-um, 


D. 


Lampad-T, 


D. 


Lampad-Ibus, 


Ace. 


Lampad-a & -em, 


Ace. 


Lampad-as, 


V. 


Lampas, 


V. 


Lampad-es, 


Ab. 


Lampad-e. 


Ab. 


Lampad-ibus. 



VI. Nouns in es form their genitive in several ways. 
Thus, 

1. Some change es into is; as, cedes, gen. cedis. 

2. Some change es into itis ; as, comes, gen. comltis. 

3. Some change es into etis ; as, seges, gen. segetis. 

4. Some change es into etis ; as, lebes, gen. lebetis. 

5. Some change es into idis ; as, obses, gen. obsidis. 

6. Some change es into edis ; as, pes, gen. pedis. 

7. Some change es into e^'s ; as, hares, gen. haredis. 

VII. But pras makes prcedis ; as makes aris ; bes makes 
bessis ; and Ceres makes Cereris. 

1. Greek accusative plural, not adamant-es like nouns of Latin origin, 
though adamant-em occurs in the singular. The same remark applies 
to Lampad-as. The termination as of the Greek accusative plural is 
short, of the regular Latin form long. The accusative plural in as is 
admissible in all words which have the termination in Greek, but is 
rarely used in prose. 

4 



38 



THIRD DECLENSION. 







EXAMPLES. 








Nubes, ' 


: a cloud. 11 




Singular. 






Plural. 


N. 


Nub-es, 




N. 


Nub-es, 


G. 


Nub-is, 




G. 


Nub-ium, 


D. 


Nub-I, 




D. 


Nub-ibus, 


Ace. 


Nub-em, 




Ace. 


Nub-es, 


V. 


Nub-es, 




V. 


Nub-es, 


Ab. 


Nub-e. 




Ab. 


Nub-ibus. 




Comes, " a 


companion." 




Singular. 






Plural. 


N. 


Comes, 




N. 


Comit-es, 


G. 


Comit-is, 




G. 


Comit-um, 


D. 


Comit-I, 




D. 


Comit-Ibus, 


Ace. 


Comit-em, 




Ace. 


Comit-es, 


V. 


Comes, 




V. 


Comit-es, 


Ab. 


Comit-e. 




Ab. 


Comit-ibus. 




Obses, " c 


i hostage. 


n 




Singular. 






Plural. 


N. 


Obses, 




N. 


Obsid-es, 


G. 


Obsid-is, 




G. 


ObsTd-um, 


D. 


Obsid-i, 




D. 


Obsid-ibus, 


Ace. 


Obsid-em, 




Ace. 


Obsid-es, 


V. 


Obses, 




V. 


Obsid-es, 


Ab. 


Obsid-e. 




Ab. 


Obsid-ibus. 



VIII. Nouns in is have generally is in the genitive, 
without increase ; as, avis, " a bird," gen. avis ; piscis, " a 
fish," gen. piscis. 

IX. Some receive an additional syllable, and make tdis, 
itis, or eris ; as, cassis, "a helmet," gen. cassldis ; Us, 
" strife," gen. litis ; pulvis, " dust," gen. pulveris. 

X. Glis, " a dormouse," makes gliris ; sanguis, " blood," 
sanguinis, though the adjectives derived from it do not in- 
crease ; as, exsanguis, " bloodless," gen. exsanguis. The 






THIRD DECLENSION. 



39 



word semis, " the half of an as," as being compounded with 
as, makes semissis. 

XL Greek words in is and ys will be noticed hereafter. 



EXAMPLES. 







Avis, " 


a bird" 






Singular. 






Plural. 


N. 


Av-is, 




N. 


Av-es, 


G. 


Av-is, 




G. 


Av-ium, 


D. 


Av-I, 




D. 


Av-Ibus, 


Ace. 


Av-em, 




Ace. 


Av-es, 


V. 


Av-is, 




V. 


Av-es, 


Ab. 


Av-e. 




Ab. 


Av-ibus. 






Cassis, " 


a helmet." 




Singular. 






Plural. 


N. 


Cassis, 




N. 


Cassid-es, 


G. 


Cassid-is. 




G. 


Cassid-um, 


D. 


Cassid-I, 




D. 


Cassid-ibus, 


Ace. 


Cassid-em 


? 


Ace. 


Cassid-es, 


V. 


Cassis, 




V. 


Cassid-es, 


Ab. 


Cassid-e. 




Ab. 


Cassid-ibus. 




Quirts, " a R 


oman citizen" 




Singular, 






Plural. 


N. 


Quirls, 




N. 


Quint-es, 


G. 


Quint-is, 




G. 


Quirlt-um, 


D. 


Quirit-i, 




D. 


Quirit-ibus, 


Ace. 


Quirit-em, 




Ace. 


Quint- es, 


V. 


Quirls, 




V. 


Quirit-e s, 


Ab. 


Quirit-e. 
Singular. 


Pulvis, 


Ab. 
" dust." 


Quirit-ibus. 
Plural. 


N. 


Pulvis, 




N. 


Pulver-es, 


G. 


Pulver-is, 




G. 


Pulver-um, 


D. 


Pulver-i, 




D. 


Pulver-ibus, 



40 



THIRD DECLENSION. 



Acc. 


Pulver-em, 


Acc. 


Pulver-es, 


V. 


Pulvis, 


V. 


Pulver-es, 


Ab. 


Pulver-e. 


Ab. 


Pulver-ibus 



XII. Nouns in os make otis ; as, cos, "a whetstone," 
gen. cotis ; dos, " a dower," gen. dotis. 

XIII. Or else they take oris; as, os, "the mouth," gen. 
oris ; ros, " dew," gen. roris. 

XIV. But os. " a bone," makes ossw ; custos, " a keeper," 
custodis ; and 5o$, " an ox," bovis. 

XV. Some Greek words, as Aems, " a *hero," Minos, 
Tros, &c, make ois in the genitive ; as, herois, Minois, 
Trois. 



N. 

G. 

D. 

Acc. 

V. 

Ab. 



N. 

G. 

D. 

Acc. 

V. 

•Ab. 



EXAMPLES. 

Nepos, " a grandson. 
Singular. 

N. 



Nepos, 

Nepot-is, 

Nepot-i, 

Nepot-em, 

Nepos, 

Nepot-e. 

Singular. 
Flos, 
Flor-is, 
Flor-I, 
Flor-em, 
Flos, 
F16r-e. 



G. 
D. 

Acc. 

V. 
Ab. 

Flos, " a flower" 



N. 

G. 

D. 

Acc. 

V. 

Ab. 



Plural. 
Nepot-es, 
Nepot-um, 
Nepot-ibus, 
Nepot-es, 
Nepot-es, 
Nepot-ibus. 

Plural. 
Flor-es, 
Flor-um, 
Flor-ibus, 
Flor-es, 
Flor-es, 
Flor-ibus. 



XVI. Of nouns in us, the feminines in us make utis ; as, 
virtus, "virtue," gen. virtutis. But tellus, "the earth," 
makes telluris, and Venus, " Venus," Veneris. 

XVII. Neuters in us have either eris ; as, foedus, " a 



THIRD DECLENSION. 



41 



league," gen. foederis ; or oris ; as, decus, " honour," gen. 
decoris. 

XVIII. All words in us of one syllable, which have u 
long, form the genitive in uris ; as, cms, " a leg," gen. cru- 
ris ; as also jus, pus, rus, thus, and mus. 

XIX. Incus, " an anvil," palus, " a marsh," and subscus, 
" a dovetail," make we?/,?. Grus, " a crane," and sws, " a 
hog" or " sow," make gruis and sms. 

XX. Greek proper names in us make untis ; as, ima- 
£Aws, gen. Amathuntis ; Trapezus, gen. Trapezuntis. 

XXI. The compounds of 7ro£c make odis ; as, tripus, " a 
tripod," gen. tripodis. 

EXAMPLES. 

Virtus, "virtue" 





Singular. 




Plural. 


N. 


Virtus, 


N. 


Virtut-es, 


G. 


Virtut-Ts, 


G. 


Virtut-um, 


D. 


Virtut-I, 


D. 


Virtut-ibus, 


Ace. 


Virtut-em, 


Ace. 


Virtut-es, 


V. 


Virtus, 


V. 


Virtut-es, 


Ab. 


Virtut-e. 


Ab. 


Virtut-ibus. 




Fcedus, " 


a league" 




Singular. 




Plural. 


N. 


Fcedus, 


N. 


Fceder-a, 


G. 


Feeder-is, 


G. 


Fceder-um, 


D. 


Fceder-i, 


D. 


Fceder-ibus, 


Ace. 


Fcedus, 


Ace. 


Fceder-a, 


V. 


Fcedus, 


V. 


Fceder-a, 


Ab. 


Fceder-e. 


Ab. 


Fceder-ibus. 




Decus, il 


honour" 






Singular. 




Plural. 


N. 


Decus, 


N. 


Decor-a, 


G. 


Decor-is, 


G. 


Decor-um, 


D. 


Decor-I, 


D. 


Decor-ibus, 



42 



THIRD DECLENSION. 



Acc. 


Decus, 


Acc. 


Decor-a, 


V. 


Decus, 


V. 


Decor-a, 


Ab. 


Decor-e. 


Ab. 


Decor-ibus. 




Mus, "g 


\ mouse." 






Singular. 




Plural. 


N. 


Mus, 


N. 


Mur-es, 


G. 


Mur-is, 


G. 


Mur-um, 


D. 


Mur-I, 


D. 


Mur-ibus, 


Acc. 


Mur-em, 


Acc. 


Mur-es, 


V. 


Mus, 


V. 


Mur-es, 


Ab. 


Mur-e. 


Ab. 


Mur-ibus. 




Jus, w a 


right" 






Singular. 




Plural. 


N. 


Jus, 


N. 


Jur-a, 


G. 


Jur-is, 


G. 


Jur-um, 


D. 


Jur-i, 


D. 


Jur-Ibus, 


Acc. 


Jus, 


Acc. 


Jur-a, 


V. 


Jus, 


V. 


Jur-a, 


Ab. 


Jur-e. 


Ab. 


Jur-Ibus. 




Amathus. 




Trapezus. 




Singular. 




Singular. 


N. 


Amathus, 


N. 


Trapezus, 


G. 


Amathunt-is, 


G. 


Trapezunt-is, 


D. 


Amathunt-I, 


D. 


Trapezunt-T, 


Acc. 


Amathunt-em & -a, 


Acc. 


Trapezunt-em & -a, 


V. 


Amathus, 


V. 


Trapezus, 


Ab. 


Amathunt-e. 


Ab. 


Trapezunt-e. 



XXII. Only two nouns of this declension end in aus, 
namely, laus, "praise," gen. laudis ; and fraus, " fraud," 
gen. fraudis. 

XXIII. Of those which have a consonant before s, the 
nouns in Is, ns, rs, change s into tis ; 2iS,puls.fons y mons, 
ars, pars, which make in the genitive pultis,fontis, montis, 



THIRD DECLENSION. 



43 



artis, partis, &c. But frons, "a leaf," makes frondis ; 
whereas frons, " a forehead," follows the general rule, and 
makes frontis. 

XXIV. Nouns in bs make the genitive in bis ; nouns in 
ms in mis, &c. ; as, trabs, "a beam," gen. trabis ; hiems, 
" winter," gen. hiemis. 

XXV. Codebs makes cadibis. Compounds in ceps (from 
capio, ? to take"), as municeps, make tpis ; as, municipis. 







Ars, " < 


in art." 






Singular. 






Plural. 


N. 


Ars, 




N. 


Art-es, 


G. 


Art-Is, 




G. 


Art-ium, 


D, 


Art-I, 




D. 


Art-ibus, 


Ace. 


Art-em, 




Ace. 


Art-es, 


V. 


Ars, 




V. 


Art-es, 


Ab. 


Art-e. 
Singular. 


Trabs, " 


Ab. 
a beam" 


Art-ib us. 
Plural. 


N. 


. Trabs, 




N. 


Trab-es, 


G. 


Trab-is, 




G. 


Trab-ium, 


D. 


Trab-I, 




D. 


Trab-ibus, 


Ace. 


Trab-em, 




Ace. 


Trab-es, 


V. 


Trabs, 




V. 


Trab-es, 


Ab. 


Trab-e. 




Ab. 


Trab-ibus. 




Particeps, sc 


a partaker" 




Singular. 






Plural. 


N. 


Particeps, 




- N. 


Partlcip-es, 


G. 


Particip-Is, 




G. 


Particip-um, 


D. 


Particip-I, 




J). 


Particip-ibus, 


Ace. 


Parttcip-em, 


Ace. 


Particip-es, 


V. 


Particeps, 




V. 


Particip-es, 


Ab. 


ParticTp-e. 




Ab. 


Particip-ibus. 



44 THIRD DECLENSION. 






X. Nouns in t. 
The termination t is only found in caput, " the head," 
gen. capitis, and its compounds occiput, sinciput, which 
make occipitis and sincipitis. 

XL Nouns in x. 

I. Of those that end in x the declension varies, according 
as the x has been derived from cs or gs, which must be de- 
termined by the root. The former is more common. 

II. The following rules may serve, however, in some de- 
gree, as a guide. 

1. Words of one syllable, with a consonant preceding w, 
have cis in the termination of the genitive ; &s,falx, 
gen. folds ; lanx, gen, lands ; arx, gen. arcis. 

2. Nouns in ax make dcis ; as, pax, gen, pads. But fax, 
and some Greek words, such as corax, climax, make 
ads. Proper names in nax, from the Greek avai; 
(anax), make, however, actis ; as, Demonax, gen. De- 
monactis. 

3. Nouns in ex make ids ; as, judex, gen. judicis. But 
vibex makes vibicis, and lex and rex make legis and 
regis, "And again, ^rea? makes gregis ; nex makes 
necis ; remex makes remigis ; senex, senis ; and su- 
pellex, supellectilis. 

4. Nouns in ix make their genitives in ids or ids. 
Among the latter are cervix, "the neck," gen. cervicis ; 
cicatrix, " a scar," gen. cicatrlcis ; phoznix, " a fabulous 
bird," gen. pkoe?iicis ; radix, " a root," gen. radicis ; and 
all female appellations ; as, inventrix, " an inventress," 
gen. inventricis ; nutrix, *« a nurse," gen. nutricis, &c. 

5. ft, "snow," makes /urns; and ,?£n#, "a screech- 
owl," strigis. 

6. Words in ox make ocw; as, voa?, "the voice," gen. 
vocis. But Cappddox, " a Cappadocian," makes Cappa- 
docis; Allobrox, " an Allobrogian," makes Allobrogis ; 
and 7i0#, " night," makes rc0cft>. 



THIRD DECLENSION. 



45 



7. Words in ux make iicis ; as, crux, " a cross," gen. 
cruris ; dux, " a leader," gen. cfotas. But te, " light," 
makes liicis ; Pollux, a proper name, makes Pollucis ; 
conjux, " a wife," makes conjiigis. Fritgis is the gen- 
itive of the obsolete frux ; and fauces the plural of the 
obsolete faux. 

8. Words in yx are Greek, and formed variously; as, 
Eryx, gen. Erycis ; bombyx, gen. bombycis, &c. 

EXAMPLES. 







Arx, " a 


citadel" 






Singular, 






Plural. 


N. 


Arx, 




N. 


Arc-es, 


G. 


Arc-is, 




G. 


Arc-ium, 


D. 


Arc-I, 




D. 


Arc-ibus, 


Ace. 


Arc-em, 




Ace. 


Arc-es, 


V. 


Arx, 




V. 


Arc-es, 


Ab. 


Arc-e. 
Singular, 


Judex, " 


Ab. 
a judge" 


Arc-ibus. 
Plural. 


N. 


Judex, 




N. 


Judic-es, 


G. 


Judic-is, 




G. 


Judic-um, 


D. 


Judic-i, 




D. 


Judic-ibus, 


Ace. 


Judic-em, 




Ace. 


Judic-es, 


V. 


Judex, 




V. 


Judic-es, 


Ab. 


Judic-e. 
Singular, 


Lex, " 


Ab. 
a law," 


Judic-ibus. 
Plural, 


N. 


Lex, 




N. 


Leg-es, 


G. 


Leg-is, 




G. 


Leg-um, 


D. 


Leg-i, 




D. 


Leg-ibus, 


Ace. 


Leg-em, 




Ace. 


Leg-es, 


V. 


Lex, 




V. 


Leg-es, 


Ab. 


Leg-e. 




Ab. 


Leg-ibus. 



> 



46 



THIRD DECLENSION. 





Appendix, " 


an addition.'' 9 




Singular. 




Plural. 


N. 


Appendix, 


N. 


Appendic-es, 


G. 


Appendic-is, 


G. 


Appendic-um, 


D. 


Appendic-I, 


D. 


Appendlc-ibus, 


Ace. 


Appendic-em, 


Ace. 


Appendic-es, 


V. 


Appendix, 


V. 


Appendic-es, 


Ab. 


Appendic-e. 


Ab. 


Appendic-ibus. 




Radix, ' 


' a root? 9 






Singular. 




Plural. 


N. 


Radix, 


N. 


Radic-es, 


G. 


Radic-is, 


G. 


Radic-um, 


D. 


Radic-i, 


D. 


Radlc-ibus, 


Ace. 


Radic-em, 


Ace. 


Radic-es, 


V. 


Radix, 


V. 


Radic-es, 


Ab. 


Radlc-e. 


Ab. 


Radic-ibus. 




Vox, " t 


2 voice." 






Singular. 




Plural. 


N. 


Vox, 


N. 


Voc-es, 


G. 


V6c-is, 


G. 


V6e-um, 


D. 


Voc-I, 


D. 


Voc-ibus, 


Ace. 


Voc-em, 


Ace. 


Voc-es, 


V. 


Vox, 


V. 


Voc-es, 


Ab. 


V6c-e. 


Ab. 


Voc-ibus. 




Dux, " a 


leader." 






Singular. 




Plural. 


N. 


Dux, 


N. 


Duc-es, 


G. 


Due -is, 


G. 


Duc-um, 


D. 


Duc-i, 


D. 


Duc-ibus, 


Ace. 


Due-em, 


Ace. 


Duc-es, 


V. 


Dux, 


V. 


Duc-es, 


Ab. 


Duc-e. 


Ab. 


Duc-ibus. 



THIRD DECLENSION. 



47 





Conjux, tl 


a spouse 


?> 




Singular. 




Plural. 


N. 


Conjtix, 


N. 


Conjug-es, 


G. 


Conjug-is, 


G. 


Conjug-um, 


D. 


Conjug-i, 


D. 


Conjug-ibus, 


Ace. 


Conjug-em, 


Ace. 


Conjug-es, 


V. 


Conjux, 


V. 


Conjug-es, 


Ab. 


Conjug-e,. 


Ab. 


Conjug-ibus. 




Bombyx, " a 


i silk-wormy 




Singular. 




Plural. 


N. 


Bombyx, 


N. 


Bombyc-es, 


G. 


Bombyc-Ts, 


G. 


Bombyc-um, 


D. 


Bombyc-i, 


D. 


Bombyc-ibus, 


Ace. 


Bombyc-em, 


Ace. 


Bombyc-es, 


V. 


Bombyx, 


V. 


Bombyc-es, 


Ab. 


Bombyc-e. 


Ab. 


Bombyc-ibus. 



REMARKS ON THE CASES. 
1. Genitive Singular. 

I. The apparent variety in the formation of the genitive case becomes 
greatly simplified and limited in extent if we suppose, what is no doubt 
actually the case, that the genitive singular is formed from the root of 
the noun by merely adding is, and that the final letter of the root is ei- 
ther a t or some other consonant more or less concealed in the nomina- 
tive. 

II. The following table will serve to illustrate this remark more clearly. 



Nominative. 


Root. 1 


Genitive. 


Poema, 


Poemat, 


Poemat-is 


Mare, 


Mar, 


Mar-is. 


Carbo, 


Carbon, 


Carbon- is. 


Imago, 


Imagm, 


Imagin-is. 


Sol, 


Sol, 


Sol-is. 


Lichen, 


Lichen, 


Lichen-is. 


Carmen, 


Carmin, 


Carmin-is. 


Calcar, 


Calcar, 


Calcar- is. 


Career, 


Career, 


Career-is. 



I. Stem or theme would be a more correct name, as roots, strictly speaking, are 
all monosyllabic. We have followed, however, the ordinary phraseology, 



48 



THIRD DECLENSION. 





Soror, 




Soror, 


Soror-is. 




iEtas, 




^Etat, 


iEtat-is. 




Caedes, 




Caed, 


Csed-is. 




Comes, 




Comit, 


"Comit-is. 




Hseres, 




Ha3red, 


Haered-is, 




Avis, 




Av, 


Av-is, 




Nepos, 




Nepdt, 


Nepdt-is. 




Tellus, 




Tellur, 


Tellur-is. 




Opus, 




Oper, 


Oper-is, 




Fraus, 




Fraud, 


v Fraud-is. 




Mons, 




Mont, 


Mont-is. 




Caput, 




Capit, 


Capit-is. 




Arx, 




Arc, 


Arc-is. 




Lex, 




Leg, 


'Leg-is. 




Nix, 




Niv, 


Niv-is. 




Conjux, 




Conjiig, 


Conjug-is. 






2. Accusative Singular. 


1. 


The regular ending of the accusative singular, in this declension, 


is em, with the exception, of 


course, of neuter nouns, the accusative of 


which is always like the nominative. 




2. 


Many words in is, however, which do not increase in the genitive, 


have 


im instead of < 


im, of which the follow 


ing are a few. 




amussis, 


a mason's rule, 


accus. amussim. 




sitis, 


thirst, 




" sitim. 




tussis, 


a cough, 


" tussim. 




vis, 


force, 




" vim. 




ravis, 


hoarseness, 


" ravim. 




buris, 


a plough-tail, 


" burim. 




cannabis, 


hemp, 




" cannabim. 




mephitis, 


foul air, 


" mephltim. 


3. 


The following have im, 


and sometimes also em. 




febris, a 


fever, 


accus. 


febrim (or -em). 




puppis, a stern, 




puppim " 




turris, a 


tower, 




turrim " 




restis, a 


rope, 




restim " 




securis, an axe, 




securim ** 




aqualis, a 


water-pot 


> 


aqualim " 


4. 


But the following have em, and very 


rarely im. 




navis 


a ship, accus. navem. 




avis, 


a bird, 


" avem. 



THIRD DECLENSION. 



49 



clavis, 


a key, 


accus. 


clavem. 


pelvis, 


a basin. 


a 


pelvem. 


messis, 


a harvest, 


a 


messem. 


ovis, 


a sheep. 


tt 


ovem. 


ratis, 


a raft, 


a 


ratem. 


sentis, 


a briar, 


a 


sentem. 



5*. Greek words will be considered presently by themselves. Many 
proper names of eities and rivers, however, not Greek, form their accu- 
satives in im, after the analogy of the Greek ; as, 



Albis, 


the Elbe, 


accus. 


Albim. 


Athesis, 


the Adige, 


u 


Athesim. 


Baetis, 


the Guadalquiver, 


n 


Baetim. 


Bilbilis, 


Calatajud, 


a 


Bilbilim. 


Hispalis, 


Seville, 


a 


Hispalim. 


Tiberis, 


the Tiber, 


a 


Tiberim. 



3. Ablative Singular. 

1 . The regular ending of the ablative singular is in e ; but all words 
which have im in the accusative, except those Greek words which have 
idis in the genitive, make the ablative in i instead of e. 

2. The ablative of restim, however, is reste ; while, on the other 
hand, navi is more common than nave. 

3. Neuters in e, al, and ar have also i in the ablative ; as, mari, vec- 
tigali, calcdri. But far, baccar, jubar, hepar, and nectar keep e ; and 
sal, even when used as a neuter, has only sale. 

4. Rus has both rure and ruri, but with this difference of meaning, 
namely, rure, " from the country," and ruri, " in the country." 

5. Names of months in is and er have i in the ablative ; as, Aprili, 
Septembri ; and also those substantives in is which were originally ad- 
jectives ; as, cedilis, affinis, anndlis, familidris, gentilis, soddlis, &c. 
But when such adjectives become proper names, they always make the 
ablative in e ; as, Juvendle, Martidle, &c. 

4. Nominative, Accusative, and Vocative Plural. 

1. In the nominative, accusative, and vocative plural, the neuters in 
e, al, and ar make ia ; as, maria, vectigalia, calcaria. 

2. But far makes farra ; while jubar, hepar, and nectar have no plu- 
ral. Sal has no neuter plural, but makes sales, " witticisms." 

5. Genitive Plural. 
The regular ending of the genitive plural is in um ; but the following 
make turn instead of it. 

5 



50 THIRD DECLENSION. 

1 . Neuters in e, al, and r, which make ia in the nominative plural ; 
as, marium, animalium, calcarium. 

2. Nouns which do not increase in the genitive singular ; as, nubes, 
nubium; civis, civium, &c. ; except vates, strues, canis, panis, 
juvenis, which form the genitive plural in um ; while, on the other 
hand, Quirites and Sammies, which do increase in the genitive sin- 
gular, have Quiritium and Samnitium. The words apis and vol- 
ucris have sometimes ium, but more commonly urn. 

3. The following in er ; as, imber, linter, venter, uter ; but pater, 
mater, f rater, and accipiter form the genitive in um. 

4. Of monosyllabic substantives, those in s and x preceded by a con- 
sonant make ium; as, montium, arcium, dentium. Lynx alone 
makes lyncum, and the obsolete ops (from which we have the plu- 
ral opes) opum. 

5. Of monosyllabic words ending in s preceded by a vowel, the 
greater part make the genitive in um; as, crus, crurum; crux, 
crucum ; dos, dotum ; flos, florum, &c. ; but glis, lis, mas, vis, 
and os (ossis) make ium. 

6. Of monosyllabic words ending in x preceded by a vowel, only 
four have ium, namely, faux (obsolete in the singular), nix, strix, 
and nox ; all the rest have um. 

7. Substantives of two or more syllables in ns and rs have the ter- 
mination ium along with that in um, which is less common ; as, 
cliens, clicntium (less frequently clientum) ; cohors, cohortium (less 
frequently cohortum), &c. Also those which are properly particip- 
les ; as, adolescens, infans, parens, serpens, sapiens, which, from 
being used as substantives, admit also the termination um ; as, pa- 
rentum ; but ium is more common. 

8. The names of festivals in alia, which are in use only in the plural ; 
as, Bacchanalia, Saturnalia, form the genitive in ium and orum; 
as, Bacchanalium and Bacchanaliorum. 

XXVIII. IRREGULAR DECLENSION. 

I. Two nouns are here to be considered, the declension 
of which presents an anomalous or irregular appearance, 
namely, Jupiter and bos. 

II. The proper name Jupiter made originally Jupiteris 
in the genitive, Jupiteri in the dative, Jupiter em in the ac- 
cusative, and Jupitere in the ablative, the vocative being 
like the nominative. 



THIRD DECLENSION. 



51 



•III. In process of time, however, the nominative and 
vocative of this form of declension were alone retained, 
and the other cases were borrowed from another nomina- 
tive Jovis, which made Jovis also in the genitive. Hence 
we have the following mode of declining the proper name 
Jupiter, 

N. Jupiter, Ace. Jovem, 

Ge Jovis, V. Jupiter, 

D. Jo vi, Ab. Jove. 

IV. The declension of bos is as follows ; the v in the 
oblique cases coming from the Greek digamma. 

Bos, " an ox" or " cow" 



* 


lingular. 




Plural. 


N. 


Bos, 


N. 


Bov-es, 


G. 


Bov-is, 


G. 


Bo-um (old form bov-um), 


D. 


Bov-i, 


D. 


Bii-bus (less frequently bo-bus), 


Ac. 


Bov-em, 


Ac 


Bov-es, 


V. 


Bos, 


V. 


Bov-es, 


Ab. 


B6y-e. 


Ab 


Bii-bus (less frequently bo-bus). 



XXIX. GREEK WORDS OF THE THIRD DECLENSION. 

I. In the genitive singular the poets often use the Greek termination 
os for is, especially of words in is, gen. idis ; as, Daphnis, gen. Daph- 
uidos ; Phasis, gen. Phasidos, &c., and of nouns in as and ys ; as, Pal- 
las, gen. Pallddos ; Tethys, gen. Tethyos. In prose the Greek form is 
uncommon. 

II. Feminines in o ; as, Dido, Sappho, echo, have usually the Greek 
genitive in us ; as, Didus, Sapphus, echus. The Latin genitive in onis 
also occurs for the proper names, but is less usual ; as, Didonis, Sappho- 
nis. The dative and accusative end either in o, according to the Greek, 
or in oni and onem, according to the Latin. 

III. The Greek accusative of the third declension in a is seldom used 
by the best prose writers, with the exception of aera, cEthera, Pana, which 
are the common forms. Words in is and ys make their accusatives, 
even in prose, in in and yn, as well as im and ym ; as, for example, 
Nabin, Halyn. But, in general, the Latin form is preferable. 

IV. All Greek words which in that language form their accusative in 



52 EXERCISES ON THE THIRD DECLENSION. 

iv (in) have in Latin their accusative in im ; as, basim, poesim, &<c. 
Greek nouns, on the other hand, which have in that language an acute 
accent on their final syllable in the nominative, form in Latin their accu- 
sative in idem, never in im ; as, pyrdmis, accus. pyramidem ; Chalcis, 
accus. Chalcidem. 

V. Proper names in es, genitive is, which in Greek are of the first 
declension, have in Latin, along with the accusative in em, the termina- 
tion en ; as, Achillen, Mschinen ; especially barbarous names ; as, Xer- 
xen, Euphraien. 

VI. Words which in Greek are doubly declined in ov (ou) and nrog 
(etos) have in Latin also both forms is and elis, and in the accusative 
make also en ; as, Chremes, genitive Chremis and Chremetis ; accusa- 
tive Chremem, Chremetem, and Chremen. 

VII. The vocative singular is commonly in Greek the same with the 
nominative, as in Latin. But words in is, ys, and as (antis), which in 
Greek reject s in the vocative, do it also in poetry in Latin ; as, Daph- 
nis, voc. Daphni ; Tethys, voc. Tethy ; Catenas, voc. Calcha (never 
Calchari). 

VIII. In the nominative plural neuters in og (os) have the Greek ter- 
mination e ; as, cell, mele, Tempi, 

IX. Of Chaos, besides the nominative and accusative, only the abla- 
tive Cnao occurs. 

X. In the genitive plural only a few words have the Greek termina- 
tion on (o)v), and that only as titles of books ; as, metamorphosebn, epi- 
grammaton. 

XI. The accusative plural in as is admissible in all words which have 
the termination in Greek, but is rarely used in prose ; as, harpagonds. 
The form Macedonas, however, occurs frequently in Livy. 

XXX. EXERCISES ON THE THIRD DECLENSION. 

Translate the following, and show the agreement or 
government in each clause or phrase. 

1 . Nouns in a, e, o. 
Aroma est condimentum cibi. — India est patria aromatis. 
— Baptisma est institutum Dei. — Ceremonise baptismatis 
Christianis notae sunt. — Mare est domicilium balaenarum, 
alveare apum (apium), ovile ovium. — Maris aqua est salsa. 
— Apes sunt incolae alvearis, oves ovilis. — Picus alveari 
damnosus est. — In mari sunt pisces, in alveari apes, in 



EXERCISES ON THE THIRD DECLENSION. 53 

ovili oves. — In terra sunt maria, rivi et fluvii. — Cancri 
marium stint magni. — Fila retium plerumque sunt crassa. — 
Imago animi est sermo.- — Carbones sunt reliquiae ligni 
combusti. — Ligo est instrumentum Ferreum. — Manubrium 
ligonis est longum. — Praedones habent pugiones. — Lingua 
leonis habet formam limae. — Legiones Romanorum erant 
multae.— Legionibus Romanis erant signiferi. — Verbum est 
signum cogitationis. — Poemata Virgilii sunt imitationes 
poetarum Graecorum.— Pretium unionum est magnum. — 
Scorpioni est aculeus venenatus. — Papilionibus sunt alae 
pulchrae. — Pulchritudo est bonum caducum. — Judicia mul- 
titudmis sunt varia. — Homo est dominus terras. — Hommis 
figura est erecta. — Bestiae hominibus sunt subjectae. — Rana 
bufoni non exosa est. — Pennse struthionis sunt pulchrae et 
pretiosae. — Rostrum hirundmis est rectum. — Hirundinibus 
sunt rostra recta. — Caudae pavonum sunt pulchrae. — Ne- 
mini futura sunt nota. — Lupi sunt avidi carnis agnorum 
tenerorum. — Lupi famelici carni damnosi sunt. — Apolllnis 
sagittae priscis Graecis fuerunt causa multorum morborum. — 
Apollmi corvus invisus erat. — Platonis praecepta sunt egre- 
gia. 

2. Nouns in c, I, n, ar. 
Lac est primum alimentum tenerorum liberorum. — Mus- 
cae lacti noxiae sunt.— Sal et aromata sunt condimenta cibo- 
rum. — Leones, lupi, elephanti et equi sunt animalia. — Ter- 
ra est domicilium hominum et animalium. — Venenum est 
hominibus et animalibus mortiferum. — Decimae et porto- 
rium sunt vectigalia. — In lectis sunt cervicalia. — In alveari 
est mel. — Ursi melli alvearium damnosi sunt. — In felle 
est origo multorum morborum. — Iracundia felli periculosa 
est. — Graecis et Romanis erant puglles. — Janus, deus Ro- 
manorum, fuit symbolum solis et anni. — Prudentia Cicero- 
nis consulis fuit magna.-7-Brutus et Collatinus fuerunt con- 
sules Romanorum. — -Attagen est avis. — Ionia est patria at- 
tagenis. — Attagenes erant Romanis deliciae. — Rhenus est 

5* 



54 EXERCISES ON THE THIRD DECLENSION. 

flumen. — Ripae Rheni fluminis sunt fecundae et amcenae. — 
In Rheno flumine sunt multae insulae. — Danubius et Albis 
sunt flumina. — Stramen, cardui, et folia sunt pabulum asi- 
norum. — Nidi gallinarum sunt in stramme horreorum. — 
Carmina Horatii, poetae Romani, sunt imitationes poetarum 
Greecorum. — Sol est lumen mundi. — Gloria nommis Aes- 
chyli, poetas traglci, est magna. — Luscinia est oscen. — Lus- 
ciniae sunt oscmes. — Rostra oscinum sunt recta et acuta. — 
Calcaris rota est rotunda et dentata. — Rotae calcarium sunt 
rotatae et dentatae. — Formicas et apes sunt exemplaria in- 
dustriae et concordiae. — Cochlearia sunt instrumenta neces- 
saria. — Munificentia Caesaris est nota.— Pompeius fuit Cae- 
sari arTInis. — Hannibal fuit filius Handle aris. — Aquila est 
arnica jubaris solis. — Dii Grseci erant amici nectaris. — 
Lares erant dii ficti Romanorum. — Altar e larum fuit in atrio. 
— In hepate est officma fellis. — In magno acervo farris saepe 
est magna copia curculionum. 

3. Nouns in er, or, ur. 

Poena carceris viro ingenuo ignominiosa est. — Ferrum 
vomeris est durum. — Passer et anser sunt aves. — Passeres 
et anseres sunt aves. — Agricolae habent anseres, aratra, et 
vomeres. — Muri Babylonis fuerunt e lateribus. — Zingiber et 
piper sunt aromata. — India est patria zingiberis, piperis 
et pavonis. — Virus papaveris est somniferum. — Cadavera 
sunt nonnullis bestiis gratus cibus. — Hasdrubal fuit frater 
Hannibalis et filius Hamilcaris. — Accipltres et falcones 
sunt bostes columbarum et gallinarum. — Exhalationes ter- 
rae, maris et fluminum, sunt causa imbris. — Mala, pira et 
uvae maturae sunt dona Octobris. — Hirundines sunt prae- 
nuntiae veris. — Initium veris est finis Martii. — Finis veris 
est initium Julii. — Vita nostra est iter. — In itinere fidus 
amicus necessarius est. — Aves sunt incolae aeris. — In aere 
sunt aves, in mare sunt pisces, in alveari apes, in ovili 
oves. — Jupiter, Pluto, et Neptunus fuerunt fratres. — Satur- 



EXERCISES ON THE THIRD DECLENSION. 55 

nus fuit pater Jovis. — Delus insula Apollini et Dianae sacra 
fuit.— -Jo vi aquila sacra fuiti^-Diana, soror Apollinis, fuit 
dea venationis.— Ignis est causa caloris. — Galba fuit suc- 
cessor imperatoris Neronis. — Puer attentus praeceptori carus 
est. — Aqua pura neque saporem habet, neque odorem, neque 
colorem. — Incolae desertorum sunt pastores, venatores, la- 
trones, et mercatores. — Divitiae mercatorum sunt incertae. — 
Pallor labiorum est indicium terroris, aut morbi. — Gramen 
oryza et folia arborum sunt pabulum elephant orum. — Figura 
cordis est oblonga. — Graecis priscis fuit sedes animi in cor- 
de. — Achilles fuit interfector Hectoris. — Poetae sunt amici 
murmuris rivorum. — Jupiter fuit deus fulguris. — Fulgura 
habent odorem sulphuris. — Vultur et turtur sunt aves. — 
Avari vulturibus similes sunt. — Turtures sunt symbolum 
amoris et amicitiae. — Tenebrae furi gratae sunt. — Neptunus 
erat deus maris ; Mercurius, nuntius deorum, et deus elo- 
quentiae, mercatorum et furum. — India est patria eboris. — 
Sunt multae statuae ex ebore. — In jecore est officina fellis. — 
Leo est symbolum roboris et animi magnitudinis. 

4. Nouns in as, es. 

Libertas est magnum bonum. — Initium aestatis est Julius. 
— Finis aestatis est September. — Multi ludi sanitati pericu- 
losi sunt. — Apes et formicae sunt exemplaria sedulitatis. — 
Rostrum anatis est flavum. — Caro anatum et anserum est 
cibus sapidus. — Jugulum maris attagenis est nigrum. — Pal- 
las fuit dea sapientiae. — Herculi populus sacra fuit. — Astutia 
vulpis est nota. — Socrates fuit praeceptor Xenophontis. — 
iEschmes, Socratis discipulus, fuit Atheniensis. — Numerus 
orationum Demosthenis oratoris est magnus. — Aquilarum et 
falconum nidi plerumque sunt in rupibus. — Orestes fuit pri- 
mus matriclda. — Feles sunt hostes avium. — In ripis marium 
et fluminum plerumque sunt rupes.— -^Eschylus, Sophocles, 
et Euripides fuerunt poetae tragici. — Apollo fuit inventor 
medicinae et antistes Musarum. — Diana, dea venationis, fuit 



56 EXERCISES ON THE THIRD DECLENSION. 

soror Apollinis, antistitis Musarum.— Canes saepe sunt in 
itinere comites viatorum. — Pulcher equus equiti carus est. 
— Milites sunt defensor es patriae. — Vita militum est honor- 
ifica. — Pedites et equites sunt defensores patriae. — Luna 
est comes et satelles terrae. — Lunae, comiti et satelliti terrae, 
saepe est halo. — In mari et fluminibus sunt gurgites. — In 
silvis sunt stipites, in campis tramites, in agris mergites. — 
Limites saepe sunt causae magnarum rixarum. — Rami abie- 
tum sunt sedes avium. — Lana arietis est alba aut nigra. — 
Parietes plerumque sunt e lateribus. — Interpres et satelles 
Jovis fuit aquila. — Ministerium aquilae, interprets et satel- 
lites Jovis, fuit honorificum. — Sine segete non est messis. — 
In culinis sunt ollae, patinae et lebetes.— Tapetes, imagines 
et specula pulchra sunt ornamenta parietum. — Thales fuit 
philosophus. — Miletus erat patria Thaletis philosophi. — 
Natura magnetis est mira. — Vita obsidum saepe est pericu- 
losa. — Jupiter erat praeses hopitalitatis. — Praeceptores sunt 
praesides scholarum. — Vermibus non sunt pedes. — Leones, 
lupi, feles, vulpes et oves sunt quadrupedes. — Sunt multae 
statuae ex aere. — Ceres fuit dea agriculturae. — Proserpina 
fuit filia Cereris. 

5. Nouns in is, os. 

Cibi condimentum est fames, potionis sitis. — Mensis De- 
cember est finis anni. — Accipitres et feles sunt hostes 
avium. — Structura auris est artificiosa. — Pisces sunt in- 
colae marium, fluminum et rivorum ; aves aeris. — Nidi ci- 
coniarum sunt in altis tectis et in turribus. — Apes habent 
reglnam. — Equites habent cassides. — Parietes multorum 
aedificiorum sunt e lapidibus. — Pyramides iEg} r ptiorum sunt 
magna aedificia. — Thetis fuit uxor Pelei, patris Achillis. — 
Achilles fuit filius Thetidis et Pelei. — Malum aureum fuit 
donum Eridis. — In pyxide Pandorae fuerunt multae molestiae. 
— Paris fuit frater Hectoris. — Limites saepe sunt causae 
litis. — Samnltes erant populus bellicosus. — Romani fuerunt 



EXERCISES ON THE THIRD DECLENSION. 57 

victores Samnitium. — Carbones cineris saepe sunt causa 
magnorurci incendiorum. — Cucumeres sunt cibus sapidus.— 
Cauda gliris est longa. — Caudae glirium sunt longae. — Cor 
est receptaculum sanguinis. — Sacerdotes sunt antistites 
populL— Elephantus est hostis rhinocerotis. — Romulus et 
Remus erant nepotes Numitoris. — Saepe cibus ori gratus, 
at stomacho noxius est. — Flores arborum sunt indicium 
veris. — Similitudo morum est firmum vinculum amicitiae. — - 
Vapores terrae sunt causa roris. — Duritia ossis est magna. — 
Numerus ossium hominis est magnus. — Salii fuerunt cus- 
todes ancilium. — Pastores sunt custodes ovium. — Cauda 
bovis est longa et pilosa. — Gramen est bovi gratum pabu- 
lum. — Gramen est bubus bonum. 

6. Nouns in us. 

Honos est praemium virtutis, — Virtuti nulla via in via est. 
— Pietas et modestia sunt virtutes. — Modestia est orna- 
mentum juventutis, sapientia senectutis. — Vitia juventuti 
perniciosa sunt. — In tellure sunt multa metalla. — Titanes 
fuerunt filii Telluris. — Jupiter fuit praeses hospitalitatis et 
fcederum. — Vita, valetudo, et divitiae sunt munera benigni 
dei. — Corpora inhumata sunt praeda vulturum. — Leones 
sunt e genere felium. — Dolores lateris sunt magnae moles- 
tiae. — Lactuca et asparagi sunt olera. — Sol, stellae et terra 
sunt opera dei. — Scelera Catilmae fuerunt rulna civitatis. — 
Sol est oculus mundi et dominus siderum. — Jecur, splen, et 
renes, sunt viscera. — Vulnera militum sunt signum fortitu- 
dinis. — Venus fuit uxor Vulcani. — Cupido fuit films Veneris, 
deae gratiarum et venustatis. — Ulcera sunt morbi corporis. — 
Mare habet litora. — Gramen est pabulum pecoris. — Candor 
et levitas sunt decora eboris. — Leporis pili sunt rutili. — 
Silvae et campi sunt domicilium leporum. — Asia est patria 
turis. — In vulneribus et ulceribus est pus. — Ulpianus fuit 
conditor juris. — Mures sunt terror elephantorum. — Feles 
sunt hostes murium. — Incudes et folles sunt instrumenta 



58 EXERCISES ON THE THIRD DECLENSION. 

necessaria fabrorum ferrariorum.— Ferrum incudis est du- 
rum. — Aqua paludum sanitati hominum noxia est. — Sui 
lutum gratum est. — Semina cucumerum sunt pabulum suum. 
— Nidus gruis est magnus. — Grues habent colla pennata. 

7. Nouns in bs, Is, ms, ns, ps, rs, and t. 

Corinthus fuit urbs Graeciae. — Mummius fuit devastator 
Corinthi, urbis Graeciae. — Berolinum, Vindobona, Londl- 
num, Parisii, et Novum Eboracum sunt urbes. — Cives et 
milites sunt defensor es urbium. — Pontus est patria chalybis. 
— Arabia est terra Arabum. — Nidi passerum plerumque sunt 
in trabibus aediflciorum. — Puis fuit alimentum priscorum 
Romanorum. — Liberi sunt amici pultis. — Hiems est tempus 
quietis. — Hiemis initium est finis Novembris.— Infantis 
cranium est tenerum. — Infantibus non est sermo. — Dentes 
elephanti sunt ebur. — Aves habent rostra cornea sine denti- 
bus. — Serpentibus non sunt pedes.— Avaritia est fons mul- 
torum malorum. — Helicon est mons Boeotiae. — -In montibus 
est orlgo fontium. — Frondes sunt decus arborum. — Glandes 
erant cibus priscorum hominum. — Iuglandes sunt pueris et 
puellis cibus gratus. — Polyphemus erat Cyclops. — iEtna, 
mons Siciliae, erat domicilium Cyclopum. — Pelops erat 
films Tantali. — Peloponnesus, in lingua Graeca, est insula 
Pelopis. — Henricus, auceps, erat imperator Germanorum. — 
Otto primus erat films Henrici aucupis. — In principum aulis 
olim sanniones fuerunt. — Principibus est magna copia comi- 
tum et satellitum. — Artes sunt imitationes naturae. — Uncia 
est pars assis ; planta est pars pedis. — Verba sunt partes 
sermonis. — Romulus et Remus, filii Martis, erant conditores 
urbis Romae. — Mors est finis vitae et miseriarum. — Divites 
et pauper es morti obnoxii sunt. — -In aegide Palladis erat 
caput Medusae. — Cranium, aures, et frons, sunt partes 
capitis, — Frontes sunt in capitibus, frondes in arboribus, 



EXERCISES ON THE THIRD DECLENSION. 59 

8. Nouns in Ix, nx, ax, ex* 
Calces sunt partes pedum.— Falces sunt instrumenta 
messorum.— Pretium pellis lyncis est magnum. — Arces 
plerumque sunt in montibus et in rupibus. — Anseres Ju- 
nonis fuerunt servatores arcis Romance. — Milites sunt de- 
fensores arcium et urbium. — Sarissae erant arma phalangis. 
— Sphingi erat caput feminae. — Obsides sunt pignora pacis. 
— In pace est salus populorum, non in bello. — In conclavi- 
bus sunt fornaces, specula, scrinia, et sellae. — Milites habent 
enses, hastas, et thoraces. — Gnomon est index horarum. — 
Gnomones sunt indices horarum, flores veris. — Sub vertice 
capitis est cerebrum. — Vibices sunt signa verberum. — Deus 
est rex regum et dominus dominorum. — Reges et principes 
sunt patres gentium. — Leges sunt fundamentum libertatis 
et aequitatis. — Canes sunt custodes gregum et aediflciorum. 
— Arma Achillis fuerunt causa necis Ajacis. — Arietes, ver- 
veces, lepores, mures, glires, canes, leones, et tigres sunt 
quadrupedes. — Caro vervecum est cibus divitum et' paupe- 
rum. — Remiges Romanorum erant servi.— Eloquentia est 
juveni necessaria, seni jucunda. — Capilli senum plerumque 
sunt cani. — Magnificentia supellectilis regum est magna. 

9. Nouns in ix, ox, ux. 
Homines et animalia habent cervices. — Vulnera et cica- 
trices militum sunt signa fortitudinis. — Aquilae, corvi, vul- 
tures, pavones, anseres, anates, cornices, perdices, passeres, 
grues, hirundmes et struthiones sunt aves. — In lodicibus 
sunt plumse aut lana. — Semen et radix colchici sunt vene- 
num. — Nidi coturnicum sunt in segetibus. — PhoenTces erant 
nautae perlti. — Tyrus erat urbs Phcenicum. — Radices arbo- 
rum sunt in terra.— Graacia fuit inventrix, Roma conserva- 
trix artium. — Ceres fuit inventrix agriculturae. — Proserpina 
fuit h'lia Cereris, inventricis agriculturae. — Infelici est inno- 
centia felicitas. — Poma, herbae, et cortex arborum sunt pa- 
bulum hystricis. — In cervicibus hystricum sunt innumerae 



60 EXERCISES ON THE THIRD DECLENSION. 

setae. — In frondibus laricis saepe sunt nidi avium. — Insecta 
et herbae sunt pabulum natricis. — Multa insecta hominibus 
sunt molesta, ut pullces, cimices, et muscae. — Nix et grando 
sunt aqua congelata. — Nubes sunt causa pluviae, nivis, gran- 
dinis et fulguris. — Oculi strigis sunt magni. — Lepores, 
mures, aves, et insecta sunt pabulum strigium. — Sonus 
vocis strigis auribus hominum ingratus est. — Nox est tem- 
pus quietis. — Tenebrae noctis strigibus gratas sunt. — Cap- 
padoces fuerunt populus Asiae. — -Geneva fuit oppidum Al- 
lobrogum. — Nucleus nucis est esculentus. — Nuces et oryza 
sunt exoptatus cibus simiis. — Hannibal et Hasdrubal erant 
duces Carthaginiensium. — Lux est vitae imago, nox mortis. 
— Noctuae sunt inimicae luci. — Leda erat conjux Tyndari, 
regis Lacedasmonis. — Castor et Pollux fuerunt nlii Ledae, 
conjugis Tyndari, regis Lacedaemonis. — Helena et Cly- 
taemnestra fuerunt sorores Castoris et Pollucis. — Far, hor- 
deum, et triticum sunt fruges. — Fauces leonum sunt se- 
pulcrum multarum bestiarum. — Faex cerevisiae et vini adusti 
est pabulum suum et bourn. 

II. 

Convert the following ungrammatical Latin into gram- 
matical, so as to suit the English words opposite. 

The poems of Homer are 

beautiful. 
The islands of the sea are 

many. 
There are large sheepfolds in 

the country. 
Many seas were unknown to 

the Romans. 
The daggers of robbers are 

small but sharp. 
The stings of scorpions are 

poisonous. 



Poema Homerus sum pul- 

cher. 
Insula mare sum multus. 

Sum magnus ovile rus. 

Romanus sum multus mare 

ignotus. 
Pugio praedo sum parvus sed 

acutus. 
Aculeus scorpio sum venena- 

tus. 



EXERCISES ON THE THIRD DECLENSION. 



61 



He has the hatred of a multi- 
tude of men. 

Toads are often found in 
rocks. 

Swallows are a sign of spring. 

He has plenty of milk in the 
vessel. 

There is plenty of salt and 
spices in the food. 

The shores of the sea are of- 
ten dangerous. 

The banks of the river Rhine 
are often clad with vines. 

The Thames and Seine are 
rivers of great name. 

The temple has altars, and a 
statue of Ccesar, the Roman 
commander. 

The door of the prison is open 
to Hannibal. 

The sepulchre of the brothers 
and sisters of Hamilcar 
was struck by lightning. 

The memory of Cicero, prince 
of orators, is still dear to 
young men and old. 

The friendship of a surety is 
true friendship. 

The eloquence of Demosthe- 
nes, the Greek orator, is 
of the true kind. 

The tongue is the interpreter 
of the heart. 

The stones of the wall are 
black. 



Odium habeo multitudo ho- 
mo. 

Bufo saepe sum inventus in 
rupes. 

Hirundo sum signum ver. 

Copia lac habeo in vas. 

Copia sal et aroma est in 

cibus. 
Litus mare sum saepe pericu- 

losus. 
Ripa flumen Rhenus sum 

saepe vitis vestitus. 
Tamesis et Sequana sum flu- 

vius magnus nomen. 
Templum habeo altare, et sta- 

tua Caesar, imperator Ro- 

manus. 
Career janua est Hannibal 

apertus. 
Sepulchrum frater et soror 

Hamilcar fulmen percus- 

sus sum. 
Memoria Cicero, princeps 

orator, sum carus adhuc 

juvenis et senex. 
Amicitia vas sum verus ami- 

citia. 
Demosthenes, orator Graecus, 

eloquentia sum verus ge- 
nus. 
Lingua sum cor interpres. 

Lapis paries sum niger. 



6 



62 



EXERCISES ON THE THIRD DECLENSION. 



The bottom of the box has 
many holes* 

Plenty offish, and cucumbers, 
and apples. 

The nature of fishes and ser- 
pents is known to the rower 
and his companions. 

The odour of the fiowers of 
spring is grateful to the 
nostrils. 

The tops of the pyramids are 
broad and fiat, not pointed. 

In Egypt, the Arabs are the 
guides of travellers. 

The helmets of the horsemen 
are iron. 

Pains of the sides are often 
a cause of death to women 
and men. 

He has ulcers of the lungs. 

The Cyclopes were in the bow- 
els of the mountain, but the 
sound of the anvils was 
heard by the companions of 
Ulysses in the ships. 

The fields have plev.ty of ma- 
nure. 

Piety is the greatest of virtues. 

The Scipios were the lights of 
the state. 

Bad citizens are the ruin of 
cities. 

Scythia was the native coun- 
try of winter, and snow, 
and tempests. 



Fimdum pyxis habeo multus 

foramen. 
Copia piscis, et cucumis, et 

malum. 
Natura piscis et serpens sum 

notus remex et comes. 

Odor flos ver sum naris gra- 
tus. 

Culmen pyramis sum latus et 

planus, non acutus. 
In iEgyptus, Arabs sum dux 

viator. 
Cassis eques sum ferreus. 

Dolor latus sum saspe causa 
mors mulier et homo. 

Habeo ulcus pulmo. 

Cyclops sum in viscus mons, 
at sonitus incus sum audi- 
tus comes Ulysses in na- 
vis. 

Ager habeo copia stercus. 

Pietas sum maximus virtus. 
Scipio sum lumen civitas. 

Malus civis sum ruina urbs. 

Scythia sum patria hiems, 
et nix, et tempestas. 



THIRD DECLENSION OF ADJECTIVES. 



63 



The water of fountains is good 
for cattle and for man, 

Minerva was in the head of 
Jupiter, 

Achilles has a wound in his 
heel. 

The soldiers of the Macedo- 
nian phalanx have long 
spears. 

There are often crosses on the 
towers of churches. 



Aqua fons bonus sum pecus 
et homo. 

Minerva sum in caput Jupi- 
ter. 

Achilles habeo vulnus in 
calx. 

Miles phalanx Macedonicus 
habeo longus hasta. 

In ecclesia turris saepe sum 
crux. 



XXXI. THIRD DECLENSION OF ADJECTIVES. 

I. Adjectives of the third declension follow, as has al- 
ready been said, the third declension of nouns. 

II. These adjectives are divided into two classes, the 
first having two terminations, one for the masculine and 
feminine, and another for the neuter ; and the second class 
having but one termination throughout for all the genders. 

1. Adjectives of two terminations. 

I. These consist of adjectives ending in is, is, e, and of 
comparatives in or, or, us, that is, having one and the same 
termination (is in the case of the former, or in that of the 
latter) for the masculine and feminine, and another (e in 
the case of the former, us in that of the latter) for the neu- 
ter gender. 

II. Their respective declensions are as follows : 





Masc. 




Fern. 




Neut. 






Br e vis, 




Brevis, 




Breve, "short." 






Singular. 






Plural. 




N. 


Brev-is, 


-is, 


-e, 


N. 


Brev-es, -es, 


-ia, 


G. 


Brev-is, 


-is, 


-is, 


G. 


Brev-ium, -ium, 


-ium, 


D. 


Brev-i, 


-i, 


-i, 


D. 


Brev-ibus, -ibus, 


-ibus, 


Ac. 


Brev-em, 


-em 


-e, 


Ac. 


Brev-es, -es, 


-ia, 


V. 


Brev-is, 


-is, 


-e, 


V. 


Brev-es, -es, 


-ia, 


Ab. 


Brev-i, 


-i> 


-i. 


Ab. 


Brev-ibus, -ibus, 


-ibus. 



64 



\ 




ADJECTIVES. 






Masc. 


Fern. 


Neut. 






Brevior, Brevior 


, Brevius, 


" shorter" 






Singular. 




N. 


Brev-ior, 




-ior, 


-ius, 


G. 


Brev-ioris, 




-ioris, 


-ioris, 


D. 


Brev-iori, 




-iori, 


-iori, 


Ace. 


Brev-iorem, 




-i5rem, 


-ius, 


V. 


Brev-ior, 




-ior, 


-ius, 


Ab. 


Brev-iore or 


-iori, 


-iore or iori, 


-iore or iori 






Plural. 




N. 


Brev-iores, 




-iores, 


-iora, 


G. 


Brev-iorum, 




-iorum, 


-iorum, 


D. 


Brev-ioribus, 




-ioribus, 


-ioribus, 


Ace. 


Brev-iores, 




-iores, 


-iora, 


V. 


Brev-iores, 




-iores, 


-iora, 


Ab. 


Brev-ioribus. 




-ioribus, 


-ioribus. 



III. Several adjectives in is, is, e, have also, in the nom- 
inative and vocative singular masculine, a specific ending 
in er besides the termination in is. In other respects they 
are declined like brevis. Thus, 

Masc. Fern. Neut. 

Acer or Acris, Acris, Acre, " keen" 
Singular. Plural. 



N. Ac-er or -ris, -ris, -re, 
G. Acr-is, -is, -is, 

D. Acr-i, -i, -i, 

Ace. Acr-em, -em, -e, 

V. Ac-er or -ris, -ris, -re, 
Ab. Acr-i, -i, -i. 



N. Acr-es, 
G. Acr-ium, 
D. Acr-ibus, 
Ace. Acr-es, 
V. Acr-es, 
Ab. Acr-ibus, 



-es, 

-ium, 

-ibus, 

-es, 
-es, 



-la, 

-ium, 

-ibus, 

-ia, 

-ia, 



-ibus, -ibus. 



IV. The nominative masculine in is is rarely used in 
prose for the adjectives in the preceding paragraph. 

V. The following are some of the others declined like 
accr. 







ADJECTIVES. 


6£ 




Masc. 


Fern. 


Neut. 


Alacer 


or 


Alacris, 


Alacris, 


Alaere. 


Celeber 


it 


Celebris, 


Celebris, 


Celebre. 


Celer, 


tt 


Celeris, 


Celeris, 


Celere. 


Campester 


it 


Campestris, 


Campestris, 


Campestre. 


Equester 


a 


Equestris, 


Equestris, 


Equestre. 


Pedester 


a 


Pedestris, 


Pedestris, 


Pedestre. 


Paluster 


a 


Palustris, 


Palustris, 


Palustre. 


Saluber 


a 


Salubris, 


Salubris, 


Salubre. 


Voliicer 


a 


Volucris, 


Volucris, 


Volucre. 



VI. All other adjectives besides those thus far mentioned 
have only one ending in the nominative singular for all 
genders ; as, felix, prudens, solers, and the participles in 
ns ; as, amans, monens, &c. 

VII. In some of the other cases, however, they have, as 
will be perceived, two terminations, namely, one for the 
masculine and feminine, and another for the neuter. Thus, 







Masc. 


Fern. 


Neut. 








Felix, 


Felix, 


Felix, « 


happy" 










Singular. 




N. 




Fel-ix, 1 






-ix, 


-ix, 


G. 




Fel-Icis, 






-icis, 


-Icis, 


D. 




Fel-Tci, 






-ici, 


-Ici, 


Ace 




Fel-icem, 






-Teem, 


-ix, 


V. 




Fel-ix, 






-ix, 


-ix, 


Ab. 




Fel-ice or 


-ici, 




-ice or -Ici, 


-Ice or -ici. 










Plural. 






N 


Fel-ices, 




-Ices, 


-Icia, 




G 


Fel-icium, 




-icium, 


-Icium, 




D 


Fel-Tcibus. 


) 


-Icibus, 


-Icibus, 



1. The more accurate division, so as to show both the root and ter- 
mination, would be as follows : Nom. Felic-s ; Gen. Fclic-is ; Dat. 
Felic-i f &c. 

6* 



66 




ADJECTIVES. 






Ace. Fel-ices, 


-Ices, 


-icia, 




V. Fel-ices, 


-ices, 


-icia, 




Ab. Fel-I 


cibus, 


-icibus, 


-icibus. 




Masc. 


Fern. 


Neut. 






Audax, 


Audax 


, Audax, 


" bold: 9 






Singular. 




N. 


Aud-ax, 1 




-ax, 


-ax, 


G. 


Aud-acis, 




-acis, 


-acis, 


D. 


Aud-aci, 




-aci, 


-aci, 


Ace. Aud-acem, 




-acem, 


-ax, 


V. 


Aud-ax, 




-ax, 


-ax, 


Ab. 


Aud-ace or -aci, 


-ace or -aci, 


-ace or aci. 






Plural. 






N. Aud- 


■aces, 


-aces, 


-acia, 




G. Aud- 


acium, 


-acium, 


-acium, 




D. Aud- 


acibus, 


-acibus, 


-acibus, 




Acc. Aud- 


aces, 


-aces, 


-acia, 




V. Aud- 


aces, 


-aces, 


-acia, 




Ab. Aud-acibus, 


-acibus, 


-acibus. 




Masc. 


Fern. 


Neut. 




Prudens, Prudens, 


Prudens, 


"prudent" 






Singular. 




N 


Prud-ens, 2 




-ens, 


-ens, 


G. 


Prud-entis, 




-entis, 


-entis, 


D. 


Prud-enti, 




-enti, 


-enti, 


Ace. 


Prud-entem, 




-entem, 


-ens, 


V. 


Prud-ens, 




-ens, 


-ens, 


Ab. 


Prud-ente or 


-enti, 


-ente or -enti, 


-ente or -enti. 



1. More accurate division, Nom. Audac-s) Gen. Audac-is ; Dat. 
Audac-i, &c. 

2. More accurate division, Nom. Pruden(t)-s, where the t of the root 
is dropped before s for euphony ; Gen. Prudent-is ; Dat. Prudent-i, &c. 







ADJECTIVES. 


67 






Plurah 






N. 


Prud-entes, 


-entes, 


-entia, 




G. 


Prud-entium, 


-entium, 


-entium, 




D. 


Prud-entibus, 


-entibus, 


-entibus, 




Ace. 


Prud-entes, 


-entes, 


-entia, 




V. 


Prud-entes, 


-entes, 


-entia, 




Ab. 


Prud-entibus, 


-entibus, 


-entibus. 




Masc* Fern, 


Neut. 






Amans, Amans 


Amans, " 


loving " 






Sh 


%gular. 




N. 


Am- 


ans, 1 


-ans, 


-ans, 


G. 


Am-antis, 


-antis, 


-antis, 


D. 


Am-anti, 


-anti, 


-anti, 


Ace. 


Am-antem, 


-ant em, 


-ans, 


V. 


Am- 


ans, 


-ans, 


-ans, 


Ab. 


Am-ante or -anti, 


-ante or -anti, 


-ante or -anti 






Plural. 






N. 


Am-antes, 


-antes, 


-antia, 




G. 


Am-antium, 


-antium, 


-antium, 




D. 


Am-antibus, 


-antibus, 


-antibus, 




Aec. 


Am-antes, 


-antes, 


-antia, 




V. 


Am-antes, 


-antes, 


-antia, 




Ab. 


Am-antibus, 


-antibus, 


-antibus. 



VIII. The adjective Plus, " more," is only neuter in the 
singular, while in the plural it is of all three genders. The 
dative and ablative singular, however, are seldom, if ever, 
found. 

Singular. 

Acc. Plus, 



N. Plus, 
G. Plur-is, 
D. Plur-i, 



V. Plus, 

Ab. Plur-e or -i. 



1. More accurate division, Nom. Aman(t)-s ; Gen. Amant-is, &c, as 
in Prudens. 



68 





ADJECTIVES. 






Plural. 




N. 


Plur-es, 


-es, 


-a, 1 


G. 


Plur-ium, 


-ium, 


-ium, 


D. 


Plur-ibus, 


-ibus, 


-ibus, 


Ace. 


Plur-es, 


-es, 


-a, 


V. 


Plur-es, 


-es, 


-a, 


Ab. 


Plur-ibus, 


-ibus, 


-ibus. 



IX. The ablative singular of adjectives in is, is, e, and 
er or is, is, e, ends in i ; as, brevi, acri. 

X. The ablative singular of comparatives, and of adjec- 
tives with one termination, ends in e or i; as, majore or 
majori ; 2 bremore or breviori ; felice or felici ; prudente or 
prudenti. 

XI. Participles, when used as adjectives, make the abla- 
tive in e or i ; but only in e when used as participles. 

XII. All adjectives and participles which make their 
ablative singular in i only, or in e and *, make the neuter 
plural in ia, except comparatives ; &s,felicia, amantia ; but 
majora, doctiora. 3 

XIII. In the genitive plural all words make ium which 
have ia in the nominative ; as, felicium, amantium. To 
which add plurium and complurium. The rest have um, as 
veterum, doctiorum.* 

1. We find plura in writers of the best age. The compound complu- 
res, on the other hand, has both complura and compluria. 

2. In comparatives the termination e is preferable, as agreeing with 
the usage of the best prose writers. 

3. Vetus makes vetera. The adjective plus has already been referred 
to in note 1. Dives makes in the plural ditia, contracted from divitia. 
Such forms as victrix, &c, though properly feminine substantives, are 
used as neuter in the plural ; as, victricia beila. 

4. Ccelebs, princeps and particeps, celer, degener, dives, inops, memor 
and immemor, pubes and impubes (plur. puberes), quadruplex, supplex, 
vetus, uber, and the compounds of color and of facio (ending in fex), 
have um. The adjectives in ccps, gen. -cipitis (from caput), anceps, 
prcBceps, biceps, triceps, make ium, sometimes syncopated into um. Ne- 
quam and frugi are indeclinable. The latter is properly the dative of 
the obsolete frux. 



EXERCISES ON ADJECTIVES. 69 

XXXII. EXERCISES ON ADJECTIVES OF THE THIRD 
DECLENSION. 

I. 

Translate the following, and show the number, gender, 
and case. 

Somnus morti similis est. — Oculi sunt rotundi et mobiles. 
— Tigris habet incredibilem velocitatem. — Vanitas pavonum 
versicolorum est ridicula. — Campania habet vina nobilia. — 
Cos et silex sunt lapides vulgares. — Pax omnibus bonis op- 
tabilis est. — Nonnulla aromata sunt salubria. — Adolescenti- 
bus praecepta senum utilia sunt. — Saccharum est dulce. — 
Platina est durum, plumbum molle metallum. — Leones sunt 
robusti, audaces, rapaces, et magnanimi. — In culinis divitum 
et pauperum sunt vasa fictilia. — Murium naturales hostes 
sunt feles. — Reglna apum ceteris dissimilis est. — Lignea 
alvearia sunt domicilium apum, opificum dulcis mellis. — 
Spatiosa et alta conclavia sunt salubria. 

Felices homines diis similes sunt. — Judicia multitudinis 
credulae sunt mutabilia.- — Motio corpori necessaria et salu- 
taris est. — Pueri alacres sunt laudati. — Stelliones sunt ce- 
leres.— Avium rapacium rostra sunt adunca. — Diligentes 
pueri sunt gaudium parentum.-^Panis re c ens non est salu- 
ber. — Veteribus Gallis erant torques aurei. — Leones sunt 
robusta et ferocia animalia. — In multis lectis sunt mollia 
cervicalia. — Gramen viride est molle. — Lumen cceleste est 
fons omnis vitae. — Nomina multorum poetarum sunt illustria. 
— Causa et origo nubium sunt vapores surgentes. — Odor 
foeni recentis est noxius. — Ador est utile. — Cor mortale, 
animus immortalis est. yr 

Arbores florentes sunt indices veris. — Ros matutlnus 
herbis salutaris est. — Cotes sunt durae et utiles. — Ossa 
infantium sunt tenera et mollia. — Senes plerumque sunt 
morosi, juvenes leves. — Salorno erat rex sapiens. — Prover- 
bia Salomonis, regis sapientis. — Cives regum sapientium 



70 



EXERCISES ON ADJECTIVES. 



sunt felices. — Nuces dulces sciuris gratae sunt. — Acinaces 
erat brevis et curvatus gladius. — Nectar dulce erat diis 
deabusque gratum. — Passeres edaces farri maturo damnosi 
sunt. — iEtas virilis habet magnum robur et corporis et ani- 
mi. — Omne corpus est mutabile. — Crocodilus est animal 
terribile. — Supplices preces deo sunt acceptae. — Frutices 
humiles a fulmine tutae sunt. — Plumas nonnullarum avium 
sunt versicolores. — ^Estas frugifera est aetati virili similis. — 
Inhumanitas est omni aetati molesta. — Viola habet suavem 
odorem. 

II. 

Convert the following ungrammatical Latin into gram- 
matical, so as to suit the English words opposite. 



Africa is the native country 

of ravenous lions. 
Sparrows are active, vora- 
cious, and thievish. 
Not all geese are tame ; there 

are wild geese. 
The tomb of S emir amis, a 

powerful and illustrious 

queen. 
The foot forces were brave 

and swift. 
The spring is healthful for 

men. 
Pepper is pungent, ripe grapes 

are sweet. 
The onset of brave and rapid 

horsemen. 
The ancient Laconians were 

brave soldiers. 
A green sod is the sign of 

approaching spring. 



Africa sum patria rapax leo. 

Passer sum celer, edax, et 

furax. 
Non omnis anser sum cicur ; 

sum anser ferus. 
Sepulchrum Semiramis, po- 

tens et illustris regina. 

Pedestris copia sum fortis et 

celer. 
Ver sum homo saiubris. 

Piper sum acer, uva maturus 

sum dulcis. 
Impetus fortis et celer eques. 

Vetus Laco sum fortis miles. 

Cespes viridis sum index ver 
appropinquans. 



FOURTH DECLENSION. 



71 



Life is a short journey \ 

In marshy regions there are 

many wooden bridges* 
The beginnings of doubtful 

fortune. 
The eyebrows are moveable. 
Peacocks have ugly feet. 
History is the narrative of 

memorable transactions . 
Soft heaps of fresh straw. 

Tigers are swift, cruel, and 

ravenous. 
The death of the rich Crwsus, 

an unhappy king. 
Old wines are superior. 
The bodies of worms are soft. 
The crocodile has dull eyes in 

the water. 
Strokes of lightning are rapid 

and terrible. 



Vita sum brevis iter. 

In regio palustris sum multus 

pons ligneus. 
Initium fort una anceps. 

Sup ere ilium sum mobilis. 
Pavo habeo pes turpis. 
Historia sum narratio factum 

memorabilis. 
Acervus mc-llis re e ens stra- 

men. 
Tigris sum pernix, crudelis, 

et rapax. 
Mors dives Croesus, rex in- 

felix. 
Vetus vinum sum praestans. 
Vermis corpus sum mollis. 
Crocodilus habeo hebes ocu- 

lus in aqua. 
Fulmen sum celer et terribi- 

lis. 



XXXIII. FOURTH DECLENSION. 

I. Nouns of the fourth declension end in us or u. 

II. Nouns in us are generally masculine, sometimes fem- 
inine. Nouns in u are neuter, and are indeclinable in the 
singular. 

III. The following are the terminations of nouns in us : 

Singular. Plural. 



N. 


us, 


N. 


lis, 


G. 


lis, 


G. 


Hum, 


D. 


Hi, 


D. 


ibus, 


Ace. 


um, 


Ace. 


us, 


V. 


us, 


V. 


us, 


Ab. 


it. 


Ab. 


Ibus. 



72 



FOURTH DECLENSION. 



IV. The termination us of the genitive singular is con- 
tracted from an old ending ids ; and, in like manner, the 
ending of the nominative, accusative, and vocative plural is 
contracted from ues. 

V. These old endings in ids and iies show clearly that 
the fourth declension was originally only a branch of the 
third. 

VI. The declension of nouns in us is as follows : 



N. 

G. 

D. 

Ace. 

V. 

Ab 



N. 

G. 

D. 

Ace. 

V. 

Ab. 



Singular. 

Fruct-us, 

Fruct-us, 

Fruct-ui, 

Fruct-um, 

Fruct-us, 

Fruct-u. 

Singular. 
Curr-us, 
Curr-us, 
Curr-ui, 
Curr-um, 
Curr-us, 
Curr-u. 



Fructus, "fruit" 

N. 

G. 

D. 

Ace. 

V. 

Ab. 

Currus, " a chariot" 



Plural. 
Fruct-us, 
Fruct-uum, 
Fruct-ibus, 
Fruct-us, 
Fruct-us, 
Fruct-ibus. 



N. 

G. 

D. 

Ace. 

V. 

Ab. 



Plural. 
Curr-us, 
Curr-iium, 
Curr-ibus, 
Curr-us, 
Curr-us, 
Curr-ibus. 



VII. The declension of neuters in u is as follows 
Cornu, " a horn" 



N. 

G. 

D. 

Ace. 

V. 

Ab. 



Singular. 

Corn-u, 

Corn-u, 

Corn-u, 

Corn-u, 

Corn-u, 

Corn-u. 



N. 

G. 

D. 

Ace. 

V. 

Ab. 



Plural. 
Corn-ua, 
Corn-uum, 
Corn-ibus, 
Corn-ua, 
Corn-ua, 
Corn-ibus. 



FOURTH DECLENSION. 



73 



VIII. The following words, belonging to this declension, 
have itbus instead of ibus in the dative and ablative plural. 



Acus, 

Arcus, 

Artus, 

Ficus, 1 

Genu, 

Lacus, 



a needle. 
a bow. 
a joint, 

a fig- 
a knee. 
a lake. 



Partus, 


a birth. 


Pecu, 


cattle. 


Portus, 


a harbour. 


Specus, 2 


a den. 


Tribus, 


a tribe. 


Veru, 


a spit. 



IX. The following words in us are feminine. 

Acus, a needle. * 

Anus, an old woman. 

Domus, a house. 

Manus, a hand. 

Nurus, a daughter-in-law. 

Socrus, a mother-in-law. 

Portic us, a portico. 

Tribus, a tribe. 

Quercus, an oak, 

Ficus, $fig» 

Idus, the ides of the month. 

Quinquatrus, a festival of Minerva. 

X. A genitive in i was formed from some nouns in us, 
according to the second declension, and this form is found 
in good prose writers ; as, for example, senati and tumulti 
in Sallust. 

XL A dative in u instead of ui is very often employed, 
especially in Caesar. 

XII. The noun Domus is both of the fourth and second 
declensions ; thus : 

1. Instead officubus we find ficis (from ficus, gen. -i) commonly used. 
Portus and tonitru, " thunder," have both ubus and ibus, but portubus 
and tonitribus are best. 

2. Specus is masculine, but in the poets and in the nominative it is 
found as a neuter. Penus is of three forms, namely, penus, gen. -us, 
of the fourth declension, masculine ; penum, gen. -?', of the second, neu- 
ter ; and penus, gen. -oris, of the third, neuter. 

7 



74 EXERCISES ON THE FOURTH DECLENSION. 





Domus, " 


a house" 




N. 


Singular. 
Domus, 


N. 


Plural. 
Dom-us, 


G. 


Dom-us or I, 


G. 


Dom-orum or uum, 


D. 


Dom-ui or 6, 


D. 


Dom-Ibus, 


Ace. 


Dom-um, 


Ace. 


Dom-us, 


V. 


Dom-us, 


V. 


Dom-us, 


Ab. 


Dom-o. 


Ab. 


Dom-Ibus. 



XIII. The genitive domi is only used in the sense of 
" at home." On all other occasions domus is employed. 

XXXIV. EXERCISES ON THE FOURTH DECLENSION. 
I. 

Translate the following, and show the agreement or gov- 
ernment in each clause or phrase. 

Risus est signum gaudii. — Cordis situs est in sinistro lat- 
ere pectoris. — Glandes illcis sunt victus hominum. — Sensus 
hominum sunt, visus, auditus, olfactus, gustus, et tactus. — 
Canis est custos domus. — Canes sunt custodes domuum et 
gregum. — Oculi sunt instrumenta visus. — Legiones Romanes 
erant partes exercitus. — Pueri sunt amici lusus. — Rubor 
vultus plerumque est signum pudoris. — Currui sunt rotas, 
domui januae, urbi portae, mari portus. — Hippopotamus habet 
jubam et hinmtum equi. — Omne animal habet sensum visus, 
olfactus, gustus, et tactus. — Est libellus Taeiti de situ, mor- 
ibus, et populis Germaniae. — Labor in venatu, sudor, fames, 
et sitis erant condimenta coenae Laconum. — Magistratus 
sunt praesldes populi. — Silvae et campi, montes et specus, 
lacus, rivi et rlumina, sunt domicilia multorum animalium. 

Motus artuum est opus animi, non corporis. — Magna est 
fructuum varietas. — Fructus quercuum est pabulum suum. — 
Cerebrum est sedes sensuum. — Voluptas sensibus grata est. 
— Domibus sunt januae, curribus rotae, urbibus portas, mari- 
bus portus. — Fluctus maris saepe sunt sepulcrum multorum 
navigatorum. — In fluctibus maris sunt multi pisces. — In por* 



EXERCISES ON THE FOURTH DECLENSION. 



75 



tubus et lacubus sunt pisces et naves, in specubus montium 
ferae, — Vis tonitru non est parva. — Cornua, dentes, ungues, 
sunt anna animalium. — Genu est pars corporis humani. — 
Stapiarum usus veteribus ignotus fuit. — Cantus luscinias 
auribus jucundus est. — Versus poematum Homeri sunt pul- 
chri.— Arcui ccelesti sunt varii colores. — Ficus sunt fructiis 
dulces. — Milites exercituum Romanorum erant fortes. — 
Morsus aspidis est mortifer. 

II. 

Convert trie following ungrammatical Latin into gram- 
matical, so as to suit trie English words opposite. 



Bows and arrows were former- 
ly the arms of soldiers and 

hunters. 
The issues of all wars are 

uncertain. 
The cook has a spit in his 

hand. 
Spits are the implements of 

cooks. 
Trembling of the knees is a 

sign of fear. 
Ripe fruits are sweet and 

juicy. 
The, stag has a keen scent, 

acute hearing, and sharp 

sight. 
The stone bridge has many 

arches. 
The use of knives at supper 

was unknown to the Greeks 

and Romans. 
In good harbours ships are 

safe from storms. 



A reus et sagitta sum olim 
arma miles et venator. 

Exitus omnis bellum sum in- 

certus. 
Coquus habeo veru in manus, 

Veru sum instrumentum co- 
quus. 

Tremor genu sum indicium 
metus. 

Fructus- maturus sum dulcis 
et succosus. 

Cervus habeo olfactus subtl- 
lis, auditus acutus, et visus 
acer. 

Pons lapideus habeo multus 
arcus. 

Usus culter in coena erat ig- 
notus Graecus et Romanus. 

In bonus portus navis a pro- 
cella tutus sum. 



76 



FIFTH DECLENSION. 



A large heap of figs and fruits 
in the two harbours. 

The soldiers of the two armies 
were guardians of the har- 
bours. 

The hands are necessary for 
man. 

Avaricious men have long 
hands. 

The laurel was sacred to 
Apollo. 

Iron needles are useful in- 
struments. 

The porticoes of the public 
buildings of the Greeks 
and Romans were splendid. 

In the tall oak nests are safe. 



Magnus acervus ficus et fruc- 

tus in duo portus. 
Miles duo exercitus sum cus- 

tos portus. 

Manus sum homo necessa- 

rius. 
Avarus habeo longus manus. 

Laurus sum sacer Apollo. 

Ac us ferreus sum instrumen- 

tum utilis. 
Porticus domus publicus 

Grascus et Romanus sum 

magnificus. 
In altus quercus nidus sum 

tutus. 
Socrus carus sum nurus. 



Gelu hiems ssepe sum acu- 
tus. 



The mother-in-law is dear to 

the daughter-in-law. 
The cold of winter is often 

sharp. 

XXXV. FIFTH DECLENSION. 
1. All the words of the fifth declension end in es 
the scheme of terminations is as follows : 
Singular. 



N. 


es, 


G. 


ei, 


D. 


ei, 


Ace. 


em, 


V. 


es, 


Ab. 


e. 





Plural. 


N. 


es, 


G. 


erum, 


D. 


ebus, 


Ace. 


es, 


V. 


es, 


Ab. 


ebus. 



II. The form of declension, in accordance with these 

terminations, is as follows : 



EXERCISES ON THE FIFTH DECLENSION. 77 





Dies, " 


a day" 






Singular. 




Plural. 


N. 


Di-es, 


N. 


Di-es, 


G. 


Di-ei, 


G. 


Di-erum, 


D. 


Di-ei, 


D. 


Di-ebus, 


Ace. 


Di-em, 


Ace. 


Di-es, 


V. 


Di-es, 


V. 


Di-es, 


Ab. 


Di-e. 


Ab. 


Di-ebus. 



III. Only three words, dies, res, and species, have the 
plural complete ; and Cicero condemns even specierum and 
speciebus. 

IV. When a consonant precedes ei in declining, the e is 
short ; as, fidei, rei. When a vowel precedes ei, the e is 
long ; as, diet, maciei. 

V. An old form of the genitive singular is e for ei, which 
is used occasionally by some of the best writers ; as, per- 
nicie for perniciei, acie for aciei. 

VI. Words of the fifth declension are feminine, with the 
exception of dies, which is masculine and feminine in the 
singular, but masculine only in the plural. Meridies, " mid- 
day," is masculine only, and does not occur in the plural. 1 

XXXVI. EXERCISES ON THE FIFTH DECLENSION. 

I. 
Translate the following, and show the agreement or 
government in each clause or phrase. 

Facies est pars capitis.— Oculi et nasus sunt partes 
faciei. — Fides est justitiae fundamentum. — Fundamenta fidei 
Christianse sunt stabilia. — Dies est pars hebdomadis, heb- 

1. Dies is most commonly masculine in prose. Cicero uses it as 
a feminine when it is equivalent to length of time, when it means a day- 
fixed and appointed, especially in judicial proceedings, &c. The com- 
mon rule, that dies is masculine when it is spoken of a specified day, 
and feminine when used to indicate duration of time, is not, therefore, 
sufficiently exact. 

7* 



78 



EXERCISES ON THE FIFTH DECLENSION. 



domas pars mensis, mensis pars anni, annus est pars aeter- 
nitatis. — Sol matutmus est index diei. — Crystallo est gla- 
ciei forma. — Meridies est media pars diei. — Hilaritas 
faciei est argumentum innocentiae. — Yitra ocularia aciei 
oculorum noxia sunt. — Baculus integer in aqua fracti spe- 
ciem habet. — In superficie terrae sunt montes, valles, maria, 
lacus, flumina et rivi. — Jucunda est rerum vicissitudo. — 
Fratribus interdum mira est similitudo facierum. — Primus 
hebdomadis dies est dies solis. — Dies festi sunt mobiles 
ant immobiles. — "Res humanae sunt fragiles et caduci. — 
Facies humanae sunt diversae. — Cieeronis consilia reipub- 
licae Romance salutaria fuerunt. — In promontorio bonae spei 
est mite coelum. — Historia est narratio rerum memorab il- 
ium. — Superficies maris est vasta. 

II. 
Convert the following ungrammatical Latin into gram- 
matical, so as to suit the English words opposite. 



The length of days and nights 

is different. 
The year has days, the day 

has hours. 
Hens and doves have craws. 

There are many aspects of 

guilt on earth. 
There are different species of 

fishes. 
Farmers have cars and many 

other useful things. 
There are many things in the 

apartments of dwellings. 
The beginning of many things 

is difficult. 
Boys always have good hopes. 



Longitudo dies et nox sum 

di versus. 
Annus habeo dies, dies habeo 

hora. 
Gallina et columba habeo in- 

gluvies. 
In terra sum multus facies 

scelus. 
Sum di\ r ersus species piscis. 

Agricola habeo currus, et 

multus alius res utilis. 
Multus res sum in conclave 

domus. 
Initium multus res est diffi- 

cilis. 
Puer semper habeo bonus 

spes. 



DIFFERENT MEANINGS IN THE TWO NUMBERS. 79 



He has a handsome face, but 

a bad heart. 
Vices are a cause of ruin to a 

state. 
The Romans have their line 

of battle drawn up. 
Sorrow is often the cause of 

leanness. 



Facies formosus habeo, sed 

malus cor. 
Vitium sum causa pernicies 

civitas. 
Romanus habeo acies in- 

structus. 
Moeror sum saepe causa ma- 

cies. 



XXXVII. NOUNS HAVING PARTIALLY DIFFERENT 
MEANINGS IN THE TWO NUMBERS. 

I. In the following nouns the plural has a different mean- 
ing from the singular, but nearly allied to it, namely, 

• Singular, 

a temple, 
water, 
help. 

something good, 
a prison, 
a fort. 

a part of the Roman forum, 
abundance, 
daintiness. 

power to do something, 
fortune, 
a garden. 

a letter of the alphabet, 
birthday, 
help, 
labour, 
a part. 

a beak of a ship, 
salt. 



jEdes, 

Aqua, 

Auxilium, 

Bonum, 

Career, 

Castrum, 

Comitium, 

Copia, 

Cupedia, 

Facultas. 

Fortima, 

Hortus, 

Litera, 

Natalis (dies), 

(Ops, obsol.) Opis, 1 

Opera, • 

Pars, 

Rostrum, 

Sal, 



1. The nominative Ops is out of use or obsolete. Of the oblique 
cases in the singular, the genitive, accusative, and ablative, namely, 
opis, opcm, ope, are employed. The plural is all in use, namely, opes, 
opum, opibus, &c. 



80 



DIFFERENCE OF MEANING IN NUMBER. 



Plural. 

iEdes, a house. 

Aquae, medicinal springs. 

Auxilia, auxiliary troops. 

Bona, property. 

Carceres, barriers of a race-course. 

Castra, a camp. 

Comitia, assembly for election. 

Copiae, troops. 

Cupediae, 1 dainties. 

Facultates, property. 

Fortunae, goods of fortune. 

Horti, pleasure-grounds. 

Literae, an epistle. 

Natales, birth, high or low. 

Opes, power, wealth. 

Operae, worhnen. 

Partes, (commonly) a party. 

._ C the raised place from which 

Kostra ' I the orators spoke. 

Sales, witticisms. 

XXXVIII. NOUNS HAVING TOTALLY DIFFERENT MEAN- 
INGS ACCORDING TO NUMBER OR GENDER. 

Singular. 

Lustrum, a space of five years. 

Fastus (us), 2 pride. 

Forum, a market-place. 

Tempus, time. 



Lustra, 
Fasti (orum), 
Fori, 
Tempora, 



Plural. 

dens of wild beasts. 

a calendar. 

passages. 

the temples of the head. 



1. And also cupedia, in the neuter plural. 

2. Of the fourth declension in the singular, and of the second in the 
plural. 



HETEROCLITES. 



81 



XXXIX. HETEROCLITES. 

I. Hetefoclites are words which vary in their declension, 
having two different forms either throughout or in some of 
their cases. If the gender also varies they are called HeU 
erogenea. 

II. Forms of the two different declensions are found in 
the following : 

Jugerum, " an acre? 
Singular. Plural. 



N. 


Jugerum, 


N. Jugera, 


G. 


Jugeri and Jugeris, 1 


G. Jugerorum and Jugerum, 


D. 


Jugero, 


D. Jugeris and Jugeribus, 


Ace 


Jugerum, 


Ace. Jugera, 


V. 


Jugerum, 


V. Jugera, 


Ab. 


Jugero and Jugere. 


Ab. Jugeris and Jugeribus. 




Laurus, " 


a laurel? 




Singular. 


Plural. 


N. 


Laurus (2d & 4th Dec), 


N. Lauri and Laurus, 


G. 


Lauri and Laurus, 


G. Laurorum and Lauruum, 


D. 


Lauro, 


D. Lauris, 


Ace. Laurum, 


Ace. Lauros and Laurus, 


V. 


Laure, 


V. Lauri, 


Ab. 


Lauro and Lauru. 


Ab. Lauris. 



III. Pinus, "a pine-tree," is declined in the same way 
as laurus. The declension of vas, " a vase" or " vessel," 
is as follows : 

Vas, " a vase? 2 
Singular. 



N. 


Vas, 


G. 


Vas-is 


D. 


Vas-i, 



Ace, 


Vas, 


V. 


Vas, 


Ab. 


Vas-e 



1. Jugeris, jugere, &c, come from the obsolete jugus or juger. 

2. Of the third declension in the singular and the second in the plu- 
ral. The student will be careful not to confound it with vas, vadis, " a 
surety," of the third declension, masculine. 



82 





HETEROCLITES. 






Plural. 




N. 


Vas-a, 


Ace* 


Vas-a, 


G. 


Vas-orum, 


V. 


Vas-a, 


D. 


Vas-is, 


Ab. 


Vas-is. 



IV. Some substantives have a different gender and dif- 
ferent forms in the plural from the singular, or else have 
both together. Thus, 

Masculines. 
a joke, Plural, joci and joca. 



Jocus, 
Locus, 

Sibilus, 

Tartarus, 

Ismarus, 

Maenalus, 

Dindymus, 



loci and loca} 
sibili and sibila. 
Tar tar a, neuter. 
Ismara, neuter. 
Mcenala, neuter. 
Dindyma, neuter. 2 



a place, 
a hissing, 
Tartarus, 
Mount Ismarus, 
" Mcenalus, 
Dinolymus, 

Feminines. 
Carbasus, canvass, Plural, carbasa, neuter. 

" ostrea and ostrea, fern. 
" margarita and margaritce. 
Neuters. 

Plural, cozli, masculine. 
" clathri, masculine. 
" porri, masculine. 
" siseres, masculine. 
Neuters. 
Delicium, delight, Plural, delicia, feminine. 

Epulum, a sacred banquet, " epulce (a feast generally), fem. 
Exuvium, anything put off, " exuvia (spoils), feminine. 
Induvium, anything put on, " induvice, feminine. 
Balneum, a bath, " balnea, feminine. 3 

1. Loci, in the plural masculine, means "passages in a book" or 
" topics of a discourse." 

2. Other names of mountains in us undergo the same change. 

3. The following are both masculine and neuter : frenum, " a curb," 



Ostrea, an oyster, 
Margarita, a pearl, 

Coelum, heaven, 

Clathrum, a bar, 

Porrum, an onion, 

Siser, a shirr et, 



COMPARISON. 83 

XL. COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES. 

I. The degrees of comparison are three in number, name- 
ly, the Positive, Comparative, and Superlative. 

II. The unchanged form of the adjective is called the 
Positive degree, 

III. The Comparative degree denotes that the quality ex- 
pressed by it belongs to one of two objects in a greater de- 
gree than to the other. 

IV. The Superlative degree denotes that the quality ex- 
pressed by it belongs to one of several objects in a greater 
degree than to any of the rest. 

1. Formation of the Degrees. 

I. The Comparative is formed by adding or for the mas- 
culine and feminine, and us for the neuter, to a case of the 
positive ending in i ; as, 

durus, duri, comparative, durior, 

brevis, brevi, " brevior. 

audax, audaci, " audacior.* 

II. The Superlative is formed by adding sstmus to the 
same case of the positive from which the comparative was 
formed ; as, 

durus, duri, superlative, durissimus. 
brevis, brevi, " brevissimus. 

audax, audaci, " audacissimus. 

III. Hence the comparison of these three adjectives is as 
follows : 

Positive. Comparative. Superlative. 



Durus, " hard." 
Brevis, " short.' 1 
Audax, " bold." 



Durior, "harder." 
Brevior, " shorter." 
Audacior, " bolder. 3 



Durissimus, " hardest." 
Brevissimus, " shortest." 
Audacissimus, "boldest." 



plural frena, and in the accusative frenos ; but freni does not occur. 
Rastrum, " a harrow," plural rastri and rastra. 

1. Sinistcrior is irregular, the genitive being sinistri. It comes, in 
fact, however, from the old form of the genitive, sinisteri, the old nom- 
inative having been sinisterus, whence afterward sinister. 



84 COMPARISON. 

2. Exceptions. 

I. All the adjectives in er form the superlative by adding 
rimus to the nominative singular masculine ; as, 

Pulcker (pulchri), pulchrior, pulcherrxmus. 

Acer (acri), acrior, acerrimus. 

Pauper (pauperi), pauperior, pauperrimus, 

II. But vetus and nuperus make veterrimus and nuperri- 
mus. Of maturus both maturissimus and maturrimus are 
in use, especially in the adverb. 

III. Some adjectives in His form the superlative in Ml- 

mus ; as, 



facilis, 


" easy," 


facilior, 


facilllmus. 


difficilis, 


" difficult," 


difficilior, 


difficillimus. 


similis, 


" like," 


similior, 


similllmus. 


dissimilis, 


" unlike," 


dissimilior, 


dissimillimus. 


gracilis, 


" slender," 


gracilior, 


gracillimus. 


humilis, 


" lowly," 


humilior, 


humillimus. 



IV. The superlative of agilis and docilis does not occur in 
the classics. The verbals in bills have no superlative. 

V. Adjectives compounded with -dlcus, -ficus, or -volus, 
from dico,facio, or volo, form their comparatives in entior 
and their superlatives in entissimus ; as, 1 

maledicus, " slanderous," maledicentior, male die entissimus. 
munificus, " munificent," munificentior, munificentissimus, 
benevolus, " benevolent," benevolentior, benevolentissimus. 

3. Comparison by Adverbs. 

I. Those adjectives in which a vowel precedes us do 

not form their comparative in or and their superlative in 

issimus, but employ instead of these terminations the ad- 

1. The compounds of iogui, as, grandiloquus, vaniloquus, are also 
said to form their comparison from loquens, but no examples can be 
produced. 



COMPARISON. . 85 

verbs magis, " more," and maxime, " most" or " very," 
which they place before the positive. Thus, 1 

arduus, " lofty," magis arduus, maxime arduus. 
idoneus, " fit," magis idoneus, maxime idoneus. 

II. But when qu, which was pronounced k, precedes us, 
the comparison is regular ; as, imquus, " unjust" (pro- 
nounced inikus), iniquior, iniquissimus (pronounced imkior, 
inikissimus). 

III. The adverbs valde, sane, imprimis, oppido, apprime, 
admodum, and the preposition per prefixed, as in perdifficilis 
("very difficult"), answer the purpose of increasing the 
sense. Per is sometimes strengthened by the addition of 
quam ; as, locus perquam diffcilis, " a place exceedingly dif- 
ficult." 

IV. Some adjectives have their meaning enhanced by the 
participle prce ; as, prcealtus, " very high ;" prcedives, " very 
rich." 

V. A high degree of the excess or defect denoted by 
the comparative and superlative is expressed by the ad- 
verbs longe and multo. Thus, longe doctior, " far more 
learned ;" multo inferior, " much lower." 2 

4. Irregular and Defective Comparison. 
I. Some adjectives make their comparison from obsolete 
forms, or borrow it from other words of similar signification. 
Thus, 

bonus, " good," melior, optimus. 

mains, "bad," pejor, pessimus. 

magnus, " great," major, maximus. 

1. Many adjectives which, according to the rule, may, and usually do, 
form their comparison in or and issimus, are occasionally compared by 
magis and maxime, and vice versa. 

2. Quam, before the superlative, answers to the English " as muck 
as possible ;" as, quam maximus, " as great as possible." 

8 



86 COMPARISON. 

L Sin. neut. plus, } 

multus, "many," < > plurimus. 1 

( Plural, plures,plura, ) 
parvus, " little," minor, minimus, 

nequam, " worthless," nequior, nequissimus. 

II. Dives, " rich," has commonly for its comparative 
ditior, and superlative ditissimus. Of dexter, dexterior, the 
superlative is dextimus, in the sense of " farthest on the 
right," but not in that of " most lucky." 2 

III. The following adjectives have a double irregular su- 
perlative, namely, exter, " without ;" inferus, " below ;" su- 
perus, " above ;" and posterus, " after." Thus, 

Exter, exterior, extremus and extimus. 

Inferus, inferior, infxmus " xmus. 

Superus, superior, supremus " summits. 

Posterus, posterior, postremus " postiimus. 

IV. There are also some comparative and superlative 
forms which have no adjective-positive, but an adverb de- 
rived from the adjective. Thus, 

{citra, " on this side"), citerior, citimus. 

{ultra, " beyond"), ulterior, ultimus. 

{intra, " within"), interior, intimus. 

(prope, " near"), propior, proximus. 

V. Of the following there is neither adjective nor ad- 
verbial positive. 



deterior? 


" worse," 


deter rXmus. . 


octor, 


" swifter," 


ocissimus. 


potior, 


" superior," 


potissimus, " best," " chiefest." 


prior, 


" former," 


primus, " first." 



1. Plurimi means either "very many" or "the most." Pleriqueha,s 
the latter signification only, and wants the genitive plural. 

2. Dexterrimus, which is given by grammarians as the superlative of 
dexter, is nowhere found, any more than sinistimus from sinister. 

3. Deterior must not be confounded with pejor. Pejor is worse than 
something which is itself bad ; deterior worse than something which is 
good. It is, therefore, a descending, as melior is an ascending compar- 
ative, of bonus. 



EXERCISES ON COMPARISON. 87 

VL Of many adjectives no superlative is found, though 
the comparative is in use ; as the verbals in bills, and most 
adjectives in alis and His, 

VII. Adolescens, juvenis (comparative junior), and senex 
(comparative senior) also want the superlative. 

VIII. Of many adjectives and participles used as adjec- 
tives there is neither comparative nor superlative, since the 
sense precludes comparison ; as, crastinus," of to-morrow ;" 
infinities, " infinite ;" innumerus, " countless ;" secundus, 
" second ;" tertius, " third ;" ater, " coal-black," &,c. 

XLI. EXERCISES ON THE COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES. 
Preliminary Rules. 

1. The comparative degree requires the ablative; as, 
dulcior melle, " sweeter than honey ;" ocior vento, 
w swifter than the wind." 

2. Frequently, instead of the ablative, the nominative, 
preceded by quam, " than," is placed after the com- 
parative ; as, aer est levior quam aqua, " air is lighter 
than water." 

I. 

Translate the following, and mention the degree of com- 
parison, together with the agreement or government in each 
clause or phrase. 

Columba est timida, lepus timidior, cervus timidissimus. 
— Ehenus est profundus, Danubius profundior, mare pro- 
fundissimum. — Malus est celsa, fagus celsior, cedrus cel- 
sissima. — Columbae sunt timidiores quam gallinae. — Cervus 
est animal timidius quam lepus. — Cervus et lepus sunt 
animalia timidiora quam canis et lupus. — Mare profundius 
est quam fluvii. — Flumina sunt profundiora quam rivi. — 
Cedri sunt celsiores quam abietes. — iEtna est Siciliae mons 
celsissimus. — Graeci erant doctiores quam Romani. — Hip- 
pocrates et Galenus erant medici peritissimi. — Gemmae 



88 EXERCISES ON COMPARISON. 

Indicae sunt pretidsiores quam Europeae. — Nigrae vulpes 
sunt rarissimae. — Lycurgus, Lacedaemonius, severissima- 
rum justissimar unique legum auctor fuit. — Sol meridianus 
calidior est quam matutmus et vespertmus.— Paucis carior 
est fides quam' pecunia. — Bellum civile est perniciosissi- 
mum. — Incolis regionum frigidissimarum est facies plana. 
— Chalybs durissimum ferri genus est. — Sonus luce tardior 
est. — Dentes ossibus duriores sunt. 

Nihil virtute praeclarius est. — Nihil est senectute otiosa 
jucundius. — Adamas est lapidum durissimus. — Ventorum 
frigidissimus est aquilo. — Homerus poetarum clarissimus 
est. — Quo 1 altiores montes sunt, eo prof undiores sunt valles. 
— Uva matura est dulcis, saccharum dulcius, mel dulcissi- 
mum. — Ferrum est grave, plumbum gravius, aurum gra- 
vissimum. — Vapores aquae sunt leviores quam aer. — Aqua 
marina gravior est quam rluvialis (aqua). — Oleum levius est 
quam aqua. — Aurum et argentum sunt metalla nobiliora. — 
Camelus utilissimus est. — Themistoclis nomen, quam So- 
lonis, illustrius est. — Utilissima membra hominis sunt ma- 
nus, nobilissima oculi. — Nihil sale utilius est. — Nihil est 
suavius quam multarum rerum scientia.— Nemo Nerone 
crudelior erat. — Lusciniarum cantus suavior est quam re- 
liquorum oscinum. — Nulla urbs Siciliae est illustrior quam 
Syracusas, Graecorum colonia. 

Gemma pulchra est, stella pulchrior, sol pulcherrimus.- — 
Tulipa est rlos pulcherrimus. — Pavones sunt aves pulcher- 
rimas. — Nullum vitium avaritia tetrius est. — Morborum te- 
terrimus est pestis. — Fluvius est celer, ventus celerior, lux 
celerrima. — Cerevisia est salubris, lac salubrius, aqua sa- 
luberrima.- — Cibus simplex est saluberrimus. — Lupi habent 
visum, auditum, et odoratum acerrimum. — Crocodilus habet 
oculos extra 2 aquam acerrimos. — Quo amarior potio est, eo 

1. Quo, "by how much ;" eo, "by so much." They are generally 
translated, however, by the definite article " the ;" as, quo tardior, eo 
certior, " the slower, the surer." 

2. Extra, " out of." 






EXERCISES ON COMPARISON. 89 

salubrior. — In pauperrimis regionibus saepe sunt homines 
diligentissimi. — Quo maturiores ficus, eo dulciores sunt. — 
Uvae maturissimae sunt dulcissimae.— Veterrimi amici sunt 
sincerissimi. — Amor inimicorum difficilimus est, at deo 
gratissimus. — Latro ferae similior est quam homini.— - Lupus 
cani simillimus est. — Ovis lupo dissimillima est. — Nihil 
aqua aquae, nihil lacte lacti similius est. — Pedes aranearum 
sunt gracillimi. 

Irregular and Defective Comparison, 
Doctrma est bona, valetudo est melior, virtus est optima. 
— Nihil mente et ratione melius est. — Melior tutiorque est 
certa pax, quam sperata victoria. — Quo meliores homines, 
eo feliciores sunt.— Veterrimi amici plerumque optimi sunt. 
— Malus est error, defensio erroris est pejor, mendacium est 
pessimum.— Assentatores sunt pessimi homines. — Quo pe- 
jores homines, eo infeliciores sunt. — Equus est magnus, 
camelus major, elephas maximus. — Piscium feminae ma- 
jores sunt quam mares. — America omnium fluviorum max- 
imos habet — Voluptatibus maximis fastidium finitimum est. 
— Ganges est major Indo. — Crocodilus habet plures 1 den- 
tiumordmes. — Roma urbs erat omnium pessima. — Plurimae 
insulae maris iEgaei fertiles et opulentae sunt. — Plurima et 
maxima sunt in mari animalia. — Sciurus est parvus, talpa 
minor, mus minimus. — Europa quidem minima, at frequent- 
issima, cultissima, et potentissima pars terrae est. — Mus 
est quadrupedum minimus, mellisuga avium minima. 

Extremus anni mensis olim erat Februarius, nunc est 
December. — Digiti manuum et pedum sunt extima corporis 
membra. — Aer inferior est atmosphaera, superior aether. — 
Inter brachium inferius et superius est cubitus. — Suprema 
pars corporis humani est caput, infima sunt plant ae. — In ima 2 
tellure sunt multa genera metallorum. — Justitia est summa 

1. Plures, " several," i. e., more than one. 

2. In ima tellure, " in the bosom of the earth," or " deep in the earth ;" 
literally, " in the lowest earth." 

8*- 



90 EXERCISES ON COMPARISON. 

virtutum. — Orationis summa virtus est perspicuitas.— Sum- 
ma cacumina altorum montium plerumque nuda sunt.— 
Etiam infimi sunt utiles reipublicae. — Gradus honorum sum- 
mis et infimis pares sunt. — Anterior pars colli est jugulum, 
posterior cervix. — Posteriores leporum pedes longiores sunt 
quam anterior es. — Hispania, imperii Romani provincia, erat 
citerior et ulterior.— Mercurius soli citimus est. — Numitor 
ultimus rex Albae erat. — Mors ultima linea vitae est. — In 
plurimis regionibus inteiioris Africae fontes et putei sunt 
rarissimi. — Genera simiarum hominis figurae proxima sunt. 

Strengthened Comparison, fyc. 
Chalybs est ferrum admodum durum. — Jurium scientia 
multis hominibus imprimis necessaria est. — Celsissimorum 
montium vertices etiam in regionibus calidioribus valde 
frigidi sunt. — Numidia, regio Africa, magis culta et opu- 
lentior est quam Mauritania. — Aqua est res utilissima et 
pernecessaria. — HystrJcis aculei sunt praelongi duri et acuti. 
— Cornu rhinocerotis est praevalidum. — Vis naturae per- 
magna est. — Praeterita, praesentia et futura admodum diver- 
sa sunt. — Nero etiam 1 crudelior fuit quam Tiberius. — Vel 2 
doctissimis viris multae res ignotae sunt. — Helvetiorum longe 
nobilissimus et ditissimus fuit Orgetorix. — Suevorum gens 
fuit longe maxima et bgllicosissima omnium Germanorum. 
— Lux est omnium rerum celerrima, et multo velocior quam 
sonus. — Nigri scimi rari sunt, sed multo rariores nivei. — ■ 
Leopardus est pardo major et multo pulchrior. — Attagen est 
paulo major quam columba. — Caprea est multo minor quam 
cervus, et paulo major quam capra. — Hephaestion longe om- 
nium amicorum carissimus fuit Alexandro, regi Macedonum. 
■ — Res futurae maxime dubiae sunt. — Incolas Europae magis 
industrii sunt quam incolae Asiae et Africae. — Maxime pii 
homines sunt longe felicissimi et deo gratissimi. — Homerus 
antiquior poeta est quam Hesiodus. — Necessitatis inventa 

1. Etiam, " still." 

2. Vel, " even." 



EXERCISES ON COMPARISON. 



91 



antiquiora sunt quam voluptatis. — Musica artium liberalium 
antiquissima est. 

II. 

Convert the following ungrammatical Latin into gram- 
matical, so as to suit the English words opposite. 



The lion is fierce, the bear 

fiercer ■, the tiger fiercest. 
Lions are more robust and 

fierce than lionesses. 
The dolphin is the swiftest of 

animals. 
Nothing is more rapid than 

the mind. 
The tiger is a very fierce and 



Nothing is more excellent than 

God. 
The soul is more noble than 

the body. 
Virtue is more excellent than 

riches. 
Virtue is a most excellent 

good. 
An ape is very like a human 

being. 
The poor are often more be- 

nevolent and munificent 

than the rich. 
No one is more slanderous 

than the envious man. 
The presents of Pompey were 

very splendid. 
Titus was the most benevolent 

emperor of the Romans. 



Leo sum ferox, ursus ferox, 

tigris ferox. 
Leo robustus et ferox sum 

quam leaena. 
Delphmus sum animal velox. 

Nihil sum animus velox. 

Tigris sum ferox et audax 

animal. 
Nihil Deus prsestans sum. 

Animus corpus nobilis. 

Virtus sum praestans opes. 

Virtus sum praestans bonum. 

Simia homo similis sum. 

Pauper ssepe sum benevolus 
et munificus quam dives. 

Nemo sum maledicus quam 

invidus. 
Munus Pompeius sum mag- 

nificus. 
Titus sum imperator Roma- 

nus benevolus. 



92 



NUMERALS. 



The dwellings of kings are 
more magnificent than those 
of citizens. 

The Roman consuls had less 
power than the dictators. 

Ducks are smaller than geese. 

Thieves and robbers are most 
worthless men. 

Croesus was richer than Cras- 
sus. 

Very poor men are often hap- 
pier than very rich men. 

The nearer the air is to the 
earth, the denser it is. 

The older wine is, the better 
is it. 

Nothing is more lovely than 
virtue. 

Features are very changeable. 



Domus rex sum magnincus 
quam civis. 

Consul Romanus habebam 
parvus potestas quam dic- 
tator. 

Anas sum parvus anser. 

Fur et latro sum homo ne- 
quam. 

Croesus sum dives Crassus. 

Pauper homo saepe felix sum 

quam dives. 
Quo prope aer sum terree, eo 

crassus sum. 
Quo vetustus vinum eo bonus 

Nihil virtus amabilis sum. 

Facies sum valde mutabilis. 



XLII. NUMERALS. 

I. The numerals are partly adjectives and partly adverbs. 

II. The adjective -numerals are divided into five classes, 
namely, Cardinal, Ordinal, Distributive, Multiplicative, and 
Proportional. 

III. The Cardinal numbers answer to the question w how 
many ?" as, unus, " one ;" duo, " two ;" tres, " three." 

IV. The Ordinal numbers express the place or numbers 
in succession ; as, primus, " first ;" secundus, " second." 

V. The Distributive numbers denote how many to each ; 
as, bini, " two each," or " two by two ;" terni, " three 
each," <fec. 

VI. The Multiplicatives denote how many fold ; as, du 
plex, " twofold" or « double ;" triplex, " threefold," &c. 



NUMERALS. 93 

VII. The Proportionals denote how many times more ; 
as, triplus, " triple ;" quadruplus, " quadruple," &c. 

VIII. The Adverbial numerals answer to the question 
" how many times ?" as, bis, " twice ;" ter, u thrice," &c. 

1. Cardinal Numbers. 

I. The first three cardinal numbers are declined. The 
rest as far as ten, and the decimals as far as a hundred, 
are indeclinable. The hundreds, as far as a thousand, are 
again declinable. 

II. Mille, " a thousand," is indeclinable, but has a plural 
to be used in the series that will presently be given. 

III. Above a thousand, the Latins express numbers by 
combination, as, decies centena millia, " ten times a hun- 
dred thousand," that is, " a million ;" vicies centena millia, 
" twenty times a hundred thousand," or " two millions," &c. 

IV. The declension of the first three cardinal numbers 
is as follows : 



Masc. 


Fern. 


Neut. 




Unus, 


Una, 


Unum, " one? 




Singular. 




Plural} 




N. Un-us, -a, 


-um, 


N. Un-I, -ae, 


-a, 


G. Un-Ius, -Ius, 


-Ius, 


G. Un-6rum, -arum, 


-orum, 


D. Un-I, -I, 


-i, 


D. Un-Is, -Is, 


-Is, 


Ace. Un-um, -am, 


-um, 


Ace. Un-os, -as, 


-a, 


V. Un-e, -a, 


-um, 


V. Un-I, -se, 


-a, 


Ab. Un-6, -a, 


-5. 


Ab. Un-Is, -Is, 


-Is. 


V. Duo, " two," and tres, 


"three," have, of course, no 


singular. 









1. The plural of unus is employed with nouns which either have no 
singular, or which are used in the singular in a different sense from that 
of the plural ; as, una castra, " one camp ;" una cedes, " one house." 
When, however, higher numbers are required, then the distributives are 
to be employed with such nouns, but without any distributive meaning ; 
as, Una castra, " two camps," not "two camps each;" tenia cedes, 
" three houses," &c. Duo castra would mean " two forts ;" and tres 
ades, " three temples." 



94 



CARDINAL NUMBERS. 



Masc. Fern. 


Neut. 




Duo, Dure, 


Duo, 


" two." 


N. Du-o, 


-ae, 


-6, 


G. Du-orum, 


-arum, 


-orum, 


D. Du-obus, 


-abus, 


-obus, 


Ace. Du-os and -o, 


-as, 


-o, 


V. Du-o, 


-ae, 


-o, 


Ab. Du-6bus, 


-abus, 


-obus. 


Masc. Fern. 


Neut. 




Tres, Tres, 


Tria, 


" three." 


N. Tr-es, 


-es, 


-la, 


G. Tri-um, 


-um, 


-mm, 


D. Tri-bus, 


-bus, 


-bus, 


Ace. Tr-es, 


-es, 


-la, 


V. ' Tr-es, 


-es, 


-la, 


Ab. Tri-bus, 


-bus, 


-bus. 



VI. Amboj " both," is declined like duo, with the double 
accusative in os and o. For duorum, duarum, the contract- 
ed form duum is used, especially in connexion with millium. 

VII. The following is a list of most of the cardinal num- 
bers. 



1. 


I. Unus. 


16. 


XVI. 


Sedecim, or 


2. 


II. Duo. 






Decern et sex. 


3. 


III. Tres. 


17. 


XVII. 


Septendecim, or 


4. 


IV. Quatuor. 






Decern et septem 


5. 


V. Quinque. 


18. 


XVIII. 


Octodecim, or 


6. 


VI. Sex. 






Decern et octo, or 


7. 


VII. Septem. 






Duodeviginti. 


8. 


VIII. Octo. 


19. 


XIX. 


Novendecim, or 


9. 


IX. Novem. 






Decern et novem, 


10. 


X. Decern. 






or Undeviginli. 


11. 


XI. Undecim. 


20. 


XX. 


Viginti. 


12. 


XII. Duodecim. 


21. 


XXI. 


Unus et viginti, 


13. 


XIII. Tredecim, or De- ) 
cem et tres. y 






or Viginti unus. 




22. 


XXII. 


Duo et viginti, 


14. 


XIV. Quatuor decim. 






or Viginti duo. 


15. 


XV. Quindecim. 









CARDINAL NUMBERS. 



95 



23. 


XXIII. Tres et vi- . 


109. CIX. Centum et novem, j 
or Centum novem. ( 




. ginti, or Vi- > 




ginti tres. ' 


200. CC. Ducent-i, -ce, -a. 


28. 


XXVIII. Duodetrigin- \ 


300. CCC. Trecent-i, -ce, -a. 




ta, or Octo et > 


400. CCCC. Quadringent-i, ) 

-<2, -a. ' 




viginti. 3 


29. 


XXIX. Undetrigin-- * 


500. D. Quingent-i, -ce, -a. 




ta, or Novem > 


600. DC. Sexcent-i, -ce, -a. 




e/ viginti. ' 


700. DCC. Septingent-i, -ce, -a. 


30. 


XXX. Triginta. 


800. DCCC. Octingent-i, -ce, -a. 


40. 


XL. Quadraginta, 


900. DCCCC. Nongent-i, -a, -a. 


50. 


L. Quinquaginta. 


1000. M., or CIO. jtftZfe. 


60. 


LX. Sexdginta. 


2000. CIO CIO., or MM. Duo mz7- ^ 
Zm, or 2?w ?ra7/e. > 


70. 


LXX. Septudginta. 


80. 


LXXX. Octdginta. 


5000. IOO. Quinque millia. 


90. 


XC. Nondginta. 


10,000. CCIOO. Decern wiz'Z/za. 


100. 


C. Centum. 


100,000. CCCIOOO. Centum millia. 



VIII. The thousands are expressed either by prefixing 
the numeral adverbs bis, ter, quater, to mille (a construction 
chiefly used by the poets), in which case mille is indecli- 
nable ; or we may say, duo, tria, unum et viginti, centum 
millia. In the latter case, the things numbered are in the 
genitive ; as, Mardonium in Grcecia reliquit cum trecentis 
millibus armatorum. " He left Mardonius in Greece with 
three hundred thousand armed men ;" unless a declined nu- 
meral comes between ; as, habuit tria millia trecentos mill' 
tes, " he had three thousand three hundred soldiers." 

IX. From 20 to 100, either the smaller number with et 
precedes, or the larger without et ; as, sexaginta quatuor, 
or quatuor et sexaginta. 

X. In duodeviginti, duodetriginta, &c., duo is indeclina- 
ble. 

XI. Above 100, the larger number precedes with or with- 
out et ; as, centum et unus, or centum unus ; trecenti sex- 
aginta sex, or trecenti et sexaginta sex. 



X 

I 

96 EXERCISES ON THE CARDINAL NUMBERS. 

XLIII. EXERCISES ON THE CARDINAL NUMBERS. 
I. 

Translate the following, and show the gender, case, &c. 

Adamus erat unus, et Eva erat una, ergo genus humanum 
est unum. — Mundus est opus unius dei. — Unus homo habet 
unum os, unam linguam, unum palatum ; duos oculos, duas 
aures, duo brachia, duos pedes, duas manus, duo latera.— 
Silvius Procas pater duorum rlliorum, Numitoris et Amulii, 
fuit. — Tres sunt Parcae ; Clotho, Lachesis et Atropos. — 
Tria sunt regna naturae. — Quatuor sunt anni tempora ; ver, 
eestas, auctumnus, et hiems. — Quinque sunt zonae in terra ; 
duse zonae temperatae, duae frigidae, una torrida. — Hebdomas 
habet sex dies profestos. — Iris habet septem colores, eubus 
octo angulos. — Orpheus fuit films unius novem Musarum. 
— Decern anni sunt Decennium. — Undecim planetae sys- 
tematis planetarii nostri sunt. — Duae hebdomades habent 
quatuordecim dies. — Tres hebdomades habent viginti dies 
et unum ; undeviginti hebdomades habent centum triginta 
tres dies. — Mensis est spatium dierum triginta, aut triginta 
et unius.— Tres pentades sunt quindecim.— Novum Testa- 
mentum (Foedus) habet epistolas viginti et unam. — Spina 
dorsi habet viginti quatuor vertebras. — Februarius habet 
duodetriginta dies, et in annis inter calaribus undetriginta. 

Olymplas fuit spatium L. mensium. — Quot ossa sunt in 
corpore humano ? — In capite sunt sexaginta tria, in trunco 
LIII., in artubus superioribos LXVIIL, in artubus inferiori- 
bus LXIV. — A Christo nato 1 ad excidium Hierosolymarum 
fuerunt LXX. anni. — Octo decades sunt LXXX. anni; 
XIV. decades CXL. anni. — Octoginta annorum vita rara 
est. — Angulus rectus habet nonaginta gradus. — Novem de- 
cades sunt XC. anni. — Saeculum est tempus C. annorum. — 
Duo saecula sunt ducenti anni, tria saecula trecenti, quatuor 
saecula quadringenti anni. — D. Decades sunt quinque millia 

1. Literally, " from Christ born," i. e., " from the birth of Christ." 



EXERCISES ON THE CARDINAL NUMBERS. 



97 



annorum.- — Quot anni fuerunt a Christo nato ad Carolum 
magnum 1 Octingenti. — Ab Abrahamo ad Christum sunt 
duo millia annorum, a Mose ad Christum mille et quingenti, 
a Salomone mille anni, 

II. 

Convert the following ungrammatical Latin into gram- 
matical, so as to suit the English words opposite. 



A thief is a man of three let- 
ters. 1 

February is shorter by two or 
three days than the other 
months. 

One thousand brave men are 
better than many thousand 
cowards. 

New-York has more than two 
hundred thousand inhabi- 
tants. 

The history of the seven Ro- 
man kings and the thirty 
Athenian tyrants is known 
to many. 

Urania was one of the nine 
Muses, Lachesis one of the 
three Fates. 

Nine hundred years are ninety 
decades. 

Paris has 894,000 inhabi- 
tants. 

One thousand weeks are 7000 
days, or 168,000 hours. 



Fur sum homo tres litera. 

Februarius brevis sum duo 
aut tres dies quam ceteri 
mensis. 

M. fortis vir bonus sum quam 
multus M. ignavus. 

Novum Eboracum habeo plus 
quam ducenti mille incola, 

Historia VII. rex Romanus, 
et XXX. tyrannus Atheni- 
ensis sum multus notus. 

Urania sum unus IX. Musa, 
Lachesis unus tres Parcae. 

DCCCC. annus sum XC. 

decas. 
Parisii 2 habeo octingenti non- 

aginta quatuor M. incola. 
M. hebdomas sum septem 

mille dies, vel centum sex- 

aginta octo mille hora. 



1. The Romans branded thieves with the three letters F. U. R., i. e., 
fur, " thief." 

2. Another Latin form is Lutetia Parisiwum, 



98 



ORDINAL NUMBERS. 



Eighteen years are 939 weeks 
and one day, or 157776 
hours. 



XVIII. annus sum DCCCC- 
XXXIX. hebdomas et unus 
dies, vel centum quinqua- 
ginta septem mille, septin- 
genti septuaginta sex hora. 



2. Ordinal Numbers. 
I. The principal ordinal numbers are as follows : 



1st. Primus. 

2d. Secundus, or Alter. 

3d. Tertius. 

4th. Quartus. 

5th. Quintus. 

6th. Sextus. 

7th. Septimus. 

8th. Octdvus. 

9th. Nonus. 
10th. Decimus. 
11th. Undecimus. 
12th. Duodecimus. 
13th. Tertius decimus. 
14th. Quartus decimus. 
15th. Quintus decimus. 
16th. Sextus decimus. 
17th. Septimus decimus. 
18th. Octavus decimus, or •. 
Duodevicesimus. ) 

19th. Nonus decimus , or Z7?i- % 
devicesimus. ) 

20th. Vicesimus, or Vigesimus. 
2 1 st. l/rats e£ vicesimus, or \ 
Vicesimus primus. ) 

22d. .A/ier e£ vicesimus, or j 
Vicesimus secundus. ) 



30th. Tricesimus, or £n- * 
gesimus. > 

40th. Quadragesimus. 
50th. Quinqua gesimus. 
60th. Sexagesimus. 
70th. Septuagesimus. 
80th. Octogesimus. 
90th. Nonagesimus. 
100th. Centesimus. 
200th. Ducentesimus. 
300th. Trecentesimus. 
400th. Quadringentesimus. 
500th. Quingentesimus. 
600th. Sexcentcsimus. 
700th. Septingentesimus. 
800th. Octingentesimus. 
900th. Nongentesimus. 
1000th. Millesimus. 
2000th. JSz's millesimus. 
3000th. Ter millesimus. 
10,000th. Decies millesimus. 
100,000th. Centies millesimus. 
1,000,000th. Decies centies mil- \ 
lesimus. ) 

2,000,000th. Fides centies mil- % 
lesimus. > 



II. From 13 to 19, the smaller number usually precedes, 
sometimes the larger, with or without et ; as, tertius de- 
cimus, decimus et tertius, or decimus tertius, not tertius et 
decimus. 

III. Unus et vicesi?nus is more common than vicesimus 



EXERCISES ON THE ORDINAL NUMBERS. 99 

primus. The feminine una et vicesima is sometimes con- 
tracted to unetvicesima. Duo et vicesimus is also used, in 
which duo is not changed. 

IV. In the other compound numbers, the larger precedes 
without et, or the smaller with et ; as, vicesimus quartus, or 
quarius et vicesimus* For 28th, 38th, and 29th, 39th, duo- 

. detricesi?nus, duodequadragesimus, and undetricesimus, un- 
dequadragesimus, are used. 

V. Primanus, secundanus, &c, denote a person of such 
a rank or order, that of the legion being generally under- 
stood in the Latin writers. 

XLIV. EXERCISES ON THE ORDINAL NUMBERS. 
I. 
Translate the following, and show the gender, case, &c. 

Primus hebdomadis dies est dies solis ; secundus, dies 
lunae ; tertius, dies Martis ; quartus, dies Mercurii ; quintus, 
dies Jovis ; sextus, dies Veneris ; septimus, dies Saturni. — 
Tria sunt genera bonorum ; prima animi, secunda corporis, 
tertia externa. — Quota est hora, amice ? Octava. — Sep- 
tember est nonus anni mensis, October decimus, November 
undecimus, December duodecimus.— Quintus decimus an- 
nus est initium aetatis juvenilis ; tricesimus annus virllis, et 
septuagesima senilis. — Codrus fuit septimus decimus regum 
Atheniensium. — Veris, aestatis, auctumni^ et hiemis, initium 
est vicesimus unus (primus) dies Martii, Junii, Septembris 
et Decembris. — Hora est vicesima quarta pars diei, et octies 
millesima septingentesima sexagesima pars anni. 

Secundus annus vicesimae quartae Olympiadis est annus 
sexcentesimus octogesimus septimus ante Christum natum. 1 
— Migratio gentium fuit anno 2 quadringentesimo septuagesi- 

1. The Latin idiom differs from the English in the use of the ordi- 
nals. In the English, for example, we say the seven hundred and twenty 
first, but the Latin, more correctly, the seven hundredth twentieth and 
first. And so in other cases. 

2. Time " when" requires the ablative. 



100 



EXERCISES ON THE ORDINAL NUMBERS. 



mo sexto post Christum. — Quoto anno Alexander rex Ma- 
cedonum fuit ? anno trecentesimo tricesimo tertio. — A primo 
vitae anno, usque ad annum quintum decimum, homines sunt 
pueri ; a quinto decimo usque ad tricesimum juvenes ; a tri- 
cesimo usque ad septuagesimum viri ; a septuagesimo us- 
que ad vitae rinem senes. — Fridericus Magnus, rex Borus- 
siae, erat rex ab anno millesimo septingentesimo quadra-, 
gesimo usque ad annum millesimum septingentesimum oc- 
togesimum sextum. — Henricus Quartus, optimus rex Fran- 
co-Gallorum, erat rex ab anno millesimo quingentesimo un- 
denonagesimo usque ad annum millesimum, sexcente si- 
mum decimum. — Georgius Washingtonius, omnium viro- 
rum longe celeberrimus, erat praeses civitatum fcederatarum,, 
in America Septentrionali, ab anno millesimo septingen- 
tesimo octogesimo nono, usque ad annum millesimum sep- 
tingentesimum nonagesimum septimum. — Primus annus do- 
minatus Victoriae, Brittanorum reginae, erat annus mille- 
simus, octingentesimus duodequadragesimus. 

II. 

Convert the following ungrammatical Latin into gram- 
matical, so as to suit the English words opposite. 



A year is the tenth part of a 
decennium, and the hun- 
dredth of a s&culum. 

In what year was Charles 
XII. king of Sweden ? 

What o'clock is it 1 Nine. 

The 21st of June is the Ion- 
gest, and the 21st of De- 
cember the shortest day of 
the v)hole year. 

The third year of the 29th 
Olympiad is the 666th be- 
fore Christ. 



Annus sum pars decimus de- 
cennium, et centesimus soe- 
culum. 

Quotus annus sum Carolus 
XII. rex Suecia 1 

Quotus hora sum ? Nonus. 

XXI. Junius sum longus, et 
XXI. December brevis di- 
es totus annus. 

Annus IIL Olympias XXIX. 
sum DCLXVI. annus ante 
Christus. 



DISTRIBUTIVE NUMBERS. 



101 



The ides were the 13th or 

loth day of the month. 
The 24th book of the Iliad 

has 804 verses. 
In ordinary years the 365th 

day is the last, in leap years 

the 366th. 

A week is the 52d part of a 

year. 
Charles XII. was king of 

Sweden from 1697 to 1718. 



Louis XIV. was king of 
France from 1643 to 1715. 



Idus sum XIII. aut XV. dies 
mensis. 

XXIV. liber Ilias habeo 
DCCCIV. versus. 

Annus communis CCCLXV. 
dies sum ultimus ; annus 
intercalaris dies CCCLX- 
VI. 

Hebdomas sum pars LII. an- 
nus. 

Carolus XII. sum rex Suecia 
ab annus MDCXCVII. us- 
que ad annus JVLDCC- 
XVIII. 

Ludovlcus XIV. sum rex 
Franco-Gallia ab annus 
MDCXLIII. usque ad an- 
num MDCCXV. 



3. Distributive Numbers. 

I. Distributive numerals answer, as has already been 
said, to the question " how many apiece ?" or " how many 
each time ?" as, Scipio ei Hannibal cum singulis interpre- 
tibus. " Scipio and Hannibal with an interpreter each." 
Pueri senum annorum. " Boys, each of six years." 

II. The distributives are also used with numeral adverbs ; 
as, bis bina, " twice two ;" and with words which have no 
singular, or whose singular has a different signification from 
the plural ; as, bince copies, " two bodies of troops ;" bines 
UtercB, " two epistles." Binus is also used of things which 
exist in pairs ; as bini scyphi, " a pair of cups." 

III. The following is a list of some of the distributives. 



1; Singuli. 

2. Bini. 

3. Terni or trini. 



4. Quaterni. 

5. Quini. 

6. Senu 



9* 



102 



PROPORTIONAL NUMBERS. 



7. 


Septeni. 


19. 


Noveni deni. 


8. 


Octoni. 


20, 


Viceni. 


9. 


Noveni. 


21. 


Viceni singuli. 


10. 


Deni. 


22. 


Viceni bini. 


11. 


Undent. 


30. 


Triceni. 


12. 


Duodeni. 


40. 


Quadrageni. 


13. 


Terni deni. 


50. 


Quinquageni. 


14. 


Quaterni deni. 


60. 


Sexageni. 


15. 


Quini deni. 


70. 


Septuageni. 


16. 


Seni deni. 


80. 


Octogeni. 


17. 


Septeni deni. 


90. 


Nonageni. 


IS. 


Octoni deni. 


100. 


Centeni. 



IV. From 13 to 19 the order may be inverted, deni qua- 
terni, or quaterni deni, or et may be introduced, as quaterni 
et deni. For 18, 19, duodeviceni, undeviceni, are also used. 

V. The hundreds have two forms ; a longer, trecenteni, 
quadringenteni, sexcenteni ; and a shorter, which is more 
common, as duceni, &e. A thousand each is singula millia ; 
bina millia, " two thousand each," &c. 

4. Multiplicative Numbers. 



Simplex, " single." 

Duplex, " double." 

Triplex, " triple." 

Quadruplex, " quadruple." 



Quintuplex, " fivefold." 
Septemplex, " sevenfold." 
Decemplex, "tenfold." 
Centuplex, " a hundred fold." 



5. Proportional Numbers. 
I. These express how many times more one thing is 
than another, and answer to the question quotuplus ? They 



Simplus, " one only." 
Duplies, " twice as much." 

Triplus, "thrice as much." 
Quadruplus, " four times as much.' 



Quintuplus, " five times as much." 
Sextuplus, " six times as much." 
Septwplus, "seven times as much." 
Octuplus, " eight times as much." 



II. They are chiefly used in the neuter, duplum or duplo. 
No higher numbers than those here given occur in the clas- 
sics. , 



NUMERAL ADVERBS. 



103 



6. Numeral Adverbs. 

I. The numeral adverbs answer to the question "how 
many times ?" as, semel, " once ;" bis, " twice ;" ter, 
u thrice ;" quater, " four times," &c. 

II. The principal numeral adverbs are as follows : 

1. SemeL 

2. Bis. 

3. Ter. 



4. Quater. 

5. Quinqutes. 

6. Sextes. 

7. Septus. 

8. Octfes. 

9. Novies. 

10. Decies. 

11. Undecies. 

12. Duodecies. 

13. Tredecies. 

14. Quatuor decies. 

15. Quindecies. 

16. Sedecies. 

17. Decies et Septies. 

18. Duodevicies. 

19. Undevictes. 

20. Vicies. 



21. Semel et Vicies. 

22. ifo e* vicies. 
30. Tricies. 

40. Quadragies. 

50. Quinqudgies. 

60. Sexdgtes. 

70. Septudgies. 

80. Octogies. 

90, Nondgies. 

100. Centies. 

200. Ducenttes. 

300. Trecenties. 

400. Quadringenties. 

500. Quingenties, $c. 

800. Octingenties, tf-c. 

. 1000. Millies. 

2000. .Bis millies, ter millies t 
Sfc. 

100,000. Centies millies, tyc. 



II. A second class of numeral adverbs denote that an 
action is performed for the second, third, or other time. 
They are derived from the ordinals, and end in r/w or o ; 
as, primum or primo ; decimum ; tertium decimum ; duo- 
devicesimum, &c. 

XLV. EXERCISES ON THE DISTRIBUTIVE NUMBERS, &c. 

I. 

Translate the following, and mention the gender, case, 
&c. 

Quoteni Preetores Romani quotannis erant ? Primo, sin- 
guli ; turn bini. — Homines habent singula capita. — Currus 



104 EXERCISES ON THE DISTRIBUTIVE NUMBERS. 

habent quaternas rotas, et singulos temones. — Hominis dig- 
iti habent articulos ternos, pollex binos. — Homines, quad- 
ruples, aves et pisces habent binos oculos. — Singuli equi 
septenorum hominum vires habent. — Papiliones habent qua- 
ternas alas ; erucae habent octonos pedes. — Cancris octoni 
sunt pedes et binae chelae. — Binae omnibus avibus alas sunt. 
— Cameli Bactrianae habent in dorso bina tubera, Arabiae 
singula. — Amphibiorum alia quaternos pedes habent, ut 
crocodili, testudmes ; aliis non sunt pedes, ut serpentibus. 
— Insecta pleraque senos, alia octonos, alia centenos ac 
plures pedes habent. 

Duodevicies viceni sunt trecenti sexaginta. — Quater 
quinquageni sunt ducenti. — Centres vicies duceni quadra- 
geni sunt viginti octo millia et octingenti. — Septuagies cen- 
teni quadrageni sunt novem millia et octingenti. — Semel et 
vicies quinquageni singuli sunt mille septuaginta unus. — Bis 
et tricies sexageni bini sunt mille nongenti octoginta quatuor. 
— Aer octingenties levior est quam aqua. — Marius septies 
consul fuit. — Terra quinquagies major est quam luna. — 
Plura membra corporis sunt duplicia. — Triplicia erant arma 
Romanorum. — Africa triplo major est quam Europa, Asia 
et America quadruplo. 

II. 

Convert the following ungrammatical Latin into gram- 
matical, so as to suit the English words opposite. 



Weeks have seven days each. 

Men have one tongue, one 
mouth, two hands, and two 
feet apiece. 

The hands have five fingers 
each. 

Lions have four feet, geese 
two wings, each. 

Four times six are twenty- 
four* 



Hebdomas habeo VII. dies. 
Homo habeo I. lingua, I. os, 
II. manus, et II. pes. 

Manus habeo V. digitus. 

Leo habeo IV. pes, anser II. 

ala. 
Quater VI. sum XXIV. 



PRONOUN. 



105 



Men have each 24 ribs. 

Forty-one times fifty-one are 
2091. 

Twenty-two times six hun- 
dred are 13,200. 

Adults have thirty -two teeth, 
youths twenty-eight each. 

To the Roman legions there 
were, for the most part, 
5200 foot-soldiers, 300 
horse. 



Homo habeo XXIV. costa. 
41X51 sumMMXCI. 1 

22X600 sum CCIOO CIO 

CIO CIO CC. 
Adultus homo habeo dens 

XXXII., adolescens XX- 

VIII. 
Romanus legio sum plerum- 

que IOOCC pedes, eques 

ccc. 



XLVI. PRONOUN. 

I. The Pronoun is a word used in the place of a noun, 
to avoid the repetition of the latter. 

II. Pronouns are divided into Substantive and Adjective. 

I. Substantive Pronouns. 

I. The substantive pronouns are Ego, of the first person ; 
Tu, of the second ; and Sui, of the third. 

II. Their declension is as follows : 

Ego,"/." 
Singular. 

i, 

of me, 

to ox for me, 

me, 

oh 1 1 

with, &c, me. 

1. In this and the two following examples, instead of giving the Latin 
adverbs, we have, as a matter of convenience, employed the Arabic nu- 
merals with the algebraic sign of multiplication. Thus 41x51 means 
41 multiplied into 51, or 41 times 51, which the student, on his part, 
must express in Latin. 

2. Ego is commonly said to want the vocative in both numbers. This 
is wrong. We say O ego infelix ! "Oh unhappy I !" O vos felices ! 
" Oh happy ye !" 



N. 


Ego, 


G. 


Mei, 


D. 


Mihi, 


Ace. 


Me, 


V. 


Ego, 2 


Ab. 


Me,. 



106 PRONOUNS. 

Plural. 

N. Nos, we, 

G. Nostrum or nostri, of us, 

D. Nobis, to ox for us, 

Ace. Nos, us, 

V. Nos, oh we ! 

Ab. Nobis, with, &c., us. 

Tu, " ttem? 

Singular. 
N. Tu, *A0w, 

G. Tin, of thee, 

D. Tlbi, to or for thee, 

Ace. Te, thee, 

V. Tii, 0A thou ! 

Ab. Te, w#A, Sic, thee. 

Plural. 
N. Vos, ye or yow, 

G. Vestrum or vestri, of you, 
D. Vobis, to ox for you, 

Ace. Vos, you, 

V. Vos, 0A yo^ / 

Ab. Vobis, with, &c, you. 

Sui, " of himself , of herself of itself" 
Singular. 

N. Wanting, , 

G. Sui, of himself &c., 

D. Sibi, to ox for himself , &c, 

Ace. Se, himself, &c, 

V. Wanting, ■ , 

Ab. Se, with, &c, himself, &c. 

N. Wanting, , 

G. SuT, of themselves, 

D. Sibi, £0 orybr themselves. 



PRONOUNS. 107 

Acc. Se, themselves^ 

V. Wanting^ , 

Ab. Se, with) &c, themselves. 

III. To the cases of these three pronouns met may be 
added, to express the English self ; as, egomet, " I myself;" 
mihimet, "unto me myself;" sibimet, semet, &c. The gen- 
itives plural, however, and the nominative tu do not admit 
this suffix ; for tumet we say tute. But met is added to the 
other cases of tu ; as, tuimet, tibimet, &c. 

IV. The accusative and ablative singular admit a redu- 
plication in the same sense ; as, meme, tete, sese< But sese 
only is in common use for singular or plural. 

V. Cum, " with," is affixed to the ablatives me, te, se, 
making mecum, tecum, secum, nobiscum, vobiscum. This is 
also usual with quo, qua> quibus ; but cum quo, &c, may 
likewise be said. 

II. Adjective Pronouns* 
Adjective Pronouns are divided into seven classes, viz., 

IV. Interrogative. 



I. Demonstrative. 
II. Intensive. 
III. Relative. 



V. Indefinite. 
IV. Possessive. 



VII. Patriot. 
1. Demonstrative Pronouns. 

I. Demonstrative pronouns are such as distinctly point 
out the object of which we are discoursing, with the ac- 
cessory idea of place. 

II. The Latin demonstrative pronouns are ille, iste, hie, 
and is, with their compounds. 

III. By composition with ecce or en ("lo," "behold") 
arose the pronominal forms, used only in familiar discourse, 
eccum, eccam, ellum, ellam, ellos, &c, " there he is," " there 
she is," &c. 

IV. The declension of the demonstrative is as follows : 



I us 




PRONOUNS. 




Masc. 


Fern. 


Neut. 




Die, 


Ilia, 


Illud, " he, she, 
Singular. 


it, or that." 


N. 


Ill-e, 


Ill-a, 


Ill-ud, 


G. 


Ill-Ius 


, l Ill-Ius, 


Ill-Ius, 


D. 


ilk, 


Ill-T, 


Ill-T, 


Ace. 


Ill-um 


, Ill-am, 


Ill-ud, 


V. 


Ill-e, 


Ill-a, 


Ill-ud, 


Ab. 


111-6, 


Ill-a, 
Plural. 


111-6. 


N. 


Ill-T, 


Ill-ae, 


Ill-a, 


G. 


Ill-orum, Ill-arum, 


Ill-orum, 


D. 


Ill-Is, 


Ill-Is, 


Ill-Is, 


Ace. 


Ill-OS, 


Ill-as, 


Ill-a, 


V. 


Ill-I, 


Ill-ae, 


Ill-a, 


Ab. 


Ill-Is, 


Ill-Is, 


Ill-Is. 


Masc. 


Fern. Neut. 




Iste, 


[sta, Istud, 


" that. 






Singular. 




N. 


Ist-e, 


Ist-a, 


Ist-ud, 


G. 


Ist-Ius 


, l Ist-Ius, 


Ist-Ius, 


D. 


Ist-I, 


Ist-I, 


Ist-I, 


Ace. 


Ist-um 


, Ist-am, 


Ist-ud, 


V. 


Ist-e, 


Ist-a, 


Ist-ud, 


Ab. 


lst-6, 


Ist-a, 
Plural. 


Ist-6. 


N. 


Ist-I, 


Ist-as, 


Ist-a, 


G. 


Ist-orum, Ist-arum, 


Ist-orum, 


D. 


Ist-Is, 


Ist-Is, 


Ist-Is, 


Ace. 


Ist-os, 


Ist-as, 


Ist-a, 


V. 


Ist-I, 


Ist-ae, 


Ist-a, 


Ab. 


Ist-Is, 


Ist-Is, 


Ist-Is. 



1 . Genitives in ius are long in prose, but common (that is, either long 
or short) in poetry. The exceptions will be mentioned presently. 



PRONOUNS. 



109 



Masc. Fern. 
Hie, Haec, 
Singular. 
N. Hie, Haec, Hoc, 
G. Hujus, Hujus, Hujus, 
D. Huic, 1 Huic, Huic, 
Ac. Hunc, Hanc, Hoc, 
V. Hie, Haec, Hoc, 
Ab. Hoc, Hac, Hoc. 

Masc. Fern, Neut. 



Neut. 

Hoc, "this." 

Plural. 
N. Hi, Has, Haec, 
G. Horum, Harum, Horum, 
D. His, His, His, 
Ac. Hos, Has, 
V. Hi, Hae, 
Ab. His, His, 



Haec, 
Hasc, 
His. 



Is, 

N. 

G. 

D. 

Ace. 

V. 

Ab. 



N. 

G. 

D. 

Ace. 

V. 

Ab. 



Ea, 

Is, 

Ejus, 

Ei, 

Eum, 

E6, 

II or ei, 

Eorum, 
lis or eis, 

Eos, 



Id, " he, she, it, or that." 
Singular. 



Ea, 
Ejus, 
Ei, 
Earn, 

Ea, 
Plural, 
Eae, 
Earum, 
lis or eis, 
Eas, 



Id, 

Ejus, 

Ei, 

Id, 

Ed. ' 

Ea, 

Eorum, 
lis or eis, 
Ea, 



lis or els, lis or eis, lis or els. 



V. 

lows 



The distinction between hie, iste, and ille is as fol- 
hic refers to that which is near, or belongs to, the 
person speaking ; iste to the person addressed ; ille to some 
remoter person or object. Thus, hie liber, " this book near 
or belonging to me ;" iste liber, " that book belonging to you, 
or near you ;" illius liber, " the book near or belonging to 
some third person, either at some distance from the person 
speaking, or else entirely away from the conversation." 

1. Pronounced as if written hike. 
10 



110 



PRONOUNS. 



VI. The force of hie is sometimes strengthened by the 
affixes ce and cine ; as, hicce, hcecce, hocce ; hiccine, hceccine, 
hoccine. 

VII. Of similar formation are istie and illic (from the old 

isticce, illice), declined as follows : 

Istic, Istaec, Istoc or Istuc. 
Illic, Illaec, Illoc or Illuc. 

Only the nominative, accusative, and ablative singular, and 
the neuter plural are, however, in use ; that is, only those 
cases which end in c. 

VIII. The syllable dem is annexed to is, forming idem 
(old form isdem), " the same," which is thus declined : 

Masc. Fern. Neut. 

idem, eadem, Idem, " the same? 

Singular. 



N. 


idem, 


eadem, 


idem, 


G. 


ejusdem, 


ejusdem, 


ejusdem, 


D. 


eidem, 


eidem, 


eidem, 


Ace. eundem, 


eandem, 


idem, 


y # 








Ab. 


> 
eodem, 


5 

eadem, 
Plural. 


> 
eodem. 


N. 


iidem, 


eaedem, 


eadem, 


G. 


eorundem, 


earundem, 


eorundem, 


D. 


iisdem or 7 
eisdem, j 


iisdem or ) 
eisdem, ) 


iisdem or ) 
eisdem, S 


Ace. 


eosdem, 


easdem, 


eadem, 


v. 








Ab. 


> 
iisdem or ) 
eisdem, $ 


iisdem or > 
eisdem, > 


iisdem or ) 
eisdem. S 



2. Intensive Pronouns. 
I. Intensive pronouns are such as serve to convey an em- 
phatic meaning. 



PRONOUNS. Ill 

II. To this class belong egomet, tute, &c, and istic and 
illic already mentioned ; but particularly the pronoun ipse, 
which is thus declined : 

Masc. Fern. Neut. 

Ipse, Ipsa, Ipsum, " he himself, she herself itself." 
Singular. 

N. Ipse, Ipsa, Ipsum, 

G. Ipsius, Ipslus, Ipsius, 

D. IpsT, Ipsi, Ipsi, 

Ace. Ipsum, Ipsam, Ipsum, 
V. 
Ab. 



N. 
G. 
D. 

Ace. 
V. 

Ab. Ipsis, Ipsis, Ipsis. 

III. Ipse is commonly subjoined to nouns and pronouns ; 
as, Cicero ipse, "Cicero himself;" ego ipse, "I myself;" 
tu ipse, " thou thyself." ^ 

3. Relative Pronouns. 

I. Relative pronouns are those which refer to an object 
already mentioned, and which is called the antecedent. 

II. The Latin relatives are qui, "who," and the com- 
pound pronouns quicunque and quisquis, " whoever." 

III. The declension of the relative qui is as follows : 

Masc. Fern. Neut. 
Qui, Quae, Quod, " who, which." 

Singular. 
N. Qui, Quse, Quod, 

G. Cujus, Cfijus, Cujus, 



Ipso, 


Ipsa, 
Plural. 


Ipso. 


Ipsi, 


Ipsae, 


Ipsa, 


Ipsorum, 


Ipsarum, 


Ipsorum, 


Ipsis, 


Ipsis, 


Ipsis, 


Ipsos, 


Ipsas, 


Ipsa, 



112 PRONOUNS. 

D. Cui, 1 Cui, Cui, 

Ace. Quern, Quam, Quod, 

V. , , , 



Ab. Qud, Qua, Quo. 

Plural. 

N. Qui, Quae, Quae, 

G. Quorum, Quarum, Quorum, 

D. Queis or quibus, Queis or quibus, Queis or quibus, 

Ace. Quos, Quas, Quae, 

V. , , , 



Ab. Queis or quibus, Queis or quibus, Queis or quTbus. 

IV. Qui is sometimes used for the ablative singular in 
all genders. In place of queis the more contracted form 
quis occasionally is employed. 

V. Quicunque is declined in every respect like qui ; as, 

N. Quicunque, Quaecunque, Quodcunque, 
G Cujuscunque, Cujuscunque, Cujuscunque, 

D. Cuicunque, Cuicunque, Cuicunque, &c, 

VI. The declension of quisquis is as follows : 

Singular. 

N. Quisquis, Quaequae, 2 Quidquid or quicquid, 

Ace. Quemquem, — , Quidquid or quicquid, 

Ab. Quoquo, Quaqua, Quoquo. 

Plural. 
N. QuiquI, , , 



D. Quibusquibus, &c. 

4. Interrogative Pronouns. 
I. The common interrogative pronoun is Quis or Qui, 
" who ?" from which comes, by the addition of nam, the 
form quisnam, which is more strongly interrogative than 

1. Pronounced Jci. 

2. Quisquis is sometimes used for the feminine ; as, for example, in 
Plautus. 



PRONOUNS. 



113 



quis. Other interrogative pronouns are ecquis, numquis, 
" is there' any one ? who," from which come, in like man- 
ner, ecquisnam, numquisna.m. 

II. The declension of the interrogative quis is as follows : 

Masc. Fern. Neut. 

Quis or Qui, Quae, Quid or Quod, " who, which, what?" 
Singular. 





n: 


Quis or 


qui 


, Quae, 


Quid or quod, 




G. 


Cujus, 




Cujus, 


Cujus, 




D. 


Cui, 




CuT, 


Cui, 




Ace. 


Quern, 




Quam, 


Quid or quod, 




V. 


■ > 




j 


j 




Ab. 


Quo, 




Qua, 
Plural. 


Quo. 


N. 


Qui, 






Quae, 


Quae, 


G. 


Quorum, 




Quarum, 


Quorum, 


D. 


Queis or quibus, 


Queis or quibus, Queis or quibus. 


Ace 


Quos, 




Quas, 


Quae, 


V. 












Ab. 


Queis or quit 


)US, 


Queis or quib 


us, Queis or quibus, 



III. Quis, it will be perceived, has two forms for the 
masculine and neuter, quis and qui, quid and quod. 

IV. The best writers use quod as an adjective agreeing 
with a substantive, and quid as a substantive governing the 
genitive. Thus, quod beneficium est in hoc ? " what kind- 
ness is there in this V But, quid bencjicii est in hoc? 

V. Quis is sometimes used indefinitely for aliquis, " some 
one." 

VI. Ecquis and numquis are declined and used like quis, 
excepting that ecqua is sometimes found in the nominative 
singular feminine, and that the neuter plural of numquis is 
numqua. 

VII. Ecquisnam, which is declined like ecquis, is found 
only in the singular number, namely, in the nominative, 

10* 



114 PRONOUNS. 

where it is the same for all genders, and in the ablative 
masculine. 

VIII. Another interrogative pronoun is cujus, cuja, cujum, 
" whose," which is also defective. Its declension, as far 
as it extends, is as follows : 

Singular. Plural. 

N. Cujus, Cuja, Cujum, 
Ac. Cujum, Cujam, Cujum, 
Ab. Cujo, Cuja, Cujo. 



N. Cuji, , 

Ac. , Cujas, 



This must not be confounded with cujas, cujdtis, " of 
what country," which belongs to the patrial pronouns. 

5. Indefinite Pronouns. 

I. Indefinite pronouns are those which denote an object 
in a general manner, without specifying any one person or 
thing particularly. 

II. The principal indefinite pronouns are the following : 



Atiquis, " some one." 
Siquis, " if any one." 
Nequis, " lest any one ;" " no 

one.'* 
Qutsque, " each one ;" " every 

one." 



Quisquam, " any one." 
Quispiam, " some one." 
Unusquisque, " each one." 
Quidam, " a certain one." 

Quilibet, ) " any one you 
Quivis, ' please." 



III. The declension of aliquis is as follows : 

Masc. Fern. Neut. 

Aliquis, Aliqua, Aliquid or Aliquod. 

Singular. 

N. Aliquis, Aliqua, Aliquid or Aliquod, 

G. Alicujus, Ailcujus, Alicujus, 

D. Alicui, Alicui, Alicui, 

Ace. Aliquem, Aliquam, Aliquid or Aliquod, 

V. , , , 

Ab. Aliquo, Aliqua, Aliquo 



PRONOUNS. 



115 



Aliqua, 
Aliquorum, 
Aliquibus, 
Aliqua, 



Plural. 

N. Aliqui, Allquae, 

G. Aliquorum, Aliquarum, 
D. Aliquibus, Aliquibus, 

Ace. Aliquos, Aliquas, 

v. - — , ■ , 

Ab. Aliquibus, Aliquibus, Aliquibus. 

IV. The distinction already mentioned as existing be- 
tween quod and quid prevails also between aliquod and all- 
quid, as well as other compounds of quis. Thus we say, 
aliquod vinum, " some wine ;" but aliquid vini. 

V. Siquis and nequis are declined in the same way as 
aliquis. Thus, 

N. Siquis, Siqua or siquae, Siquid or siquod, 
G. Sicujus, Sicujus, Sicujus, 

D. Sicui, Sicui, Sicui, &c. 

N. Numquis, Numqua or numquas, Numquid or numquod, 
G. Numcujus, Numcujus, Numcujus, 

D. Numcui, Numcui, Numcui, <Src. 

VI. Quisque, quisquarn, and quispiam are declined like 
quis. Thus, 

Quseque, Quidque or quodque, 
Cujusque, Cujusque, 
Cuique, Cuique, &c. 

Quaequam, Quidquam or quodquam, 
Cujusquam, Cujusquam, 
Cuiquam, Cuiquam, &c. 

Quaepiam, Quidpiam or quodpiam, 
Cujuspiam, Cujuspiam, 
Cuipiam, Cuipiam, &c. 

VII. Unusquisque is compounded of unus and quisque, 
and both words are declined. Thus, 



N. 


Quisque, 


G. 


Cujusque, 


D. 


Cuique, 


N. 


Quisquarn, 


G. 


Cujusquam, 


D. 


Cuiquam, 


N. 


Quispiam, 


G. 


Cujuspiam, 


D. 


Cuipiam, 



116 



PRONOUNS. 



Singular. 

N. Unusquisque, Unaquaeque, 



:i 



G. Uniuscujusque, 
D. Unicuique, 
Ace. Unumquemque, 



Unumquidque or 
unumquodque 
Uniuscujusque, Uniuscujusque, 
Unicuique, Unicuique, 

Unamquamque, Unumquidque or ) 
unumquodque, > 



Ab. Unoquoque, Unaquaque, Unoquoque. 

The plural is wanting. 

VIII. Quidam, quihbet, and quivis are declined like qui, 
except that they have quod or quid in the neuter. Thus, 



N. 


Quidam, 


Quae dam, 


Quoddam or quiddam, 


G. 


Cujusdam, 


Cujusdam, 


Cujusdam, 


D. 


Cuidam, 


Cuidam, 


Cuidam, &c. 


N. 


Quilibet, 


Quaellbet, 


Quodlibet or quidlibet, 


G. 


Cujuslibet, 


Cujuslibet, 


Cujuslibet, 


D. 


Cuilibet, 


Cuilibet, 


Cuilibet, &c. 


N. 


Quins, 


Quae vis, 


Quodvis or Quidvis, 


G. 


Cujusvis, 


Cujusvis, 


Cujusvis, 


D. 


Cuivis, 


Cuivis, 


Cuivis. &c. 



IX. In the accusative singular masculine and feminine, 
and the genitive plural, quidam has usually an n before d ; 
as, quendam, quondam, quorundam, quarundam 

X. In all these compounds the distinction between quod 
and quid prevails ; as, quoddam malum, " a certain evil ;" 
but quiddam mail. So also quodlibet malum, but quidlibet 
mali, &zc. 

6. Possessive Pronouns. 

I. Possessive pronouns are formed from the personal, 
and indicate the property of an individual. 

II. The Latin possessives are the following : 





PRONOUNS. 


117 


Meus, 


Mea, 


Meum, 


" mine" 


Tuus, 


Tua, 


Tuum, 


« thine? 


Suus, 


Sua, 


Suum, 


" his, her, its" 


Noster, 


Nostra, 


Nostrum, 


" owr." 


Vester, 


Vestra, 


Ve strum, 


44 your." 



III. These are all declined like adjectives of three ter- 
minations, except that meus makes mi in the vocative sin- 
gular masculine, and very rarely meus. 1 

IV. Tuus, vester, and suus have no vocative. 

V. Cujus, cujd, cujum, " whose ?" which is in some re- 
spects a possessive, has already been noticed under the in- 
terrogative s. 

VI. The declension of meus and noster are as follows : 

Singular, 



N. 


Meus, 


Mea, 


Meum, 


G. 


Mel, 


Meae, 


Mel, 


D. 


Meo, 


Meae, 


Me5, 


Ace. 


Meum, 


Meam, 


Meum, 


V. 


Ml or Meus, 


Mea, 


Meum, 


Ab. 


Meo, 


Mea, 
Plural. 


Meo. 


N. 


Mel, 


Meae, 


Mea, 


G. 


Meorum, 


Me arum, 


Meorum, 


D. 


Meis, 


Meis, 


Meis, 


Ace. 


Meos, 


Meas, 


Mea, 


V. 


Mel, 


Meae, 


Mea, 


Ab. 


Meis, 


Meis, 
Singular. 


Meis. 


N. 


Nos-ter, 


-tra, 


-trum, 


G. 


Nos-trl, 


-trae, 


-tri, 


D. 


Nos-tro, 


-trae, 


-tro, 



1. To the ablative of the possessive pronouns, in the singular num- 
ber, especially suo and sua, the syllable pte is affixed to denote own ; 
as, suapte manu, "with his own hand j" suopte pondere, " by its own 

weight." 



118 







PRONOUNS. 




Acc. 


Nos-trum, 


-tram, 


-trum, 


V. 


Nos-ter, 


-tra, 


-trum, 


Ab. 


Nos-tro, 


-tra, 

Plural. 


-tro. 


N. 


Nos-tri, 


-tree, 


-tra, 


G. 


Nos-trorum 


, -trarum, 


-trorum, 


D. 


Nos-tris, 


-tris, 


-tris, 


Acc. 


Nos-tr5s, 


-tras, 


-tra, 


V. 


Nos-tri, 


-trae, 


-tra, 


Ab. 


Nos-tris, 


-tris, 


-tris. 



7. P atrial Pronouns. 

I. Patrial pronouns have reference to a person's country 
or the nation to which he belongs. 

II. The patrial pronouns are nostras, vestras, and cujas, 
and are declined like adjectives in as, genitive -atis, many 
of which have also a patrial reference ; as, Arpinas, gen- 
itive Arpinatis, " of or belonging to Arpinum." 

III. The declension of nostras is as follows : 





Nostras, 


" of our 


country" 








Singular. 




N. 


Nostr-as, 




-as, 


-as, 


G. 


Nostr-atis, 




-atis, 


-atis, 


D. 


Nostr-ati, 




-ati, 


-ati, 


Acc. 


Nostr-atem, 




-atem, 


-as, 


V. 


Nostr-as, 




-as, 


-as, 


Ab. 


Nostr-ate, 


Plural. 


-ate, 


-ate. 


N. 


Nostr-ates, 




-ates, 


-atia, 


G. 


Nostr-atium, 




-atium, 


-atium, 


D. 


Nostr-atibus, 




-atibus, 


-atibus, 


Acc. 


Nostr-ates, 




-ates, 


-atia, 


V. 


Nostr-ates, 




-ates, 


-atia, 


Ab. 


Nostr-atibus, 




-atibus, 


-atibus. 



PRONOUNS. 119 

IV. Vestras, genitive vestrdtis, " of your country," and 
cujas, genitive cujdtis, " of what country," are declined ex- 
actly like nostras. 



I. To the adjective pronouns are commonly added the 
following words ; though, strictly speaking, most of them 
are simple adjectives. 



Alius, ''another." 


Uter, 


" which of two." 


Ullus, " any one." 


Alter, 


" the other ;" " another." 1 


Nullus, " no one." 


Neuter, 


" neither." 


Solus, "alone." 


Totus, 


" the whole." 


II. The declension of aliu 


s is as follows : 


Masc. 


Fern. 


Neut. 




Alius, 


Alia, 


Aliud, 


" another ." 




Sini 


yular. 




N. 


Alius, 


Alia, 


Aliud, 


G. 


Alius, 2 


\lius, 


Alius, 


D. 


Alii, 


Mil, 


Alii, 


Ace. 


Alium, 


Aliam, 


Aliud, 


V. 

Ab. 








> 

Alio, 


Mm, 


Alio. 




PI 


iral. 




N. 


Alii, 


Aliae, 


Alia, 


G. 


Aliorum, 


Aliarum, 


Aliorum, 


D. 


Aliis, 


Aliis, 


Aliis, 


Ace. 


Alios, j 


Alias, 


Alia, 


V. 

Ab. 








> 
Aliis, i 


> 
Uiis, 


Aliis. 



1. Alter means one of two, alius one of many. Hence the strict 
meaning of alius is "another;" and that of alter, "the other." Fre- 
quently, however, we are compelled to translate alter, " another," but 
never, at the same time, to lose sight of its reference to merely one of 
two persons or things. Thus, in the expression nullum animal est pars 
alterius animalis, the reference is clearly to only one of two animals, 
and yet we must translate alterius here " another." 

2. The genitive of alius always has the long i both in prose and poetry, 
since it is formed by contraction from ii. Thus, alius for ali-ius. 



120 



PRONOUNS. 



III. In the same manner are ullus, nullus, solus, and 
totus declined, except that they make the nominative and 
accusative singular neuter end in m instead of a ; as, ullum, 
nullum, solum, totum* 

IV. The declension of uter is as follows : 

Masc. Fern. Neut. 

Uter, Utra, Utrum, " which of 'two" 
< Singular, 



N. 


Uter, 


Utra, 


Utrum, 


G. 


Utrius, 1 


Utrius, 


Utrius, 


D. 


Utri, 


Utri, 


Utri, 


Ace. 


Utrum, 


Utram, 


Utrum, 


V. 


Uter, 


Utra, 


Utrum, 


Ab 


Utro, 


Utra, 
Plural. 


Utro. 


N. 


Utri, 


Utrae, 


Utra, 


G. 


Utrorum, 


Utrarum, 


Utrorum, 


D. 


Utris, 


Utris, 


Utris, 


Ace. 


Utros, 


Utras, 


Utra, 


V. 


Utri, 


Utrse, 


Utra, 


Ab. 


Utris, 


Utris, 


Utris. 


V. The declension of alter is as follows : 


Masc. 


Fern. 


Neut. 




Alter, 


Altera, 


Alterum, " the other, another" 






Singular. 




N. 


Alt-er, 


-era, 


-erum, 


G. 


Alt-erius, 2 -erius, 


-erius, 


D. 


Alt-eri, 


-eri, 


-eri, 


Ace 


Alt-erum, -eram, 


-erum, 


V. 


Alt-er, 


-era, 


-erum, 


Ab. 


Alt-ero, 


-era, 


-ero. 



1. Penult of the genitive singular long in prose, common in poetry. 

2. Alter has the penult of the genitive singular always short. — Alteri, 
&c, in the plural, is used when two bodies or classes of men are opposed 
to each other. 



EXERCISES ON THE PRONOUNS. 



121 







Plural. 




N. 


Alt-en, 


-erae, 


-era, 


G. 


Alt-erorum 


, -erarum, 


-erorum, 


D. 


Alt-erls, 


-ens, 


-ens, 


Ace. 


Alt-eros, 


-eras, 


-era, 


V. 


Alt-en, 


-erae, 


-era, 


Ab. 


Alt-erls, 


-eris, 


-eris. 



VI. Neuter is declined like uter, namely, neuter, neutra, 
neutrum ; Genitive, neutrius ; Dative, neutri, &c. 

VII. The compounds of uter are utervis and uterltbet, 
" which of the two you please ;" and alteruter, " the one or 
other," " one or the other of two." Genitive, alteriusutrT- 
us ; Dative, alteriutri, &c. 



XLVL EXERCISES ON THE PRONOUNS. 




Vocabulary. 1 


Sum, 


I am. 


Es, 


thou art. 


Est, 


he, she, or it is. 


Sumus, 


we are. 


Estis, 


you are. 


Sunt, 


they are. 


Erat, 


he, she, or it was. 


Erant, 


they were. 


Fuit, 


he, she, or it has been or was. 


Fuerunt, 


they have been or were. 



Translate the following, and mention the kind of pronoun 
employed in the different clauses, together with the case, 
number, &c. 

1. Personal Pronouns, and the Possessives formed from them. 

Ego sum tu, tu es ego, unanimi sumus. — Pars pejor mei, 

1. We have here anticipated a small portion of the substantive verb, 
and recapitulated a few words from the vocabulary given on page 8. 
11 



122 EXERCISES ON THE PRONOUNS. 

corpus meum, mor talis est. — Pars melior tui, animus tuus, 
immortalis est. — Desiderium mei 1 permagnum est. — Grata 
mihi est memoria tua mei. 2 — Vita mea mini tarn cara est, 
quam tibi tua. — Proximus sum egomet mihi, tute tibi. — 
Nemo me 3 infelicior, nemo te felicior est. — Parentes tui, 
puer optime, semper habent te secum. — Genius tuus, homo, 
semper tecum est. — Nos omnes sumus homines mortales. — 
Vos omnes estis immortalitatis haeredes. — Corpora omnium 
nostrum sunt mortaiia. — Nemo nostrum proditor regis nos- 
traeque patriae fuit. — Nostri melior pars animus est. — Me- 
moria vestri, discipuli diligentes, praeceptori vestro semper 
jucunda est. — Felicitas parentum nostrorum nobis pergrata 
est. — Pater amicus summus nobis est. — Rex noster vobis 
tarn carus est, quam mihi. — Conscientia est judex in nobis. 
— Ebrius sui non compos est. — Homo invidus sibimet in- 
imicissimus est. 

2. Demonstrative and Intensive Pronouns. 
Hie universus mundus est opus omnipotentis dei, creatoris 
omnium nostrum. — Haec vita est tempus segetis, vita futura 
messis. — Hoc conclave est amplum. — Haec conclavia sunt 
ampla. — Finis hujus vitae initium est illius futurae. — In hac 
terra nihil perfectum est. — Tabulae hujus conclavis sunt 
nigrae. — Non omnes discipuli sunt pares : hi sunt diligentes, 
illi pigri ; hie est attentus, ille non attentus. — Hannibal et 
Caesar fuerunt summi imperatores ; huic 4 idus mortiferae 
fuerunt, illi venenum. — Romulus et Numa Pompilius erant 
primi reges Romani ; hie erat pius, ille bellicosus ; illius 
res gestae illustriores sunt quam hujus. — Hoc scamnum 
longius est quam ilia janua. — Haec scamna longiora sunt 
quam illae januae. — Illud temp] urn, altius est quam haec 

1. Desiderium meum would denote the regret that I myself feel. 

2. Memoria mei, "the remembrance of me;" but memoria mea, 
"my memory, or faculty of remembrance. " 

3. The ablative with the comparative. So also te in the next clause. 

4. Huic, " to the latter," j. e., to this one; illi, " to the former," i. e., 
to that one. 



EXERCISES ON THE PRONOUNS. 123 

domus. — Ilia templa altiora sunt quam hae domus. — Ulis 
teneris arboribus gelu hujus hiemis noxium erat. — Homo ipse 
est faber fortunae suae. — Saepe homini nihil inimicius est, 
quam sibi ipse. — Saepe hominibus nihil inimicius est, quam 
sibi ipsi.— -Virtus sibimet ipsa pulcherrima merces est. 

Servitus omnibus hominibus dura est ; liberis autem ho- 
minibus ea intolerabilis est. — Luscinia est parva, vox autem 
ejus est suavissima. — Robur leonis est in ejus ossibus et 
dentibus.— Tonitrua sunt terribilia, sed utilitas eorum est 
maxima. — Megarenses Atheniensibus finitimi erant, sed iis 
dispares.- — Nonne 1 animus hominis melior est quam corpus 
ejus.- — Deus est semper idem. — Non semper idem floribus 
est color.— Vera et falsa non eadem sunt. — Nemo nostrum 
idem est in senectute, qui fuit 2 in juventute. — Eadem laus 
non est omnibus. — Eandem habet laudem ac 3 ego. 

3. Relative Pronouns, 
Justitia, quae est mater omnium virtutum, Deo accepta est. 
— Id est Deo proximum, quod est optimum.- — Sol, cujus 
magnitudo ingens est, globus est igneus. — Qui est Justus, 
is est laudabilis. — Semiramis cujus nomen illustrissimum 
est, regina potens et bellicosa fuit. — Ferrum, cujus utilitas 
permagna est, est durum metallum. — Honestum 4 ei vile est, 
cui corpus nimis carum est. — Omne animal, cui sanguis 
est, habet etiam cor. — Ei avi, cui pulcherrima cauda est, 
turpissimi pedes sunt. — In superiore capitis parte est cere- 
brum, in quo sensuum instrumenta sunt. — In ea parte 
Europae, in qua est humus fecundissima et ccelum serenis- 
simum, homines infelicissimi sunt. — Oratorum illustrissimi 
fuerunt ii, qui erant Athenis. 5 - — Lepores habent binas aures, 
quae capite longiores sunt. — In praestantibus rebus magna 

1. Nonne est. " Is notl" The termination ne is here interrogative. 

2. Qui fuit. " That he was." The more elegant phraseology is 
" qui fuit juvenis." 

3. Ac. "As." 

4. Honestum. "What is becoming." All moral excellence. 

5. Athenis. " At Athens." Erant, " were," i. e., lived or flourished. 



124 EXERCISES ON THE PRONOUNS. 

sunt ea, quae sunt optimis proxima. — In silvis sunt multae 
ferae, quarum pelles sunt hominibus utilissimae. — Ii paren- 
tes quorum filii pigri et mali sunt, infeliciores sunt quam 
ii, quorum filii caeci et claudi sunt. — Ea animalia quorum 
dentes acuti sunt, carnivora sunt. — In quibus fluminibus 
plurimae rupes sunt, in iis navigatio periculosissima est. — 
Quibus avibus longa crura, iis etiam longa colla sunt. — Ea 
animalia fortiora sunt, quibus sanguis crassior est. — Sunt 
gentes ferae, quae non habent rempublicam. 1 

4. Interrogative Pronouns. 
Quis fuit clarior in Graecia, quam Themistocles ? — Quis 
pulchrior est mortuus quam vivus ? cancer coctus. — Quis 
est auctor illius coeli, illius solis illorumque siderum, quae 
supra nos sunt 1 Idem, qui est auctor hominum, animalium, 
omniumque rerum, quaecunque sunt. — Quid est nequius aut 
turpius quam vir effeminatus 1 — Quid est melius aut quid 
bonitate et benericentia praestantius ?— Quae sunt optima 
scripta veterum ? — Qui rex est sapientior et justior quam 
noster pater coelestis 1 — Quae figiira, quae species pulchrior 
est quam humana 1 — Cujus hominis mores maxime lau- 
dabiles sunt ?— Cui homini deus benevolentior est, quam 
pio et probo ? — Quod consilium est optimum 1 consilium 
hominum prudentissimorum. — Cui animali est turpissima 
vox ? — In quo mari sunt plurimae insulae ? — Quae femina fuit 
bellicosior, quam Semiramis ? — In qua parte Europae sunt 
plurimae paludes ? — Quae mulieres fuerunt bellicosiores et 
fortiores quam Amazones ? — Quid est homo ? — Quid est 
honos ! 

5. Compounds of Qui and Quis. 

Tempus est pars quaedam seternitatis. — Exhalationes car- 

bonum et quorundam riorum hominibus noxiae sunt. — Caro 

ciconiae nigrae quibusdam animalibus venenum est. — Sibi 

quisque proximus est. — Quilibet est faber fortunae suae. — 

1. Rempublicam, " a form of government." 



EXERCISES ON THE PRONOUNS. 125 

Suum cuique carnm est.— Unusquisque miles est defensor 
patriae. — Unicuique nostrum est animus immortalis. — -Quod- 
vis animal habet animum et carpus. — Cujusvis hominis vita 
habet quasdam molestias.— Quidquid homines habent est 
munus divinum. — Quidquid honestum, idem est utile. — 
Quaecunque rara sunt, ea sunt pretiosa. — Pigritia unicuique 
turpis est, maxime autem juveni. — Quaenam est patria simi- 
arum ? — Ecquod humanum artificium 1 praestantius est quam 
mundus ? — Animus non habet formam aliquam, nee figuram, 
nee magnitudinem, ejusque sedes nee in corde nee in cer- 
ebro est. — Siquis vestrum, discipuli, mendax est, pessimus 
est. — Siquis homo in hac vita felix est, est probus et sapiens. 

6. Possessive and other Pronouns. 

Corpus nostrum mortale est, at animus noster immortalis. 
— Cujus est hie liber ? hie liber est meus. — Cuja est haec 
penna 1 haec penna est 2 fratris mei. — Cujum est hoc pecus ? 
— Cujum est hoc pallium ? hoc pallium est meum. — Cujas 
erat Horatius ? — Cujates erant Sophocles et Euripides ? — 
Nostrates philosophi sunt frivoli et inanes. — Arma nostratia 
sunt semper victricia. — Vestrates milites sunt timidi atque 
ignavi. — Consuetudo est altera 3 natura. — Nullum animal 
est pars alterius 4 animalis. — Otiosi homines sunt non solum 
sibi ipsis, sed etiam cuique alteri 5 molesti. — Paucis veterum 
Germanorum erant lorlcae, vix uni alterive 6 casis erat. — 
Nullius hominis divitiae certae sunt. — Antoninus nulli acer- 
bus, cunctis benignus erat. — Amicitia plurimorum hominum 
nihil aliud est quam comitas. — Anseres alii 7 feri, alii cicures 
sunt. — Alia vera sunt, alia falsa. — Belluae rapaces pauciores 
habent pullos quam aliae. — Totius Graeciae doctissimus fuit 

1. Artificium. " Workmanship" or "piece of workmanship." 

2. Est. " Is that of," i. e., belongs to. Supply penna. 

3. Altera. " Another," i. e., a second. Consult note 1, page 119. 

4. Consult note 2, page 120. 

5. Quisque alter. " Each other." 

6. tfnus alterve. " One or two." 

7. Alii — alii. " Some — others." 

11* 



126 



EXERCISES ON THE PRONOUNS. 



Plato, Socratis discipulus. — Bellum Picentium aliarumque 
gentium cum Romanis admodum perniciosum fuit. — Quam 
luctuosa fuit Samiis, quam acerba toti Asiae expugnatio 1 fani 
Junonis Samiae. — Facies homini soli est, ceteris animalibus 
sunt ora et rostra.— Solis candor illustrior est quam ullius 
ignis. — Deus solus est, qui neminem habet sibi parem. — 
Sapientes severi sunt tarn in quemque alium, quam in se 
ipsos. — Uter infelicior est, surdus an 2 claudus ? — Utra major 
est, America an Europa? — Utrum gravius est, aurum an 
plumbum ? — Uter est infelicior, caeeus an surdus ? — Utrum 
est pretiosius, aurum an adamas ? 

II. 

Convert the following ungrammatical Latin into gram- 
matical, so as to suit the English words opposite. 



Ye are all the children of one 

father. 
No one of us is always happy. 
Many things are yet unknown 

to all of you. 
In our own selves is the source 

of our own happiness. 
In your own selves, oh men, 

is the source of all your 

miseries. 
The knowledge of themselves 

is most useful to all men. 
Our life is a short, diversified, 

and dangerous journey. 
The beginning of this journey 

is our birthday, the end of 

it our death. 



Tu omnis sum liberi mrus 

pater. 
Nemo ego sum semper felix. 
Multus sum adhuc ignotus tu 

omnis. 
In egomet fons sum noster 

felicitas. 
In vosmet, homo, fons sum 

omnis vester miseria. 

Cognitio sui sum omnis homo 

utilis. 
Noster vita sum brevis, vari- 

us, at que periculosus iter. 
Initium hie iter sum noster 

natalis, finis is noster mors. 



1. Expugnatio. " The pillaging." 

2. An, " or." In double questions, ant, " or," must never be used 
to distinguish the things opposed to each other, whether the question be 
direct or indirect, but an, or ne enclitic, that is, ne added to the end of a 
word. 



EXERCISES ON THE PRONOUNS. 



127 



The lazy pupil is injurious to 
himself and to his friends. 

This is not my fault, but that 
of the times* 

Demosthenes and Cicero were 
celebrated orators ; the na- 
tive country of the latter 
was Italy, of the former 
Greece. 

Athens is more famous than 
Carthage ; the former was 
the seat of all the liberal 
arts, the latter of commerce. 

On that tower is an iron cross. 

The glass of that window is 
broken, the walls of this 
house are firm. 

This seat is of wood, that 
furnace is of stone ; these 
ships are British, those sol- 
diers are Prussian. 

The statue of Jupiter, which 
was in the Elian temple, 
was the work of Phidias, 

The animals which you have 
are hedgehogs. 

The woman whom they have 
is a captive. 

They alone are happy who are 
good. 

The fox, whose cunning is 
known to all, is the most 
thievish of animals. 

What is more beautiful than 
virtue 1 



Discipulus piger sum sui, su- 
usque amicus noxius. 

Hie non sum meus culpa, sed 
tempus. 

Demosthenes et Cicero sum 
illustris orator ; patria hie 
sum Italia, ille Grsecia. 



Athenae sum illustris quam 

Carthago ; ille sum sedes 

omnis liberalis ars, hie 

mercatura. 
In ille turris sum crux ferreus. 
Vitrum ille fenestra sum frac- 

tus, paries hie domus sum 

firmus. 
Hie sedile sum ligneus, ille 

fornax sum lapideus ; hie 

navis sum Britannicus, ille 

miles sum Borussicus. 
Statua Jupiter, qui sum in 

templum Eliacus, sum 

opus Phidias. 
Animal qui habeo sum hys- 

trix. 
Mulier qui habeo sum capti- 

vus. 
Ille solus felix sum, qui sum 

bonus. 
Vulpis, qui astutia omnis no- 

tus sum, furax sum animal. 

Quis pulcher sum quam vir- 
tus ? 



128 



THE VERB. 



To whom is virtue most pleas- 
ing ? 

What metal is most precious. 

What is so common as air to 
the living, earth to the 
dead ? 

To each one of us there are 

ten fingers. 
Is there any woman here whose 
hopes are disappointed ? 

The boys of our country are 
diligent, the men of your 
country are most brave. 



Quis virtus sum jucundus ? 

Quis metallum sum pretiosus ? 
Quis sum tarn communis, 

quam aer vivus, terra mor- 

tuus ? 
Unusquisque ego sum denus 

digitus. 
Ecquis mulier hie 1 sum qui 

spes sum frustratus 1 
Nostras puer sum diligens, 

vestras vir sum fortis. 



XL VII. THE VERB. 

I. The Verb is that part of speech by which it is declared 
concerning anything that it either does or suffers somewhat. 

II. From this general distinction are derived the two 
principal forms of the verb, namely, active and passive, 

III. Active verbs are divided into two kinds, namely, 
transitive and intransitive, which latter are also called neuter. 

IV. An intransitive^ verb expresses an action or a state 
which is not communicated from the agent to any other ob- 
ject ; as, ambiilo, " I walk ;" sto, " I stand ;" dormio, " I sleep." 

V. A transitive verb expresses an action exerted upon 
some object (which is put in the accusative case) ; 3 as, amo 
te," I love thee ;" scribo epistolam., " I am writing a letter." 

1. Hie, "here," the adverb. 

2. From in, " not," and transire, " to pass over" or " across," the 
action not passing over from the agent to any object. Transitive, from 
transire, " to pass over," where the action passes from the agent and is 
exerted upon some object. 

3. It is not meant that every verb transitive must have an accusative 
of the object, but only that it may. When no object is expressed, the 
transitive verb may often become intransitive in effect ; as, edit, " he is 
eating ;" amat, " he is in love ;" where no object is expressed, though one 
is necessarily implied. A different form is sometimes assigned to the 
verb in the transitive and intransitive sense ; as, jacere, " to throw," ja- 
ccre, "to lie;" pendere, "to suspend," pendere, "to hang suspended," 



THE VERB. 129 

VI. Transitive verbs have a passive voice; that which 
was the object and in the accusative case becoming the sub- 
ject and nominative case ; as, tu amaris, " thou art loved ;" 
epistola scribitur, " the letter is getting written." 

VII. Intransitive verbs are only used impersonally in the 
passive, that is, the verb appears in the third person singu- 
lar without any definite subject; as, favetur tibi, "favour 
is shown to you," equivalent to favent homines tibi, " men fa- 
vour you ;" via excessum est, " it has been gone out of the 
way," &c. 

VIII. There are also in Latin what are called Deponent 
verbs and Neuter-passives. 

IX. Deponent verbs are such as have a passive form, but 
an active meaning. Some of them are transitive, others are 
intransitive ; and they are called deponents, because they 
lay aside, 1 as it were, their passive signification. 

X. A Common verb has a passive termination, with an 
active and passive signification ; as, criminor, "I blame" 
or " am blamed." It is generally considered as a deponent, 
excepting in the perfect participle, which in these verbs 
has either an active or passive signification. Thus we 
may say either adeptus victoriam, u having obtained a vic- 
tory," or victoria adeptd, " a victory being obtained." Adi- 
piscor is therefore a common verb. 

XL Neuter-passives are active intransitive verbs, which 
have a passive form with an active meaning in the perfect, 
but follow the active form in the other tenses ; as, audeo, " I 
dare," perfect, ausus sum ; gaudeo, " I rejoice," perfect, ga- 
visus sum, &c. 

XII. The following verbs are called Neutral-passives? 
namely, fio, " I become" or " am made ;" vapiilo, " I am 

&c. When a neuter verb is found with an accusative case, which some- 
times happens, it is either because it has obtained a transitive sense and 
a regular passive voice, or the accusative is to be considered as annexed 
adverbially to it, without being strictly its object. 

1. From depono, " I lay aside." 

2. Neutralia-passiva. The neuter-passives are called Neutro-passiva* 



130 THE VERB. 

beaten ;" veneo, " I am sold ;" which, under an active form, 
have a passive meaning, and serve as passives to facio, 
verbero, and vendo. 

XIII. Some active intransitive or neuter verbs have par- 
ticiples, which are passive in form but active in signifi- 
cation ; as, ccenatus, " one who has supped ;" pransus, 
" one who has dined ;" juratus, " one who has sworn." 

1 . Voices. 

I. A voice is that accident of a verb which denotes 
whether an action or energy is confined to the agent or 
nominative ; as, cado, " I fall ;" or is exerted by the nom- 
inative upon an external object ; as, amo virum, " I love the 
man ;" or is exerted by an external object upon the nom- 
inative ; as, vir amatur, " the man is loved." 

II. As only active transitive verbs exert an energy on 
external objects, so these only admit a passive voice. 

III. Hence the voices are two in number, Active and 
Passive, the one ending in o ; as, amo ; and the other in 
or; as, amor. 

2. Moods. 

I. A mood expresses the manner 1 in which the action or 
state denoted by the verb exists. 

II. There are in Latin four moods, the Indicative, Sub- 
junctive, Imperative, and Infinitive. 

III. The Indicative declares the action or state to exist 
simply as a fact. 

IV. The Subjunctive declares it to exist as something 
conceived by the mind. It is generally, however, called 
the Potential mood when it denotes that the action or state 
might, could, would, or should exist ; and the Subjunctive 
when it is subjoined to certain words and particles to be 
named hereafter. 

V. The Imperative commands an action to be done or 

1. The term mood is derived from the Latin modus. " a manner." 



THE VERB. 131 

a state to exist ; as, scribe, " write thou ;" docetor, " let him 
be taught." 

VI. The Infinitive does not define the person or the time, 
but only whether the action or state be terminated or not 
terminated. In the former case it is called the Perfect, in 
the latter the Present of the infinitive. 

VII. By means of the participle in rus and the verb esse, 
Ci to be," an infinitive is formed, denoting an act about to be 
performed. By means of the participle in dus and the same 
verb, another infinitive is formed, denoting a state that 
should be produced. Thus, scio eum scripturum esse, " I 
know that he is about to write." Intelligo hoc faciendum 
esse, " I am aware that this should be done." 

3. Tenses. 

I. Tenses are the times 1 in which the action or state of 
the verb exists. 

II. There are in Latin seven tenses, namely, the Present, 
Imperfect, Aorist, Perfect, Pluperfect, First Future, and 
Second Future. 

III. The Present designates an action or state going on 
at the present time ; as, scribo, " I am writing." 

IV. The Imperfect expresses an action or state that was 
going on at some past time, but was still imperfect or in- 
complete ; as, scribebam, " I was writing ;" currebas, " thou 
wert running." 

V. The Aorist has the same form with the perfect, but 
a marked difference in meaning. It denotes an action or 
state completely past, without any reference to another ac- 
tion at the same or a different time ; as, scrip si, " I wrote ;" 
feci, " I did." 

VI. The Perfect, on the other hand, denotes an action or 
state which has taken place, indeed, at a previous time, but 
which is connected, either in itself, or its consequences, or 

1. Tempus, the Latin for a " tense," means w time" 



132 THE VERB. 

its accompanying circumstances, with the present; as, 
scripsi, " I have written ;" feci, " I have done ;" where the 
inference naturally is, that the writing still exists, and that 
the action has just been performed. 

VII. The Pluperfect denotes an action or state that was 
completed before some other action or state took place, 
which also is past ; as, cedif caver at, " he had built." Pri- 
usquam auxilia venerunt, hostes superaverat, " he had con- 
quered the enemy before succours arrived." 

VIII. The First Future, 1 which might more correctly 
be termed the Incomplete Future, denotes that an action or 
state will be going on some time hence, but not finished ; 
as, coznabo, " I shall be supping ;" domus cedif cabitur, " the 
house will be building." 

IX. The Second Future, which might, in like manner, 
be more correctly called the Complete Future, denotes that 
an action or state will be completed before another action 
or state, which is also future, shall have taken place ; as, 
c&navero, " I shall have supped." Cum fecero proficiscar, 
" when I shall have done it, I will go." 

4. Numbers and Persons. 

I. A personal verb admits a person or thing as its subject 
or nominative, 

II. As one or more persons may speak, be spoken to, or 
spoken of, there are two numbers ; namely, the singular, 
which speaks of one, and the plural, which speaks of more 
than one ; and 

III. There are also three persons in each number. Ego, 
tu, ille or ilia, are the first, second, and third persons sin- 
gular ; and nos, vos, illi or illce, the first, second, and third 
persons plural ; and to each of these the verb has appro- 

1. In the ordinary grammars, the first future is given as the future 
of the indicative, and the second future as the future of the subjunctive. 
This, however, is erroneous. Both tenses belong to the indicative. The 
subjunctive has no future. 



THE VERB. 133 

priate variations in its ending: thus, ego am-o, tu am-as, 
&c. 

IV. Two or more persons may become the subject ; but, 
as the first person is preferred to the second, and the second 
to the third, ego joined to tu or ille is equivalent to nos ; 
tu joined to ille or ilU, to v os. 

V. All nouns in the singular belong to the third person 
singular ; those that are plural, to the third person plural. 

VI. Pronouns, participles, or adjectives, having nouns 
understood to them, belong to the third person. 

VII. Qui takes the person of the antecedent. Ipse may- 
be joined, according to the sense, to any person. 

VIII. To verbs also belong Participles, Gerunds, and Su- 
pines. 

1. Participles. 

I. A Participle is a part of speech derived from a verb, 
and partaking of the nature of a verb and an adjective. 

II. It resembles an adjective in being declined by cases 
and in agreeing with a noun ; and partakes of the nature 
of the verb in being distinguished into different times, and 
in governing the same case as the verb. 

III. There are four participles ; one ending in ans or ens, 
and another in rus, both generally active ; one ending in 
dus, always passive ; [ and another ending in tus, sus, or 

1. The participle in dus is commonly called a future one of the pass- 
ive voice, and we have retained the appellation for convenience' sake. 
There are, however, many instances in which the participle in dus seems 
to have the import of the present. Perizonius is of opinion, therefore, 
that it was originally a participle of the present tense passive, and lays 
some stress on its being uniformly derived from the present participle 
active, following even its irregularity in the only one which is irregular ; 
thus, tens, euntis, eundus. Crombie advocates the same opinion, and 
maintains, moreover, that this participle does not, by its own power, even 
express futurity, or the obligation either of necessity or duty. He does 
not, however, deny that the participle in dus, when joined to the verb 
sum, uniformly denotes moral or physical obligation ; but he contends 
that in such phraseologies there is no word expressive of futurity or ob- 
ligation, although the combination of the two words has, by usage, ac- 
quired this signification, in the same manner as in English such expres- 

12 



134 THE VERB. 

xus, generally passive, but sometimes active or common, 
according to the nature of the verb. 

IV. Active verbs have two participles ; a present parti- 
ciple ending in ns ; as, amans, " loving ;" and a future one 
in rus ; as, amaturus, " about to love." 

V. Passive verbs have, in like manner, two participles ; 
one ending in tus, sus, or xus, called the perfect participle ; 
as, amatus, " loved ;" visits, " seen ;" and another ending 
in dus, called the future participle ; as, amandus, " to be 
loved," or " deserving" or " requiring to be loved." 

VI. Active intransitive verbs have sometimes two parti- 
ciples ; as, sedens, "sitting;" sessurus, "about to sit;" fre- 
quently three ; as, carens, "wanting;" cariturus, "about to 
want ;" carendus, " to be wanted ;" and occasionally four ; 
as, jurans, " swearing ;" juraturus, " about to swear ;" ju- 
ratus, " having sworn ;" jurandus, " to be sworn." 

VII. Neuter-passive verbs have generally three ; as, gau- 
dens, gavisus, and gavisurus, from gaudeo, " to rejoice." 1 

VIII. Deponent verbs of an active signification have gen- 
erally four participles ; as, sequens, secuturus, secutus, se- 
quendus, from sequor, " to follow." Those of a neuter sig- 
nification have generally but three ; as, labens, lapsus, lap- 
surus, from labor, " to slip" or " glide." 

IX. Common verbs have generally four participles ; as, 
dignans, dignaturus, dignatus, dignandus, from dignor, " to 
think worthy." Their perfect participle sometimes signi- 
fies actively and sometimes passively ; as, adeptus victori- 
am, " having obtained a victory ;" or victoria adepta, " a vic- 
tory being obtained." 

X. All participles are adjectives ; those ending in ns are 
of the third declension, the rest of the first and second. 

sions as, " Is a man to be punished for what he could not prevent 7" in 
which there is no word expressive of duty, obligation, or futurity, are 
reckoned equivalent to " Ought a man to be punished 1" 

1 . But fido has only fidens and fisus ; and soleo only solens and solitus, 



THE VERB. 135 

2. Gerunds and Supines. 

I. Gerunds are participial nouns, of the neuter gender 
and singular number, declinable like substantives, having 
no vocative, being construed like substantives, and govern- 
ing the case of their verb. 

II. They are called gerunds because they signify the 
thing, as it were, in gerendo (anciently written gerundo), that 
is, as being carried on at the time, and along with the action 
they convey an idea of the agent. 

III. A Supine is a verbal substantive, of the singular 
number and fourth declension, having the same signification 
as the verb. 

IV. There are two supines ; one in um, called the first 
supine, which governs the case of the verb, and is supposed 
to be an accusative ; and another in u, called the second, 
or latter supine, supposed to be an ablative, governing no 
case, and generally having a passive signification. 

CONJUGATION OF THE VERB. 

I. There are in Latin four conjugations, or modes of form- 
ing the tenses of the verb, distinguished by the infinitive 
mood. 

II. The First Conjugation ends in are, and has a long 
before re of the infinitive ; as, amare, " to love ;" credre, " to 
create." 

III. The Second Conjugation ends in ere, and has e 
long before re of the infinitive ; as, monere, " to warn ;" do- 
cere, " to teach." 

IV. The Third Conjugation ends in ere, and has e short 
before re of the infinitive ; as, regere, "to rule ;" currere, 
«' to run." 

V. The Fourth Conjugation ends in ire, and has i long 
before re of the infinitive ; as, audirc, " to hear ;" punire, 
" to punish." 



136 



THE VERB. 



FORMATION OF THE TENSES. 

I. There are four principal parts of the verb, from which 
all the others are formed, namely : 

The Present Indicative, 
The Present Infinitive, 
The Perfect Indicative, 
The First Supine. 

II. To Conjugate a verb is to give these several parts in 
the order in which they have just been named. Thus, 

Pres. Lid. Pres. Inf. Perf Ind. 1st Supine, 
1st Conj. Amo, Amare, 

2d " Moneo, Monere, 

3d u Rego, Regere, 

4th " "Audio, Audire, 

III. These principal parts, it will be perceived, from the 
verbs just given, end, in the different conjugations, as fol- 
lows: 1 

1. The true view of the case is undoubtedly the following, as given 
by Struve {Grammatische Untersuchung, p. 134, seq.). The third con- 
jugation was the oldest, and the parent source of the other three, which 
are to be regarded, strictly speaking, as mere derivatives from it, and 
have every appearance, in some of their parts, of being contracted verbs. 
Thus, 

Amaimus, contracted Amamns. 



Amavi, 


Amaturn. 


Moniii, 


Moniturn. 


Rexi, 


Rectum. 


Audivi, 


Auditum. 



Amao, contracted Amo. 



Amais, 
Amait, 

Moneo. 
Moneis, 
Moneit, 

Audio. 
Audlis, 
Audiit, 



Amas. 
Amat. 

Mones. 

Monet. 

Audis. 
Audit. 



AmaitiS; 
Amaunt, 

Moneimus, 

Moneitis, 

Moneunt, 

Audumus, 

Audntis, 

Audlunt. 



Amatis. 
Amant. 

Monemus. 

Monetis. 

Monent. 

Audlmus. 
Auditis. 



The final syllables in amat, monet, and audit, where we would expect 
to see a long vowel resulting from the contraction, are shortened by the 
influence of the t at the end of the words, and which controls, as it were, 
the contraction, in order to preserve the analogy of the language. 



THE VERB. 137 

Pres. Lid. Pres. Inf. Perf. Ind. 1st Supine. 
1st Conj. o, are, avi, atum. 

2d " eo, ere, ui, itum. 

3d " o, i ere, i, turn. 

4th u 10, ire, ivi, Itum. 

IV. As, in order to form the other tenses, it is necessary 
to know not merely the present of the indicative and in- 
finitive, but also the perfect and supine, the following rules 
must be carefully attended to. 

1. The first, second, and fourth conjugations, with some 
exceptions in the first, form the perfect and supine as 
follows : 

1st Conj. in avi and atum; as, amdvi, amatum. 
2d " in ui and itum ; " moniii, monitum. 
4th " in ivi and Itum ; " audivi, audltum. 

2. In the third conjugation the following laws hold good, 
namely, 

If a vowel precede ere in the infinitive, the perfect is 
formed by adding i to the root, and the supine by 
adding turn. But in the case of the supine the vowel 
of the root becomes long ; as, 

acil-o, acu-i, acu-tum. 

tribu-o, tribu-i, tribu-tum. 

But if a consonant precede ere, the regular termination 
of the perfect is in si ; as, carpo, carp si ; demo, demsi, 
&c. 
The s, however, of this si undergoes various changes : 

(a) When the letters c, g, h, or qu precede, it unites 
with them and forms x ; as, duco, duxi ; fingo, finxi ; 
traho, traxi ; coquo, coxu 

(b) When the letter b precedes, it is changed into p ; 
as, scribo, scrip si. 

(c) When d precedes, sometimes s, sometimes d is 
dropped ; as, defendo, defendi ; claudo, clausi. 

12* 



138 THE VERB. 

(d) The letter 6" is also dropped in many verbs whose 
deviations in this respect are best learned from the 
dictionary ; as, lego, legi ; emo, emi, &c. 
The supine, when a consonant precedes ere, adds turn 
to the root ; as, carp-o, carp-turn ; dic-o, dic-tum. 
Some change of the preceding consonant, however, 
occasionally takes place ; as, for example, 
(«) The letter b changes to ap; as, in scrib-o, scrip- 
turn ; nubo, nuptum. 
{b) The letters g, h, and qu change into c; as, reg-o, 
rec-tum ; trah-o, trac-tum ; coqu-o, coc-tum. 

(c) Verbs in do make sum in place of dtum ; as, de- 
fend-o, defen-sum. 

(d) In some verbs the supine has x ; &s,fig-o,fix-um ; 
in others, n of the root is thrown out ; as, vinc-o, 
vic-tum. 

3. Two irregularities are especially common in the for- 
mation of the perfect of the third conjugation ; 1st, the 
reduplication of the first consonant with the vowel that 
follows it, or with e; as, tundo, tutudi ; cano, cecini ; 
curro, cuciirri ; parco, peperci ; and, 2d, many of them 
are formed like the second conjugation, especially 
those in lo and mo ; as, alo, alui, alitum (or ahum) ; 
molo, molili, molltum ; gemo, gemui, gemitum. 

V. The present, infinitive, perfect, and supine being now 
known, the other tenses are formed from them as follows : 

I. From the Present Indicative Active are formed, 

1. The Present Subjunctive Active, 

2. The Imperfect Indicative Active. 

3. The First Future Active. 

1. The Present Subjunctive Active is formed by chang- 
ing o into em in the first conjugation ; as, am-o, am-em ; 
and o into am in the remaining conjugations ; as, mon- 
eo, mon-eam ; reg-o, reg-am ; aud-io, aud-iam. 



THE VERB. 139 

And from this present subjunctive active comes, in its 
turn, the present subjunctive passive, by changing m 
into r in all the conjugations ; as, am-er, mon-ear, 
reg-ar, aud-iar. 

2. The Imperfect Indicative Active is formed by changing 
o in the first conjugation into dbam ; and, in the re- 
maining conjugations, into ebam ; as, am-dbam, mon- 
ebam, reg-ebam, audi-ebam. 

And from this is formed the same tense in the passive 
by changing m into r ; as, am-abar, mon-ebar, reg-ebar, 
audi-ebar. 

3. The First Future Active is formed by changing o in 
the first* conjugation into dbo, in the second into ebo, 
and in the third and fourth into am ; as, laud-dbo, mon- 
ebo, reg-am, audi-am. 

And from this is formed the first future passive by 
adding r in the first and second conjugations, and by 
changing m into r in the third and fourth ; as, am-abor, 
mon-ebor, reg-ar, audi-ar. 

II. From the Present Infinitive Active are formed, 

1. The Imperative Active. 

2. The Imperfect Subjunctive Active. 

3. The Present Infinitive Passive. 

1. The Imperative Active is formed by dropping re ; as, 
amare, ama, ; monere, mone ; regere, rege ; audire, audi. 

2. The Imperfect Subjunctive Active is formed by adding 
m ; as, amdre, amdrem ; monere, monerem ; regere, re- 
gerem ; audire, audxrem. 

And from this same tense is formed the imperfect sub- 
junctive passive by changing m into r; as, amdrer, 
monerer, regerer, audxrer. 

3. The Present Infinitive Passive is formed by changing 
e into i in the first, second, and fourth conjugations, and 
ere into i in the third ; as, amdre, amdri ; monlre, mo- 
neri ; audire, audiri ; legere, legi. 



140 THE VERB. 

III. From the Perfect Indicative Active are formed, 

1. The Perfect Infinitive Active. 

2. The Pluperfect Indicative. 

3. The Perfect Subjunctive. 

4. The Pluperfect Subjunctive. 

5. The Second Future. 

1. The Perfect Infinitive Active is formed by adding sse ; 
as, amavi, amavisse ; monui, monuisse ; rexi, rexisse ; 
audivi, audivisse. 

2. The Pluperfect Indicative is formed by changing i 
into tram ; as, amavi, amaveram ; monueram, rex tram, 
audiveram. 

3. The Perfect Subjunctive is formed by changing i into 
trim ; as, amavi, amaverim ; monui, monutrim ; rexi, 
rexerim ; audivi, audiverim, 

4. The Pluperfect Subjunctive is formed by adding ssem ; 
as, amavi, amavissem ; monui, monuissem; rexi, rexis- 
sem ; audivi, audivissem. 

5. The Second Future is formed by changing i into ero ; 
as, amavi, amavero ; monui, monuero ; rexi, rexero ; 
audivi, audivero. 

IV. From the Supine are formed, 

1. The Future Participle Active. 

2. The Perfect Participle Passive. 

1 . The Future Participle Active is formed by changing 
um into urus ; as, amCitum, amatiirus ; monttum, moni- 
turus ; rectum, recturus ; auditum, auditurus. 

2. The Perfect Participle Passive is formed by changing 
um into us, a, um ; as, amdtum, amdtus, -a, -um ; moni- 
tus, -a, -um ; rect-us, -a, -um ; audit-us, -a, -um. 

VI. The Present Participle Active ends, as has already 
been remarked, in the first conjugation in ans ; in the second 
and third in ens ; in the fourth in iens ; as, amans, monens, 
regens, audiens. Hence is derived the participle passive in 



THE VERB SUM. 141 

dus, by changing ns into dus ; as, amans, amandus ; monens, 
monendus ; ' regens, regendus ; audiens, aadiendus. 

Hence also is derived the Gerund ; as, amandum, aman- 
di, amando, &c. 

XLVIII. THE VERB SUM. 

I. Sum is called an Auxiliary verb, because its aid is 
necessary to the complete conjugation of the passive voice. 

II. It is also called a Substantive verb, because it is the 
most general expression of existence. 

III. Its conjugation is very irregular, and this irregularity 
is owing to the circumstance of its being derived partly 
from the Greek elfil (eimi), and partly from (pvo) {fuo). 

IV. It is thus conjugated : 

Pres. hid. Pres. Inf. Perf. Ind. 

Sum, esse, fui, to be, 

INDICATIVE MOOD. 

Present Tense, am. 

Singular. Plural. 

1. Sum, / am, Sumus, we are, 

2. Es, thou art, Estis, ye are, 

3. Est, he is, Sunt, they are. 

Imperfect, was (state of being going on). 

1. Eram, I was, Eramus, we were, 

2. Eras, thou wast 9 Eratis, ye were, 

3. Erat, he was, Erant, they were. 

Aorist, was (past time indefinite). 

1. Fui, / was, Fuimus, ice were, 

2. Fuisti, thou wast, Fuistis, ye toere, 

3. Fuit, he was, Fuerunt or fuere, they were. 

Perfect, have been. 

1. Fui, / have been, Fuimus, we have been, 

2. Fuisti, thou hadst been, Fuistis, ye have been, 

3. Fuit, he has been, Fuerunt or fuere, they have 

been. 



142 THE VERB SUM. 

Pluperfect, had been. 

1. Fueram, I had been, Fueramus, we had been, 

2. Fueras, thou hadst been, Fueratis, ye had been, 

3. Fuerat, he had been ; Fuerant, they had been. 

First Future, shall or will be. 

1. Ero, I shall or will be, Erimus, we shall or will be, 

2. Eris, thou shalt, Sic., be, Eritis, ye shall, Sic, be, 

3. Erit, he shall, Sic, be; Erunt, they shall, Sic, be. 

Second Future, shall or will have been. 

1. Fuero, I shall, Sic, have Fuenmus, we shall, Sic, have 

been, been, 

2. Fueris, thou shalt, Sic, Fueritis, ye shall, Sic, have 

have been, been, 

3. Fuerit, he shall, Sic, have Fuerint, they shall, Sic, have 

been ; been. 

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 
Present Tense, may be. 
1. Sim, / may be, Simus, we may be, 

2... Sis, thou may est be, Sitis, ye may be, 

3. Sit, he may be ; Sint, they may be. 

Imperfect, might, could, would, or should be. 

1. Essem, 2" might, Sic, be, Essemus, we might, Sic, be, 

2. Esses, thou mightest, Sic, Essetis, ye might, Sic, be, 

be, 

3. Esset, he might, Sic, be ; Essent, they might, Sic, be. 

Perfect, may have been. 

1. Fuerim, I may have been, Fuerimus, we may have been, 

2. Fueris, thou mayest have Fueritis, ye may have been, 

been, 
'3. Fuerit, he may have been ; Fuerint, they may have been. 



THE VERB SUM. 143 

Pluperfect, might, could, would, or should have been. 

1. Fuissem, J might, &c, Fuissemus, we might, Sec, 

have been, have been, 

2. Fuisses, thou mightest, Fuissetis, ye might, &c, have 

<fcc., have been, been, 

3. Fuisset, he might, &c, Fuissent, they might, &c, 

have been ; have been. 

IMPERATIVE MOOD. 

2. Es or esto, be thou, Este or estote, be ye, 

3. Esto, let him be ; Sunto, let them be. 

INFINITIVE MOOD. 
Present and Imperfect, Esse, to be. 
Perfect and Pluperfect, Fuisse, to have been. 
First Future, Esse futurus, to be about to be. 1 

Second Future, Fuisse futurus, to have been 

about to be. 
Participle. Future, Futurus, a, um, about to be. 

V. The compounds of sum, namely, adsum, absum, desum, 
insum, intersum, obsum, pr&sum, subsum, supersum, are de- 
clined like the simple verb, except that insum and subsum 
wa,nt the perfect and the tenses formed from it. 

VI. In prosum, another compound, a d is interposed when 
a vowel follows pro ; as, prodes, proderam, prodesse, &c, 
while possum, from potis and sum, is very irregular. Both 
these verbs will be considered under the head of irregular 
verbs, to which, in strictness, however, possum alone be- 
longs. 

VII. Instead of ess em, the form for em (contracted from 
fuerem) is also in use. 

VIII. Ens, the participle present of sum, js used only as 
a substantive in philosophical language, and in the two 
compounds absens and prozsens. 

1. This same participle, when joined with sim, supplies the place, in 
some respect, of a future of the subjunctive ; as, futurus sim, sis, &c, 
" I may be about to be," &c. 



144 EXERCISES ON THE VERB SUM. 

XLIX. EXERCISES ON SUM AND ITS COMPOUNDS. 
I. 

Translate the following, and name the number and per- 
son, Sic. 

Ego sum homo. — Nunquam solus es, Deus semper tecum 
est. — Si contenti sumus, felices erimus. — Tu, pater tuus, 
et omnes homines, estis l mortales. — Omnes homines, reges, 
principes, divites et pauperes sunt vitae futurae haeredes. — 
Olim adolescens eram, nunc vir sum, mox senex ero. — Olim 
adolescentes eramus, nunc viri sumus, mox senes erimus. — 
O puer, multi laboris et curae causa matri tuae eras. — Saepe 
in domo exigua vir magnus est. — Pueri, qui hie estis, olim 
eratis infantes. — Antiquissimis hominibus specus pro 2 domi- 
bus erant. — Si contentus es, nunquam eris pauper. — Igna- 
vus semper erit ignarus. — Nunc pueri estis, aliquando eritis 
viri, denique senes. — Boni homines sunt et erunt felices, 
mali infelices. — Ego idem sum qui 3 fui, et semper ero qui 4 
fui. — Dane, ultimus regum Persarum fuisti ! — Marce Tulli, 
quanta fuit tua eloquentia, gloria et doctrina ! — Sumus, fui- 
mus, et erimus semper in potestate Dei. — Nero et Caligula, 
Caesarum Romanorum crudelissimi fuistis ! — Fuerunt plures 
Hercules ; celeberrimus eorum fuit Hercules GraecusX^-Ego 
non sum idem qui fui et fueram ; tu non es idem, qui fuisti 
et fueras. — Imperium imperatoris Titi, qui semper clemens 
et benevolus fuerat, brevissimum fuit. — Nos omnes senes 5 
non sumus iidem, qui pueri fuimus et fueramus. — Nonne 
omnes pueri fueratis, antequam viri eratis 1 — Multae urbes 
Graecias, quae olim potentes fuerant, Christi aetate erant ex- 
iguae. — Es industrius, puer; nam vita humana est brevissi- 

1. As we have already remarked, the first person is preferred to the 
second, the second to the third. Hence we have estis here, as tu in the 
second person controls pater and homines in the third. 

2. Pro, " instead of," " in lieu of." 

3. Qui, " that." 

4. Qui, " the one that." 

5 Senes, " as old men ;" pueri, " when boys." 



EXERCISES ON THE VERB SUM. 145 

ma. — Este diligentes ; nam labor parens est omnium virtu- 
turn.— Justus esto, judex! — Qui miser est, semper mihi 
proximus esto. — In schola, discipuli, diligentes et attend 
estote. — Aliorum exampla nobis veluti specula sunto. 

Quis sim mihi no turn est, quis futurus sim 1 mihi ignotum 
est.— Sit 2 mens sana in corpore sano. — Benigni simus non 
solum adversus amicos, sed etiam adversus inimicos. — Ne 
sitis 3 hominum censores rigidi. — Utinam 4 ingenii et virtutum 
patriarum haeredes semper sint liberi ! — Essem malus homo, 
si adversus parentes, praeceptores et alios homines benefi- 
cos ingratus essem. — Tu esses ditior si magis prodigus fu- 
issem. — Quis esset pauper, si omnes homines benefici et 
liberales essent. — Essetis doctiores, discipuli, si diligentio- 
res fuissetis. — Qualis puer fuerim mihi ignotum est. — Qui 
vitae exitus Euripidi fuerit, doctis ignotum est. — Qui Home- 
rus et Hesiodus fuerint multis ignotum est. — Multi feliciores 
essent, si semper providi fuissent. — Omnibus ignotum est, 
quid futurum sit— Quae futura sint, deo soli nota sunt. — In- 
certum est quam longa vita nostrum cuj usque futura sit. 

Usus cerevisiae frequens est, ubi vinum deest. — Mensis 
rotundis desunt 5 anguli.— Epistolae ne desit munditia. — Mag- 
no exercitui Persarum defuit dux peritus. — Bonis nunquam 
deerunt amici. — Aliis 6 consilium, aliis animus, aliis occasio 
deest. — Eae civitates sunt felicissimae quibus praesunt optimi 
magistratus. — Septem Graeciae sapientes omnes, praster Tha- 
letem Milesium, civitatibus suis praefuerunt. — Eeipublicae 

1. Consult note 1, page 143. 

2. Sit, " let there be." So, in the next sentence, simus, " let us be." 

3. With the imperative not must be rendered by ne. Instead, how- 
ever, of the imperative, used as an exhortation, the present or perfect 
subjunctive may be used, where it is intended to express the command 
in a milder form : as in English, you should is used for the imperative. 
Hence ne sitis may be rendered " do not be." 

4. Utinam liberi sint, " Oh that children may be," implying that they 
may or may not be. But utinam liberi essent, " Oh that children were !" 
implying that they are not. 

5. Desum, prcesum, and some other compounds of stem, take the da- 
tive. 

6. Aliis — aliis, " to some" — " to others." 

13 



146 



EXERCISES ON THE VERB SUM. 



Romanae praeerant consules, Atheniensibus Archontes. — Ex- 
ercitui fortissimo si praesit imperator timidus, haud certa est 
victoria. — In aqua marina sal inest. 1 — Semina 2 scintillarum 
insunt etiam in ligno. — Demosthenes multis reis 3 adfuit. — 
Adestote animis, 4 qui adestis corporibus. — Aristldes interfuit 
pugnae navali apud Salamina. — Divites pauperibus adsunto. 
— Infelicibus quam multis adfuisse, morienti magnum sola- 
tium erit. — Inter principium et interltum reipublicae Ro- 
manae mille ducenti et viointi anni interfuerunt. 



II. 

Convert trie following ungrammatical Latin into gram- 
matical, so as to suit the English words opposite. 

Thou that art poor, but 
healthy, art happier than 
the richest man who is of a 
sickly frame. 

Are you not all children of one 
father ? 

He doves, how pure, ye eagles, 
how cruel ye are ! 

Hannibal, thou ivert the great- 
est leader of the Carthagin- 
ians, 

My son, be a good boy, and 
thou wilt be pleasing to 
God and man. 

Who will be happy in death 1 
He who shall have been 
pious in this life. 



Tu qui sum pauper sed vali- 
dus, sum felix quam dives 
qui sum corpus infirmus. 

Nonne tu omnis sum liberi 

unus pater ? 
Tu columba quam purus, tu 

aquila quam crudelis sum ! 
Hannibal, tu sum magnus dux 

Carthaginiensis ! 

Meus films, sum puer bonus, 

et Deus homoque acceptus 

sum. 
Quis sum felix in mors? 

Ille qui in hie vita pius 

sum. 



1. It is looked upon, generally, as an elegance, to have a preposition 
in composition, and the same preposition, with a case governed by it, in 
one and the same clause. 

2. Semina, " the germes." The reference is to latent heat. 

3. Rcis. The adjective, from reus. 

4. Animis, " with your minds." 



EXERCISES ON THE VERB SUM. 



147 



Thou heaven, and ye stars, he 
ever witnesses of the wisdom 
and goodness of God. 

You Phoenicians were the in- 
ventors of very many arts. 

I wish I were very learned. 

Oh that we may be free and 
happy. 

Do not be a defender of all 
abandoned and most wicked 
men. 

He is most happy who shall 
have been most pious. 

The war is about to be most 
cruel. 

What may be about to be is 
known to us all who are here. 

Magistrates preside over the 
state, laws over magistrates. 

Let the safety of the people be 
the supreme law. 

To certain animals feet are 
wanting. 

Regulus commanded the Ro- 
man army. 

Let clamour and quarrels be 
away. 

He to whom sight is wanting 
is blind ; to whom hearing, 
deaf ; to whom speech, 
dumb. 

In wine there is truth. 

Be present, oh my God, to the 
prayers of all who are faith- 
ful and v:ith pure hearts. 



Tu coelum, et tu stella, sum 
semper testis sapientia et 
benelicentia Deus. 

Tu Phoenices sum inventor 
plurimus ars. 

Utinam sum doctus. 

Utinam sum liber et felix. 

Ne sum omnis perditus sce- 
leratusque homo defensor. 

Qui pius sum ille felix sum. 

Bellum sum atrox. 

Quis sum notus sum ego om- 
nis qui hie sum. 

Magistratus civitas praesum, 
magistratus lex. 

Salus populus supremus lex 
sum. 

Quidam animal desum pes. 

Regulus exercitus Romanus 

praesum. 
Absum clamor et rixa. 

Qui visus desum, caecus sum, 
qui auditus, surdus ; qui 
sermo, mutus. 

In vinum in sum Veritas. 
Adsum, meus Deus, preces 

omnis qui fidelis sum, et 

cor purus. 



148 



FIRST CONJUGATION. 



L. FIRST CONJUGATION, ACTIVE VOICE. 
Pres. Ind. Pres. Inf. Perf. Ind. Supine. 
Amo, Amare, Amavi, Amatum, To love. 

INDICATIVE MOOD. 
Present Tense, love. 
Sing. 1. Am-o, / love, 

2. Am-as, Thou lovest, 

3. Am-at, He loves ; 
Plur. 1. Am-amus, We love, 

2. Am-atis, Ye love, 

3. Am-ant, They love. 

Imperfect, was loving. 



Sing. 


L 


Am-abam, 




I was loving, 




2. 


Am- abas, 




Thou wast loving : 




3. 


Am-abat, 




He was loving ; 


Plur. 


1 


Am-abamus 




We were loving, 




2. 


Am-abatis, 




Ye were loving, 




3, 


Am-abant, 




They were loving 








Aorist, loved. 


Sing. 


1 


Am-avi, 




I loved, 




2, 


Am-avisti, 




Thou didst love, 




3, 


Am-avit, 




He loved ; 


Plur. 


1. 


Am-aAQmus, 




We loved, 




2. 


Am-avistis, 




Ye loved, 




3. 


Am-averunt 
-avere, 


or 


They loved. 






Perfect 


, have loved. 


Sing. 


1. 


Am-avi, 




I have loved, 




2. 


Am-avisti, 




Thou hast loved, 




3. 


Am-avit, 




He has loved ; 


Plur. 


1. 


Am-avimus, 




We have loved, 




2. 


Am-avistis, 




Ye have loved, 




3. 


Am-averunt 
-avere, 


or 


They have loved. 



FIRST CONJUGATION. 149 

Pluperfect, had loved. 
Sing. 1. Am-averam, / had loved, 

2. Am-averas, Thou hadst loved, 

3. Am-averat, He had loved ; 
Plur. 1. Am-averamus, We had loved, 

2. Am-averatis, Ye had loved, 

3. Am-averant, They had loved. 

First Future, shall or will love. 

Sing. 1. Am-abo, I shall, &c, Zoue, ♦ 

/ 2. Am-abis, T%0w shalt, &c, Zoue, 

3. Am-abit, He shall, &c, Zowe; 

P/wr. 1. Am-abimus, TT^e ^AaZZ, &-c, Zoue, 

2. Am-abitis, Ye jAaZZ, &c, love, 

3. Am-abunt, 27* ey sAaZZ, &c, Zcwe. 

Second Future, sAaZZ or t^^ZZ Aaue Z^fecZ. 
jSkVag*. 1. Am-avero, I shall, &lc, have loved, 

2. Am-averis, Thou shalt, &c, Aave loved, 

3. Am-averit, He sAaZZ, &c, have loved ; 
Plur. 1. Am-averimus, We shall, <fcc, Aaue ZouecZ, 

2. Am-averTtis, Ye sAaZZ, &c, have loved, 

3. Arn-averint, 27tey shall, &c, Aaue ZouecZ. 

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 
Present, may love. 
Sing. 1. Am-em, I may love, 

2. Am-es, Thou may est love, 

3. Am-et, He may love ; 
Plur. 1. Am-emus, We may love, 

2. Am-etis, Ye frcay Zeve, 

3. Am-ent, They may love. 

Imperfect, might, could, would, or should love. 
Sing. 1. Am-arem, I might, &c, Ztfue, 

2. Am-ares, TVbw mightest, Sic, love, 

3. Am-aret, .He might, &c, Zwe ; 

13* 



150 FIRST CONJUGATION. 

Plur. 1. Am-aremus, We might, &c, love, 

2. Am-aretis, Ye might, &c, love, 

3. Am-arent, They might, &c, love. 

Perfect, may have loved. 
Sing. 1. Am-averim, I may have loved, 

2. Am-averis, Thou mayest have loved, 

3. Am-averit, He may have loved ; 
Plur. 1. Am-averlmus, We may have loved, 

2. Am-averitis, Ye may have loved, 

3. Am-averint, They may have loved. 

Pluperfect, might, could, would, or should have loved. 
Sing. 1. Am-avissem, I might, &c, have loved, 

2. Am-avisses, Thou mightest, &c, have loved, 

3. Am-avisset, He might, &c, have loved ; 
Plur. 1. Am-avissemus, We might, &c, Aave Zoverf, 

2. Am-avissetis, Ye might, &c, Aaue Zouec?, 

3. Am-avissent, TAey might, &c, Aaue foued. 

IMPERATIVE MOOD. 
iSingf. 2. Am-a or -ato, Zoi>e ^Aow, 

3. Am- ato, Ze£ Azttz fouc ; 

Plur. 2. Am-ate or -atote, Love ye, 

3. Am-anto, .Letf them love. 

INFINITIVE MOOD. 
Pres. and Imp., Am-are, To love, 
Perf. and Plup., Am-avisse, To have loved, 
First Fut., Esse am- To be about to love, 

aturus, 
Second Fut., Fuisse am- To have been about to love. 
aturus, 

PARTICIPLES. 
Pres. and Imp., Am-ans, Loving, 

Future, Am-aturus, a, um, About to love. 



EXERCISES ON THE FIRST CONJUGATION. 151 





GERUNDS. 




Nora. 


Am-andum, 


Loving, 


Gen. 


Am-andi, 


Of loving, 


Bat. 


Am-ando, 


To loving, 


Ace. 


Am-andum, 


Loving, 


All 


Am-ando, 

SUPINES. 


By, &c, loving. 


First, 


Am-atum, 


To love, 


Second, 


Am-atu, 


To be loved. 



LI. EXERCISES ON THE FIRST CONJUGATION, ACTIVE 
VOICE. 

I. 

Translate the following, and mention the tense, number, 
person, &c. 

Tu me amas, ego te amo. — Animus peccat, non corpus. 
— Aslnus onera portat gravissima. — Rogamus Deum, ut no- 
bis propitius sit ; nam turn demum felices sumus, quum 
Deus nobis propitius est. — Si correctorem amatis, pueri, 
salutem vestram amatis ; si reprehensorem repudiatis, stulti 
estis. — Innumera3 stellae ornant ccelum nocturnum. — Te de- 
lectant tua negotia, 1 me mea, quemque sua. — Ego et omnes 
praeceptores laudamus 2 diligentes discipulos, et vituperamus 
pigros. — Tu, ego, et omnes homines amamus et adoramus 
Deum, universi mundi creatorem. — Omnes homines et vos, 
qui hie adestis, amatis et adoratis Deum, benignissimum 
patrem nostrum omnium. — Olim habitabam in agro, nunc 
habito in urbe. — Horati, vehementer vituperabas pravos mo- 
res degenerum Eomanorum ! — Pythagoras omnibus homini- 
bus frugalitatem commendabat. — Nos iEgyptii antiquissimis 
temporibus easdem fere regiones habitabamus, quas nunc 

1. Negotia, " affairs." 

2. The student will remember that, grammatically speaking, the first 
person is superior to the second, and the second to the third. Hence 
we have laudamus here, and soon after amatis and adoratis. 



152 EXERCISES ON THE FIRST CONJUGATION, 

habitamus. — Romani quotannis binos consules creabant. — 
Parentes, patriam, et omnia, quae bona sunt, semper amabo, 
honorabo, et laudabo. — Si sis felix, multos numerabis ami- 
cos. — Deus aliquando omnes mortuos suscitabit. — Alibi ha- 
bitabimus post mortem. — Senes semper laudabunt tempora 
praeterita. ^S^ 

Optima semper laudavi, pessima vituperavi. — Quam po- 
tens et sapiens es, mi Deus, qui universum mundum crea- 
visti ! — Calchas divinavit annos belli Trojani. — Nos Chris- 
tian! semper veritatem amavimus.- — injusti Athenienses, 
qui Socratem damnavistis ! — Ciceronem Quintus Catulus 
multique alii patrem patriae nominaverunt. — Puer, 1 semper 
optaveram ut dives essem, nunc autem opto ut Justus et sa- 
piens sim. — Croese, magnae divitiae, quas tibi comparaveras, 
te non servaverunt ! — Fratres Joseph! dilaceraverunt vestem 
versicolor em, quam pater ipsi donaverat. — Rex noster, nobis 
donavit pacem, quam diu frustra expectaveramus. — Spec- 
tavistis, pueri, quod optaveratis. — Romulus et Remus, quos 
pastores educaverant, fuerunt conditores Romae. — Non re- 
pudiabo amicos, quos mihi comparavero. — Poma gustabis, 
si arbores plantaveris. — Ille, qui, inhac vita, Deum adorave- 
rit, homines amaverit, et laudabilia laudaverit, in altera be- 
atissimus erit. — Si bonam famam nobis servaverimus, satis 
divites erimus. — Quum viginti duplicaveritis, discipuli, quot 
numerabitis ? — Si quid ignoras interroga sapientes. — Milites 
victores ne trucldate 2 inermes et supplices. — Homo semper 
sibi bonam famam servato. — Celebratote dies festos. — Ju- 
niores seniores honoranto. — Magistratus bini quotannis 
sunto, eosque omnes honoranto, salutanto, et consules vo- 
canto. *--^__ 

Religio Christiana postulat, ut 3 non solum parentes et 
propinquos amem, sed etiam alios homines ut 4 me ipsum. — 

1. Puer, "when a boy." 

2. Ne trucidate. Consult note 3, page 145. 

3. Ut, u that." The conjunction, and construed with the subjunctive. 

4. Ut, " as," the adverb. 



EXERCISES ON THE FIRST CONJUGATION. 153 

In rebus adversis ne desperes. — Quis dubitet, quin 1 in vir- 
tute divitiae sint ? — Laudemus optima, vituperemus pessima ! 
— Necem Caesaris probarem, si percussores ejus rempubli- 
cam Romanam servavissent ! — Deus terrain creavit, ut nos 
homines earn habitaremus. — Dubito an amicos, quos mihi 
eomparavero, unquam repudiaturus sim. — Nemo dubitat, quin 
Deus mundum, quern creavit, gubernaturus et conservaturus 
sit. — Quo grues auctumno migraturoe sint, cuinam notum 
est ?— -Quid hodie laboraverim et cogitaverim tibi narrabo. 
— Quid cogitemus, quid cogitaverimus, quid cogitaturi simus, 
soli Deo notum est. — Historia narrat quantopere veteres Ro- 
mani bellum et artes bellicas amaverint. 2 — Si semper de 
morte cogitavissem, 3 minus ssepe peccavissem. — Minus 
saepe peccavissetis, homines, si cogitavissetis, quam Justus 
sit 4 Deus. — Errare humanum est. — In errore perseverare 
turpe est. — Multo se ipsum, 5 quam hostem, superare opero- 
sius est. — Sibi 6 divitias comparare jucundum est. — Deum 
adoravisse, atque homines amavisse, morienti magnum so- 
latium erit. — Ipsa voluntas peccandi est peccatum. — Anto- 
nius deditissimus erat potando. — Camelus non solum ad 
portandum, sed etiam ad equitandum, est idoneus. — Summa 
aceti vis est in refrigerando. — Fumans caminus indicat dom- 
icilium humanum. — Erranti monstremus iter. — Nihil est Ion- 
gum somnianti. — Cantantes in aerem alaudae evolant. 

1. Quin, "but that." Construed with the subjunctive. 

2. Amaverint, " loved." All sentences, clauses, or simple words 
which contain an indirect question, that is, which do not put a question, 
but state the subject of one, dependant upon some other verb or prepo- 
sition, are, in Latin, in the subjunctive mood. All the words which are 
used for direct questions, with the indicative mood, may in this way 
have a subjunctive, such as, quis, quot, qualis, quantus, &c, and among 
the number quantopere. It must be observed, moreover, that frequently, 
in translating this subjunctive into English, we have to use the indica- 
tive, as in the present instance. 

3. Cogitavissem, " had reflected." The mood is the subjunctive, 
but we have to employ our indicative in translating. Compare previous 
note, towards its close. 

4. Sit, "is." Consult note 2. 

5. Se ipsum, " one's own self." 

6. Sibi, " one's self." 



154 EXERCISES ON THE FIRST CONJUGATION. 



II. 

Convert the following ungrammatical Latin into gram- 
matical, so as to suit the English words opposite. 

Virtus concilio et servo ami- 
cus. 

Cicero supero omnis Roma- 
nus in eloquentia. 

Cato voco Sicilia aerarium 
populus Romanus. 



Virtue conciliates and pre- 
serves friends. 

Cicero surpassed all the Ro- 
mans in eloquence. 

Cato used to call Sicily the 
treasury of the Roman peo- 
ple. 

We Christians worship none 
other than the true God. 

Vulcan and the Cyclopes in- 
habited JEtna, a mountain 
of Sicily. 

I have praised a country life, 
but now I will praise a city 
life. 

You Romans are going to call 
out the bravest soldiers. 

The time of fighting is now at 
hand. 

Be ye all faithful, and fight 
and conquer, and celebrate 
victory when ye shall have 
drawn near to the city. 

There are even flying fishes. 

The instances of changing for- 
tune are innumerable. 

Let us all praise the man who 
preserves himself from the 
snares of vice, and curbs 
his evil desires. 

Let your boohs delight you. 



Ego Christianus adoro nullus 
alius quam verus Deus. 

Vulcanus et Cyclops habito 
iEtna, mons Sicilia. 

Laudo vita rusticus, at nunc 
vita urbanus laudo. 

Tu Romanus voco fortis mi- 
les. 
Tempus pugno nunc adsum. 

Sum omnis fidelis, et pugno 
et supero, et quum ad urbs 
advento victoria celebro. 

Sum etiam piscis volo. 

Exemplum vario fortuna sum 
innumerus. 

Omnis laudo homo qui sui 
servo ab insidiae vitium, et 
cupiditas malus freno. 

Tuus liber delecto tu. 



FIRST CONJUGATION, PASSIVE VOICE. 



155 



You would regulate your life 

better, my friends, if you 

were more prudent. 
Most beloved sister, you are 

going to surpass me in 

learning* 
You would taste fruits if you 

had planted trees. 
Many men would sin less, if 

they would reflect how just 

God is. 
We put to flight sorrow by 

singing. 
This war is going to desolate 

our city. 



Melius colloco vita vestra, 
amicus, si prudens sum* 

Dilectus soror supero ego 
doctrina. 

Pomum gusto si arbor planto. 

Multus homo minus pecco, si 
cogito quam Justus sum 
Deus. 

Moeror canto fugo. 

Hie bellum urbs noster de- 
vasto. 



LII. FIRST CONJUGATION, PASSIVE VOICE. 
Pres. Ind. Pres. Inf. Perf. Part. 
Amor, Amari, Amatus, To be loved, 

INDICATIVE MOOD. 
Present Tense, am loved. 



Sing. 1. Am-or, 

2.,, Am-aris or -are, 
3. Am-atur, 

1. Am-amur, 

2. Am-amini, 

3. Am-antur, 



PI 



I am loved, 
Thou art loved, 
He is loved ; 
We are loved, 
Ye are loved, 
They are loved. 



Imperfect, was loved. 
Sing. 1 . Am-abar, / was loved, 

2. Am-abarisor-abare, Thou wast loved, 

3. Am-abatur, He was loved ; 
Plur. 1. Am-abamur, We were loved f 

2. Am-abamlni, Ye were loved, 

3. Am-abantur, They were loved. 



156 FIRST CONJUGATION, PASSIVE VOICE. 

Aorist, was loved. 
Sing. 1. Am-atus sum or fui, I was loved, 

2. Am-atus es or fuisti, Thou wast loved, 

3. Am-atus est or fuit, He was loved ; 
Plur. 1. Am-ati sumus or fui- We were loved, 

mus, 

2. Am-ati estis or fu- Ye toere loved, 

istis, 

3. Am-ati sunt or fue- TAey were fo^ed. 

runt or fuere, . 

Perfect, have been loved. 

Sing. 1. Am-atus sum or fui, / have been loved, 

2. Am-atus es or fuisti, Thou hast been loved, 

3. Am-atus est or fuit, He has been loved; 
Plur. 1. Am-ati sumus or fui- We have been loved, 

mus, 

2. Am-ati estis or fu- Ye have been loved, 

istis, 

3. Am-ati sunt or fue- They have been loved. 

runt or fuere, 

Pluperfect, had been loved. 

Sing. 1. Am-atus eram or fue- / had been loved, 
ram, 

2. Am-atus eras or fue- TAou hadst been loved, 

ras, 

3. Am-atus erat or fue- JFZe had been loved ; 

rat, 
P/wr. 1. Am-ati eramus or We had been loved, 
fueramus, 

2. Am-ati eratis or fue- Ye had been loved, 

ratis, 

3. Am-ati erant or fue- They had been loved. 

rant, 



FIRST CONJUGATION, PASSIVE VOICE. 157 

First Future, shall or will be loved. 
Sing* 1. Am-abor, I shall, &c, be loved, 

2. Am-aberis or abere, Thou shalt, &c, be loved , 

3. Am-abitur, He shall, &c, be loved ; 
Plur. 1. Am-abimur, We shall, &c, Z><? Zou6<#, 

2. Am-abimmi, Ye shall, &c, fo fowedf, 

3. Arn-abuntur, T^ey sAaZZ, &c, be loved. 

Second Future, shall or will have been loved. 

Sing. 1. Am-atus fuero, I shall, &c, have been loved, 

2. Am-atus fueris, Thou shalt, &c, have been 

loved, 

3. Am-atus fuerit, He shall, &c, Aawe fo^ra loved; 
Plur, 1. Am-ati fuerimus, Wie ^AaZZ, &c, Aowe fom Zovec?, 

2. Am-ati fueritis, Ye ^A«//, &c, have been loved, 

3. Am-ati fuerint, They shall, &c, Aaue been 

loved. 

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 
Present, may be loved. 
Sing. 1 . Am-er, I may be loved, 

2. Am-eris or -ere, Thou may est be loved, 

3. Am-etur, He may be loved; 
Plur. 1. Am-emur, We may be loved, 

2. Am-emmi, Ye may be loved, 

3. Am-entur, They may be loved. 

Imperfect, might, could, would, or should be loved. 
Sing. 1. Am-arer, I might, &c., be loved, 

2. Am-areris or -arere, Thou mightest, &c., be loved, 

3. Am-aretur, He might, &c, be loved ; 
Plur. 1. Am-aremur, We might, &c, be loved, 

2. Am-aremmi, Ye might, &c, fo Zovedf, 

3. Am-arentur, They might, &c., be loved, 

14 



158 FIRST CONJUGATION, PASSIVE VOICE. 

Perfect, may have been loved. 
Sing. 1. Am-atus sim or fu- J may have been loved, 
erim, 

2. Am-atus sis or fueris, Thou mayest have been loved, 

3. Am-atus sitorfuerit, He may have been loved; 
Plur. 1. Am-ati simus or fu- We may have been loved, 

erimus, 

2. Am-ati sitis or fue- Ye may have been loved, 

ritis, 

3. Am-ati sint or fue- They may have been loved. 

rint, 

Pluperfect, might, could, would, or should have been loved. 
Sing. 1. Am-atus essem or I might, &c, have been loved, 
fuissem, 

2. Am-atus esses or Thou mightest, &c, have been 

fuisses, loved, 

3. Am-atus esset or He might, &c, have been 

fuisset, loved ; 

Plur. 1. Am-ati essemus or We might, &c, have been 

fuissemus, loved, 

2. Am-ati essetis or Ye might, &c., have been 

fuissetis, loved, 

3. Am-ati essent or They might, &c., have been 

fuissent, loved. 

IMPERATIVE MOOD. 
Sing. 2. Am-are or -ator, BeJhou loved, 

3. Am-ator, Let him be loved; 

Plur. 2. Am-ammi, Be ye loved, 

3. Am-antor, Let them be loved. 

INFINITIVE MOOD. 
Pres. and Imp., Am-ari, To be loved. 

Perf. and Plup., Esse or fuisse To have been loved. 

am-atus, 
Future, Am-atum iri, To be about to be loved. 



EXERCISES ON THE FIRST CONJUGATION. 159 

PARTICIPLES. 
Perfect, Am-atus, a, um, Loved. 

Future, Am-andus, a, um, To be loved. 1 

LIII. EXERCISES ON THE FIRST CONJUGATION, PASS- 
IVE VOICE. 

Preliminary Rule. 
The principal agent, when following a verb of passive 
signification, is governed in the ablative by the prepositions 
a, ab, or abs ; 2 as, Laudatur ab his, culpatur ab Mis ; " he is 
praised by these, is blamed by those." 

I. 

Translate the following, and mention the tense, number, 
person, &c. 

Honoro omnes probos, et honoror ab omnibus probis. — O 
Deus, nunquam satis iaudaris et celebraris. — Sol a quibus- 
dam gentibus tanquam Deus adoratur. — Tempora mutantur, 
et nos mutamur in illis. — Si non honor atis eos, qui honore 
digni 3 sunt, ipsi quoque non honoramini. — Pastores migran- 
tes nomades vocantur. — Saepe non resalutabar ab illis, quos 
salutaveram. — Socrates, summe philosophorum, a multis 
vituperabaris, et a multis honorabaris ! — Olim Gallia ab Aqui- 
tanis, Celtis et Belgis habitabatur. — Benignissime Deus, 
quoties donabamur a te, quern nunquam donabamus !— 
Quoties, Romani, ab Hannibale superabamini ! — Yites, 
apud 4 priscos, propter 5 magnitudinem, inter arbores numera- 
bantur. — Si senes honor abo, ab iis laudabor. — Amaberis ab 
omnibus bonis hominibus, si virtutem amabis. — Bonus dis- 

1. Consult remarks on this participle, page 133. 

2. The preposition a is used before words commencing with a con- 
sonant ; ab before those which begin with a vowel, or with either of the 
letters h, j (I not uniformly), r, and s. With regard to abs, the rule is 
to employ it only before t and qu ; but even here a is often used for it. 

3. Honore digni, " worthy of honour." Dignus governs the ablative. 

4. Apud, " among." Preposition governing the accusative. 

5. Propter, " on account of." — Inter, " among." Both prepositions, 
governing the accusative. 



160 EXERCISES ON THE FIRST CONJUGATION. 

cipulus a praeceptore laudabitur, piger vituperabitur et cas- 
tigabitur. — Si sublevabimus inopes, et ipsi sublevabimur. 
• — Laudabimini, si laudabiles eritis. — Nunquam honorabun- 
tur ii, qui neminem honorant — Homo a Deo, auctore om- 
nium rerum, creatus est. — Quando Constantinopolis a Tur- 
cis expugnata est 1 — Prima aetas mundi vocata est aurea. — 
Caesar a Bruto aliisque conjuratis necatus est. — A Tar- 
quinio Superbo, ultimo Romanorinn rege, templum Jovis 
Capitolmi aediflcatum est. — A Phoenicibus varies artes ex- 
cogitatae sunt.— -Tu, pater, et fratres tui a Deo creati estis. 
—Cyrus, Romulus et Remus inter pastores educati sunt. — 
A Graecis et Romanis diis deabusque multa templa sacrata 
sunt. 

Romulus, qui a Faustulo pastore educatus erat, cum 
multis gentibus bellavit. — A fratribus Josephi dilacerata 
est vestis versicolor, quae a patre ipsi donata erat. — Man- 
lius, a quo Capitolium servatum erat, a Romanis postea 
damnatus est. — Optimae arbores pomiferae e Graecia, Asia 
et Africa in Italiam 1 deportatae sunt, et ex Italia ad nos 
migraverunt. — lis hominibus, a quibus vita bene collocata 
fuerit, aliquando mors jucunda erit. — Homo, a quo Deus in 
hac vita adoratus fuerit, in altera beatissimus erit. — Quum 
octo duplicata fuerint, quot numerabuntur ? — Poma gustabun- 
tur, si arbores plantatae fuerint, — Lex erat Solonis : oratio, 
qua 2 laudantur ii, qui in prceliis necati sunt, quotannis, 
eodem die recitator. — Nullus hominum, ne bestia quidem, 
cruciator. — Seniores, a junioribus honoramini. — Pharaonis, 
crudelissimi regis, lex erat : Omnes Hebrasorum pueruli a 
matribus ipsis necantor. 

Non dubito, quin a discipulis meis amer et honorer.— 
Ut 3 lauderis, laudabilis esto. — Nemo castigetur, quia pec- 
cavit, sed ne 4 iterum peccet. — Amabiles simus, ut amemur 

1. In IlaJAam, " into Italy.'" 

2. Qua, '' in which." 

3. Ut, " in order that." 

4. Ne y " lest," or, in order that he may not, &c. 



EXERCISES ON THE FIRST CONJUGATION. 161 

— Ut honoremini, estote honore digni. 1 — Diligentes dis- 
cipuli optant, ut a praeceptoribus amentur et laudentur. — 
Virtutem semper amavi, ut a probis commendarer. — Te 
castigavi, ignave puer, ut emendareris. — Satis longa plu- 
rimorum hominum vita esset, si tota bene collocaretur. — 
Laudaremur, si laudibiles essemus. — Honoraremini, si hon- 
ore digni essetis. — Fulvia Ciceroni conjuration em Catilinae 2 
indicavit, ut cives Romani servarentur. — Non dubito, quin 
semper a parentibus amatus sim. — Quantopere a Eomanis 
bellum amatum sit, 3 nobis omnibus notum est. — Dubito, 
pueri, quin bene educati sitis. — Quis dubitat, quin Carthago 
a Csesare reparata sit 1 — Quis unquam dubitabit, quin cerasi 
a Lucullo e Ponto in Italiam deportatee sint ? — Multi hom- 
ines ignorant, a quonam creati sint. — Erravissem semper, 
nisi 4 ab amico in rectam viam essem revocatus. — Praemia 
vobis donata essent, si diligentiores fuissetis. — Multi hom- 
ines de multis rebus rectius judicarent, si melius educati 
essent. — Cicero non obtruncatus esset, si audacior fuisset. 
— Ab aliis laudari satius 5 est, quam a se ipso. — Turpius est 
vituperare quam vituperari. — Ager bis vel ter aratus sem- 
inatur. — Tigris satiata quoque trucldat. — Leones satiati in- 
noxii sunt. — Vigilatae noctes attenuant corpora juvenum. 

II. 

Convert the following ungrammatical Latin into gram- 
matical, so as to suit the English words opposite. 



Thou, oh lion, art called by 
all the king of quadrupeds. 

How often were we, when boys, 
blamed and punished by our 
elders. 



Tu, leo, voco ab omnis rex 

quadrupes. 
Quam ssepe, puer, a senex 

culpo et castigo. 



1. Consult note 3, page 159. 

2. CatilirxB, " of Catiline." 

3. Consult note 2, page 153. 

4. Nisi, &c, " had I not," &c. 

5. Satius, " better." 

14* 



162 



EXERCISES ON THE FIRST CONJUGATION. 



Oh Titus, thou wert loved, 

praised, and valued by all ! 
The dead were burned by the 

Romans, 
Ye will be honoured by all if 

your actions be worthy of 

honour, 
A temple has been consecrated 

to Jupiter, the greatest of 

the gods. 
Let the good be praised, the 

bad censured and punished. 
Be thou loved, and honoured, 

and invoked, oh my God, 

by us all ! 
When fifty may have been 

doubled, how many will ye 

count 1 
Love ye all men, in order that 

ye may be loved by all. 
The things that are wished 
for by us are often hurtful* 
All these things were disclosed 

to Cicero. 
We would be happier if greater 

rewards had been given to 

us. 
It is most honourable to be 
praised by one who has 

(himself) been praised. 
A certain peace is better than 

a hoped-for victory. 



Titus, tu amo, laudo et aes- 

timo ab omnis ! 
A Romanus cremo mortuus. 

Honoro ab omnis si vester 
factum sum honor dignus. 

Jupiter, deus magnus, tem- 
plum sacro. 

Laudo bonus, culpo et casti- 

go malus. 
Amo, et honoro, et invoco, 

meus Deus, ab ego omnis ! 

Quum L. duplico, quot nu- 
mero ? 

Amo omnis homo, ut ab om- 
nis amo. 

Saspe noxius sum qui ab ego 
opto. 

Omnis hie Cicero indlco. 

Felix sum, si magnus prae- 
mium ego dono. 

Laudo a laudatus sum ho- 
noriflcus. 

Certus pax bonus sum quam 
speratus victoria, 



IRREGULAR VERBS OF FIRST CONJUGATION. 163 



LIV. IRREGULAR VERBS OF THE FIRST CONJUGATION. 

I. The irregularity of these verbs consists chiefly in their 
taking ui instead of am in the perfect, and itum instead of 
dtum in the supine. 

II. This peculiarity of ui and itum makes them resemble 
verbs of the second conjugation. 1 

II L The following are examples : 



Crepo, 


crepare, 


crepiii, 


crepitum, 


" to make a noise." 


Cubo, 


cubare, 


cubiii, 


cubitum, 


" to lie down.'''* 


Domo, 


domare, 


domui, 


domitum, 


" to tame,'''' " to subdue." 


Sono, 


sonare, 


soniii, 


sonitum, 


" to resound." 


Tono, 


tonare, 


toniii, 


tonitum, 


11 to thunder." 


Veto, 


vetare, 


vetiii, 


vetitum, 


" to forbid." 



IV. Sometimes, however, the i is thrown out from the 
supine ; as in the following : 

Eneco, enecare, enecui, enectum, " to kill" 
Frico, fricare, fricui, frictum, " to rub." 

Seco, secare, seciii, sectum, " to cut." 

V. The following display a different irregularity, which 
assimilates them in the perfect to the third conjugation : 

Do, dare, dedi, datum, " to give." 

Sto, stare, steti, statum, " to stand." 

VI. Circumdo, " to surround ;" pessundo, " to ruin ;" 
satisdo, " to give security ;" and venundo, u to sell," are 
formed like do; as, circumddre, circumdedi, circumddtum ; 
pessundare, satisdare, venundare. The other compounds 
of do belong to the third conjugation ; as, abdo, abdere, ah- 
didi, abditum ; addere, condere, reddere, &c. 

I. In fact, however, both these verbs in ici, itum, and all verbs of 
the second, are merely so many branches of the third conjugation. They 
appear to have had two stems, the primitive one of the third conjugation, 
and a derivative one of the first or second. The irregularity consists in 
the tenses formed from these two stems becoming intermingled. Thus 
we have in Ennius, sonunl and sonere ; in Livius Andronicus, nexebant ; 
and even in Virgil, effervere, &c. If we examine the subject in another 
point of view, we will find a very close resemblance between cubui and 
such a form as cubdvi, which is only, in fact, culaui and a lengthening 
of cubui; and so of other instances. 



164 IRREGULAR VERBS OF FIRST CONJUGATION, 

VII. In general, the compounds of sto have xti in the per- 
fect and atum in the supine, whence the participle future 
is in aturus. In the verb pr&sto the form pr&stitum is also 
found, though less commonly. 

VIII. The verb lavo, " to wash," blends the first and third 
conjugations ; as, lavo, lavdre, and lavere, lavi, lautum, Id- 
turn, and lav atum, 

IX. Neco, " to kill," is regular ; but from it are formed 
eneco, enecdre, enecdvi, enecdtum; and enecui, enectum. The 
participle is usually enectus. 

X. The verb explico, when it signifies " to explain," has 
explicdvi and explicdtum ; but, in the sense of " to unfold," 
it makes explicui, explicitum. 

XI. Poto, " to drink," makes the supine potdtum and po- 
tu?n, whence potus, which is both active and passive ; 
" having been drunk " and " having drunk." 

LV. EXERCISES ON IRREGULAR VERBS OF THE FIRST 
CONJUGATION. 

I. 

Translate the following, and mark the deviations, if any, 
from the regular forms of the first conjugation. 

Graeci et Romani ccenantes cubuerunt. — Quum cubiturus 
sis, Deum semper roga ut sit defensor tuus. — Nemo hucus- 
que lupum domuit. — Alexander, postquam Darium domuerat, 
sese non domuit. — Attius Navius, augur, cotem novacula 
secuit. — Athletse Greecorum et Romanorum, ante initium 
certaminum, corpora oleo fricabant. — Fortuna saepe homines 
magis juvat quam ratio. — Apud Romanos, ante prselium, 
cornua semper sonuerunt. — Quum tonuerit, signum est ple- 
rumque appropinquantis nimbi. — Apud Gallos, lex vetuit 
duos ex una familia magistratus creari. — Multi nimio gaudio 
saepe enecti sunt. — Auctumnum saturum non semper dat 
Deus. — Cui bestiarum imperium 1 dedit Deus ? homini. — 

1. Bestiarum imperium, " dominion over beasts." 



IRREGULAR VERBS OF FIRST CONJUGATION. 165 



Braehia ad laborandum nobis data sunt. — Theophrastus, 
moriens, accusavit naturam, quod cervis et cornicibus vi- 
tam diuturnam, hominibus tarn exiguam dedisset. — Cicero 
omnes Romanes eloquentia praestitit, Demosthenes omnes 
Greecos. — Multi lavantur sine pelvi. 

II. 

Convert the following ungrammatical Latin into gram- 
matical, so as to suit the English words opposite. 



He lay down in that apart- 
ment which was called the 
golden one. 

When about to conquer your 
own self, entreat God to af- 
ford aid. 

I forbade him to be with me, 
vjho had divulged the secret* 

Thou, oh Camillas, didst sub- 
due the Gauls, who had 
subdued thy country ! 

The ancient Romans often 
bathed and rubbed their 
bodies. 

Speech has been given to very 
many, wisdom to few. 

God has given to man nothing 
more divine than the mind* 

Hast thou washed thy hands 
with pure water, and rubbed 
thy arms ? 

Having drunk, he gave the cup 
to me. 

He unfolded to Cmsar the 
whole affair. 



In is conclave cubo qui au- 
reus voco. 

Tu ipse domo, Deus oro, ut 
auxilium prassto. 

Veto is ego cum sum, qui ar- 

canus vulgo. 
Tu, Camillus, domo Gallus, 

qui patria tuus domo ! 

Priscus Romanus saepe lavo 
et frico corpus. 

Sermo do permultus, sapien- 

tia pauci. 
Deus homo do nihil divinus 

quam mens. 
Lavo ne 1 manus tuus purus 

aqua et frico brachium 

tuum? 
Poto, poculum ego do. 

Res totus Csesar explico. 



1. Ne is appended here to the verb as an interrogative, not negative, 
particle. 



166 DEPONENTS OF FIRST CONJUGATION. 

LVI. DEPONENT VERBS OF THE FIRST CONJUGATION. 

I. Deponent verbs, as has already been remarked, are 
passive in form, but active in meaning. 

II. They are called " Deponents" because they lay aside 
(deponunt) their passive signification, although having a 
passive form. 

III. Each of the four conjugations has deponents belong- 
ing to it. 

LVII. EXERCISES ON DEPONENTS OF THE FIRST CON- 
JUGATION. 

I. 

Translate the following, indicate the deponents, and ex- 
plain the agreement or government in each clause or phrase. 

Bonos imitor, malos detestor. — Accipiter insidiatur co- 
lumbis. 1 — Minus ea miramur, quae semper spectamus. — Ul- 
ulae et feles insidiantur muribus, vespertilionibus, gliribus 
et talpis. — Procellariae nidulantur in scopulis saxosorum 
litorum. — Quomodo te consoler, miserrime, quum religionis 
solatium verissimum asperneris ? — Ne verseris cum im- 
probis hominibus. — Quis non admiretur splendorem pulchri- 
tudinemque virtutis ? — Contemplemur solem, lunam, noc- 
turnaque sidera, et admiremur veneremurque auctorem eo- 
rum. — Augur es Romani vatic inabantur e cantu et volatu 
avium. — Parentes me semper adhortati sunt, ut fraudem et 
malorum hominum consortium detestarer. — Homo improbus 
aliquando cum dolor e flagitiorum suorum recordabitur. 2 — 
Epistolas imitantur sermonem vitae communis. — Num facta 
quoque eorum imitatus es, quorum imitaberis orationem. — 
Numantlnis 3 vires corporis non auxiliatae sunt. — Quosnam 
imitati estis, ignavi ? — Non erant formicae, sed cicadae, quas 
tu, levissime juvenis, imitatus eras. — Saepe utile est praeter- 
itorum malorum recordari. — Successus faustos improborum 

1. Columbis, " for doves." 

2. Recordor governs the genitive ; sometimes also the accusative. 

3. Numantinis, " to the Numantines." 



DEPONENTS OF FIRST CONJUGATION. 



167 



ne admirare. — Venerare Deum, venerare parentes, et quos 
parentum loco tibi natura dedit. — Contemplamini ccelum 
nocturnum et astra fulgentia. — Miseri et infelices Deum 
precantor, ut eos opituletur ; et eos opitulabitur. 

II. 

Convert the following ungrammatical Latin into gram- 
matical, so as to suit the English words opposite. 



/ wondered at many things 
during boyhood at which I 
will no longer wonder, 

I do not doubt but that you 
two are holding converse 
with the wicked. 

When the hour of death shall 
be present, we will no long- 
er jest. 

Hope alone consoles us in 
misfortunes. 

Let the lazy boys not retard 
the diligent and studious 
ones. 

The eagle hunts not only after 
birds, but also hares. 

Foxes lie in wait for hens, 
wolves for sheep. 

We Christians worship one 
God. 

Thou, oh sun, and thou, oh 
moon, always testify the 
power of the Creator. 

The Romans borrowed certain 
laws from the Greeks. 

Certain birds imitate the hu- 
man voice. 



Multus in pueritia miror, qui 
non amplius miror. 

Non dubito quin tu duo cum 
improbus versor. 

Cum mors hora adsum, non 
amplius jocor. 

In res adversus spes solus 

ego consoler. 
Ignavus puer ne moror dili- 

gens et studiosus. 

Aquila venor non tantum avis 

sed etiam lepus. 
Vulpis insidior gallina, lupus 

ovis. 
Ego Christianus unus ven- 

eror Deus. 
Tu, sol, et tu, luna, semper 

Creator potentia testor. 

Romanus quidam lex a Grae- 

cus mutuor. 
Quidam avis vox humana im- 

itor. 



168 SECOND CONJUGATION. 

LVII. SECOND CONJUGATION, ACTIVE VOICE. 

Pres. Ind. Pres. Inf. Perf. Ind. Supine. 
Moneo, Monere, Monui, Monitum, To advise. 1 

INDICATIVE MOOD. 
Present Tense, advise. 
Sing. 1 . Mon-eo, / advise, 

J 2. Mon-es, Thou advisest, 

3. Mon-et, He advises ; 

Plur. 1. Mon-emus, We advise, 

2. Mon-etis, Ye advise, 

3. Mon-ent, They advise. 

Imperfect, was advising. 
Sing. 1 . Mon-ebam, / was advising, 

2. Mon-ebas, Thou wast advising, 

3. Mon-ebat, He was advising ; 
v Plur. 1. Mon-ebamus, We were advising, 

2. Mon-ebatis, Ye were advising, 

3. Mon-ebant, They were advising. 

Aorist, advised. 
Sing. 1 . M6n-ui, / advised, 

2. Mon-uisti, Thou didst advise, 

3. Mon-uit, He advised ; 
Plur. 1. Mon-uimus, We advised, 

2. Mon-uistis, Ye advised, 

3. Mon-uerunter-uere, They advised. 

Perfect, have advised. 

Sing. 1. Mon-ui, I have advised, 

2. Mon-uisti, Thou hast advised, 

3. Mon-uit, He has advised; 

1 . The verb commonly given in the grammars as an example, namely? 
doceo, " to teach," makes the supine doctum by throwing out the «', and 
is, therefore, not well calculated for the intended purpose. Moneo forms 
the supine regularly in itum. 



SECOND CONJUGATION. 



169 



Plur. 1. Mon-uirrms, We have advised, 

2. Mon-uistis, Ye have advised, 

3. Mon-uerunt or -uere, They have advised. 

Pluperfect, had advised. 



Sing. 1. Mon-ueram, 

2. Mon-ueras, 

3. Mon-uerat, 
Plur. 1. Mon-ueramus, 

2. Mon-ueratis, 

3. Mon-uerant, 



/ had advised, 
Thou hadst advised, 
He had advised ; 
We had advised, 
Ye had advised, 
They had advised. 



First Future, shall or will advise. 



Sit 



Plur. 



1. Mon-ebo, 

2. Mon-ebis, 

3. Mon-ebit, 

1. Mon-ebimus, 

2. Mon-ebitis, 

3. Mon-ebunt, 



I shall or will advise, 
Thou shalt, &c, advise, 
He shall, &c, advise; y 
We shall, &c, advise, 
Ye shall, &c, advise, 
They shall, <fec, advise. 



Second Future, shall or will have advised. 



Sing. 1. Mon-uero, 

2. Mon-ueris, 

3. Mon-uerit, 
Plur. 1. Mon-uerimus, 

2. Mon-ueritis, 

3. Mon-uerint, 



/ shall or will have advised, 
Thou shalt, &c, have advised, 
He shall, <fec, have advised ; 
We shall, &c, have advised, 
Ye shall, &c, have advised, 
They shall, &c, have advised. 



SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 



Present, may advise. 



Sing. 1. Mon-eam, 

2. Mon-eas, 

3. Mon-eat, 
Plur. 1. Mon-eamus, 

2. Mon-eatis, 

3. Mon-eant, 



I may advise, 
Thou may est advise, 
He may advise ; 
We may advise, 
Ye may advise, 
They may advise. 
15 



170 



SECOND CONJUGATION. 



Imperfect, might, could, would, or should advise. 



Sing. 1. Mon-erem, 

2. Mon-eres, 

3. Mon-eret, 
Plur. 1. Mon-eremus 

2. Mon-eretis, 

3. Mon-erent, 



I might, Sic, advise, 
Thou mightest, Sic, advise, 
He might, Sic, advise ; 
We might, Sic, advise, 
Ye might, Sic, advise, 
They might, Sic, advise. 

Perfect, may ^aue advised. 



Sing. 1. Mon-uerim, 

2. Mon-ueris, 

3. Mon-uerit, 
P/wr. 1. Mon-uerimus, 

2. Mon-ueritis, 

3. Mon-uerint, 



/ may have advised, 
Thou may est have advised, 
He may have advised ; 
We may have advised, 
Ye may have advised, 
They may have advised. 

Pluperfect, might, could, would, or should have advised. 



Sing. 



1. Mon-uissem, 

2. Mon-uisses, 



3. Mon-uisset, 

Plur. 1. Mon-uissemus, 

2. Mon-uissetis, 

3. Mon-uissent, 



/ might, Sic, have advised, 
Thou mightest, Sic, have ad- 
vised, 
He might, Sic, have advised ; 
We might, Sic, have advised, 
Ye might, Sic, have advised, 
They might, Sic, have advised. 



IMPERATIVE MOOD. 
Sing. 2. M6n-e or -eto, Advise thou, 

3. Mon-eto, Let him advise ; 

Plur. 2. Mon-ete or -etote, Advise ye, 

3. Mon-ento, Let them advise. 

INFINITIVE MOOD. 
Pres. and Imp., Mon-ere, To advise. 
Perf. and Plup., Mon-uisse, To have advised. 
First Fut., Esse mon- To be about to advise. 

lturus, 
Second Fut., Fuisse mon- To have been about to advise. 

lturus, 



EXERCISES ON THE SECOND CONJUGATION. 171 

PARTICIPLES. 
Pres. and Imp., Mon-ens, Advising. 

Future, Mon-iturus, a, urn, About to advise. 

GERUNDS. 
Norn. Mon-endum, Advising. 
Gen. Mon-endi, Of advising. 

Dat. Mon-endo, To advising. 

Ace. Mon-endum, Advising. 
All. Mon-endo, With, &c, advising. 

SUPINES. 
First, Mon-itum, To advise. 

Second, Mon-itu, To be advised. 

LVIII. EXERCISES ON THE SECOND CONJUGATION, AC- 
TIVE VOICE.* 

I. 

Translate the following, and mention the tense, number, 
person, &c. 

Si vales, bene est, ego valeo. — Conatui audaci non sem- 
per arridet 2 fortuna. — Frontem videmus in capite, frondem 
in arbore. — Judices, qui ex lege 3 judicatis, legibus obtem- 
perare debetis. — Apud priscos Germanos plus boni mores 
valebant, quam alibi bonae leges. — Quum parvulus eram, 
multa non videbam, quae nunc video. — Cyrus omnium in 
exercitu suo militum nomina tenebat.-— Romanis 4 cuncta 
maria terraeque patebant. — Num eras et perendie habebo, 

1. The irregular verbs in this and the remaining conjugations are 
best learned from the dictionary. No separate exercises are therefore 
given for them, as in the case of irregular verbs of the first, but they 
are introduced at once, along with the regular verbs, in the examples 
that follow. 

2. Arrideo, "to smile upon," "to favour" (i. e., "to smile /or," " to 
be favourable to"), governs the dative. 

3. Eo: lege, " according to law." More literally, " from," i. e., out 
of, or in strict accordance with the internal spirit and meaning of, the 
law. 

4. Romanis, " unto the Romans." Hence the dative with pateo. 



172 EXERCISES ON THE SECOND CONJUGATION. 

quae nunc habeo ? — Quid virtus a te postulet, tu videbis. — 
Non valebitis, si non modum habebitis in omni re, praeser- 
tim in cibo et potu. — Minus habeo quam speravi ; at for- 
tasse plus speravi, quam debui. — Cnei Pompei, 1 quam mis- 
erabilem vitae exitum habuisti ! — Catilina omnibus bonis dis- 
plicuit. — Anacharsis, interrogatus quid esset in homine pes- 
simum et quid optimum, respondit, " Lingua." — Si paruistis 2 
parentibus, pueri, quod 3 poenam timuistis, laudem nequa- 
quam meruistis. — Hodie vidi, quae nunquam antea videram. 
— Quid vidisti ? lumen boreale. — Athenienses te, Socrates, 
qui nemini nocueras, 4 damnaverunt. 

Epaminondas, qui Thebanorum potentiam incredibiliter 
auxerat, 5 nullam aliam liabebat supellectilem, 6 praeter ahe- 
num et veru. — Non amplius nos monebunt, quibus non pa- 
rueramus. — Lacedaemonii, fortes et robusti eratis, quod cor- 
poris vires semper exercueratis ! — Alexander Thebas, quae 
diu floruerant, delevit. — Quern saepe frustra monuero, non 
amplius monebo. — Si in hac vita Deo parueris, in altera 
beatissimus eris. — Probis hominibus qui placuerit, 7 deo quo- 
que placebit. — Aliquando imperabitis, pueri, si in juventute 
libidines vestras coercueritis. — Arbores, quae vere floruerint, 
auctumno nobis poma praebebunt. — Pacern habe cum ho- 
minibus, et bellum cum vitiis. — Pueri, animi facultates ex- 
ercete ! — Legibus paretote cives ! — Homo quotidie recorda- 
tor, quam multa deo et hominibus deb eat. 

1. Cnei and Pompei are vocatives from Cnetus Pornpeius, where the 
e and i do not form a diphthong, but each word ends in ius, and, of 
course, has i in the vocative. The ordinary pronunciation of Cneius and 
Pompeius, therefore, as if the vowels in question formed a diphthong, is 
thus shown to be erroneous, for the vocatives would then be Cneie and 
Pompeie. 

2. Pareo, " to obey," i. e., " to yield obedience to," governs the da- 
tive. 

3. Quod, "because." 

4. Noceo, " to injure," i. e., "to do harm to," governs the dative. 

5. From augeo. 

6. Nominative supellex, " an article of furniture." 

7. Placeo, "to please," i. e., "to afford pleasure to" governs the da- 
tive. 



EXERCISES ON THE SECOND CONJUGATION. 173 

Frequento scholam, non ut doceam, sed ut praeceptor me 
doceat.-— Amico nihil reticeas. 1 — Homo in omnibus rebus 
modum adhibeat. 2 — Moneamus alter alterum. — A nulla re, 
parentes, magis arceatis 3 liberos, quam a malorum consor- 
tio. — Deus ita hominum naturam comparavit, ut aliena vitia 
melius videant, quam sua. — Si omnibus mercatura placeret, 
quis opificia exerceret 1 — Si in nos ipsos severiores esse- 
mus, aliena vitia minus videremus, quam nostra. — Num oves 
tonderetis, agricolae, nisi lanam vobis praeberent 1 — Incer- 
tum est, an crastino die 4 habiturus sim, quae nunc habeo. — 
Non dubito quin puer diligens, et obediens, parentibus et 
prase eptoribus suis placiturus sit. — Nautae trans mare mi- 
grantes saepe dubitant an parentes denuo visuri sint. — 
Quantopere memoriam exercuerim mihi soli notum est. — 
Vobisne notum est quando Mummius deleverit Corinth- 
um ? — Quid heri videritis, pueri, mihi narrato. — Historia 
narrat, quantum bellum Brutus et Cassius post Caesaris ne- 
cem moverint. — Sol oriens hodie nobis magnificentissimum 
spectaculum praebuisset, si nubes eum non obscuravissent. 
— Bonis placuisse et malis displicuisse morienti solatium 
erit. — Avaritia est insatiabilis cupido plus habendi. — Nos 
omnes valemus ad nocendum. — Filii patri dolenti solatium 
praebento. — Nihil habenti nihil deest. — Luscinia cantat se- 
dens, alauda volitans. — Nebulae in vallibus pendentes seren- 
itatem significant. — Prudentiam omnes, qui cuique artificio 
praesunt, habere debent. 

II. 

Convert the following ungrammatical Latin into gram- 
matical, so as to suit the English words opposite. 

Nothing will terrify the fear- 1 Impavidus nihil terreo. 
less man. \ 

1. The subjunctive is here employed as a softened imperative. 

2. Adhibeat, " let," &c. So moneamus, immediately after. 

3. Arceatis. Subjunctive for softened imperative. 

4. Crastino die, " to-morrow." Time " when" is put in the ablative. 

15* 



174 EXERCISES ON THE SECOND CONJUGATION. 



As long as thou wert upright, 
oh Adam, thou didst please 
God. 

After death we shall see many 
things which we do not now 
see. 

Many who have been first in 
this life, shall hold the last 
place in the next. 

That which we ourselves see, 
we hold true. 

Do ye harm to no one. 

Let the pupil keep silence 
while the preceptor is in- 
structing. 

Let the sick employ an expe- 
rienced physician. 

Thou wouldst be silent if thou 
wert wise. 

Wicked man, thou dost not 
consider what termination 
thy wickedness may be go- 
ing to have. 

How long we may be going to 
remain on this earth is un- 
known to us. 

I wish I could have seen to- 
day the rising sun ! 

It is disgraceful not to have 
a friend. 

The commencement of sinning 
is the end of felicity. 

Blooming trees delight us all. 

The pilot sits holding the til- 
ler. 



Quamdiu bonus sum, Adam- 
us, placeo Deus. 

Post mors multus video qui 
nunc non video. 

Multus, qui in hie vita pri- 
mus sum, in alter ultimus 
locus obtineo. 

Is, qui ego ipse video, verus 
habeo. 

Nemo noceo. 

Discipulus taceo, dum prae- 
ceptor doceo. 

Aegrotus medicus peritus ad- 

hibeo. 
Taceo si sapiens sum. 

Improbus, non cogito quis 
finis habeo improbitas tuus. 



Quamdiu in hie terra maneo 
ego incognitus sum. 

Utinam ho die video sol ori- 
ens ! 

Turpis sum amicus non ha- 
beo. 

Initium pecco sum finis fe- 
licitas. 

Floreo arbor delecto ego om- 
nis. 

Gubernator sedeo clavus te- 
neo. 



SECOND CONJUGATION, PASSIVE VOICE. 175 

LIX. SECOND CONJUGATION, PASSIVE VOICE. 

Pres. Ind. Pres. Inf. Per/. Part. 
Moneor, Moneri, Monitus, To be advised, 

INDICATIVE MOOD. 
Present Tense, am advised. 
Sing. I. Mon-eor, I am advised, \ 

2. Mon-eris or -ere, Thou art advised, 

3. Mon-etur, He is advised ; 
Plur. 1. Mon-emur, We are advised, 

2. Mon-emmi, Ye are advised, 

3. Mon-entur, They are advised. 

Imperfect, was advised. 
Sing. 1. Mon-ebar, I was advised, 

2. Mon-ebaris or -ebare, Thou wast advised, 

3. Mon-ebatur, He was advised ; 
Plur. I. Mon-ebamur, We were advised, 

2. Mon-ebammi, Ye were advised, 

3. Mon-ebantur, They were advised. 

Aorist, was advised. 
Sing. 1 . Mon-itus sum or fui, i" was advised, 

2. Mon-itus es or fuisti, Thou wast advised, 

3. Mon-itus est or fuit, He was advised ; 
Plur. 1. Mon-iti sumus or fui- We were advised, 

mus, 

2. Mon-Tti estis or fu- Ye were advised, 

istis, 

3. Mon-iti sunt or fue- They were advised. 

runt or fuere, 

Perfect, have been advised. 
Sing. 1. Mon-itus sum or fui, I have been advised, 

2. Mon-itus es or fuisti, Thau hast been advised, 

3. Mon-itus est or fuit, He Was been advised ; 



176 SECOND CONJUGATION, PASSIVE VOICE. 

Plur. 1. Mon-iti sumus or ful- We have been advised, 
mus, 

2. Mon-iti estis or fu- Ye have been advised, 

istis, 

3. Mon-iti sunt or fue- They have been advised. 

runt or fuere, 

Pluperfect, Aad been advised. 
Sing. 1 . Mon-itus eram or fue- i" had been advised, 
ram, 

2. Mon-itus eras or fue- T^ow hadst been advised, 

ras, 

3. Mon-itus erat or fue- jFZe had been advised; 

rat, 
P/wr. 1. Mon-iti eramus or We had been advised, 

fu eramus, 
2. Mon-iti eratis or fue- Ye had been advised, 

ratis, 
3 Mon-iti erant or fue- They had been advised. 

rant, 

First Future, shall or will be advised. 

Sing. 1. Mon-ebor, / shall, &c., be advised, 

2. Mon-eberis or -ebere, Thou shalt, &c, be advised, 

3. Mon-ebitur, He shall, Sic, be advised ; 
Plur. 1. Mon-ebimur, We shall, &c, fo advised, 

2. Mon-ebimlni, Ye sAaZZ, &c, fo advised, 

3. Mon-ebuntur, TVzey sAaZZ, &c, 5c advised. 

Second Future, shall or wz7Z Aawe foe^ advised. 
Sing. 1. Mon-itus fuero, / shall, &c., Aaue taera ad- 

vised, 

2. Mon-itus fueris, Thou shalt, &c, have been 

advised, 

3. Mon-itus fuerit, He shall, Sic, have been ad- 

vised ; 



SECOND CONJUGATION, PASSIVE VOICE. 177 

Plur. 1. Mon-iti fuerimus, We shall, &c, have been ad- 
vised, 

2. Mon-iti fuentis, Ye shall, &c, have been ad- 

vised, 

3. Mon-iti fuerint, They shall, &c, have been ad- 

vised. 

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 
Present, may be advised. 
Sing. 1. Mon-ear, I may be advised, 

2. Mon-earis or -eare, Thou mayest be advised, 

3. Mon-eatur, He may be advised; 
Plur. 1. Mon-eamur, We may be advised, 

2. Mon-eammi, Ye may be advised, 

3. Mon-eantur, They may be advised. 

Imperfect, might, could, would, or should be advised. 
Sing. 1. Mon-erer, I might, &c, be advised, 

2. Mon-ereris or-erere, Thou mightest, &Lc.,be advised, 

3. Mon-eretur, He might, Sic, be advised ; 
Plur. 1. Mon-eremur, We might, &c, be advised, 

2. Mon-eremmi, Ye might, &c, be advised, 

3. Mon-erentur, They might, &c, be advised. 

Perfect, may have been advised. 
Sing. 1. Mon-itus sim or fu- I may have been advised, 
erim, 

2. Mon-itus sis or fue- Thou mayest have been ad- 

ris, vised, 

3. Mon-itus sit or fue- He may have been advised; 

rit, 
Plur. !. Mon-iti simus or fu- We may have been advised, 
erimus, 

2. Mon-iti sitis or fue- Ye may have been advised, 

litis, 

3. Mon-iti sint or fue- They may have been advised. 

rint, 



178 SECOND CONJUGATION, PASSIVE VOICE. 

Pluperfect, might, could, would, or should have been advised. 
Sing. I. Mon-itus essem or I might, &c, have been ad- 
fuissem, vised, 

2. Mon-itus esses or Thou mightest, &c., have been 

fuisses, advised, 

3. Mon-itus esset or He might, &c., have been 

fuisset, advised ; 

Plur. 1. Mon-iti essemus or We might, &c., have been 

fuis senilis, advised, 

2. Mon-iti essetis or Ye might, &c., have been 

fuissetis, advised, 

3. Mon-iti essent or They might, &e., have been 

fuissent, advised. 

IMPERATIVE MOOD. 
Sing. 2. Mon-ere or -etor, Be thou advised, 

3. Mon-etor, Let him be advised ; 

Plur. 2. Mon-emmi, Be ye advised, 

3. Mon-entor, Let them be advised. 

INFINITIVE MOOD. 
Pres. and Imp., Mon-eri, To be advised. 

Perf. and Plup., Esse or fuisse To have been advised. 

mon-itus, 
Future, Mon-itum iri, To be about to be advised. 

PARTICIPLES. 
Perfect, Mon-itus, a, um, Advised. 
Future, Mon-endus, a, um, To be advised. 

LX. EXERCISES ON THE SECOND CONJUGATION, PAS- 
SIVE VOICE. 

I. 

Translate the following, and mention the tense, number, 
person, &c. 

Duae urbes potentissimae, Carthago atque Numantia, ab 



EXERCISES ON THE SECOND CONJUGATION. 179 

eodem Scipione deletae sunt.- — Quod tibi suasum fuerit 1 ab 
expertis, id tene et serva.— Magistri, a quibus docti estis, 
semper honorantor a vobis. — Agricultura olim ab ipsis re- 
gibus exercebatur, et ab iis qui civitatibus praeerant. 2 — Dis- 
cipuli diligentes, quum fuerint irrisi ab ignavis, silebunt, et 
ignavorum sortem dolebunt. — A pueris animi facultates ex- 
ercentor. — Aer coinmotus est ventus. — Amari major laus est 
quam timeri. — Saepe peccavissemus, nisi a peccando pro- 
hibit! essemus. — Non commovereris miserorum precibus, 3 
nisi ipse fuisses miser. — Quoties monitus sim mini notum 
est, at quoties paruerim monentibus amicis mini ignotum 
est.— Nero adeo crudelis erat ut ab omnibus Romanis tim- 
eretur. — Semper parui quoties monebar. — Si stulti erimus, 
deridebimur. — Quum docemini, pueri, attenti et obedientes 
estote. 

A nulla re magis arceantur liberi quam a malorum con- 
sortio. — A quonam agricola tonderentur oves, nisi lanam 
praeberent ? — Si moniti fuerimus, obtemperemus monentibus. 
— In hac vita probi et improbi miscentur, in altera non mis- 
cebuntur. — Minus terrebimini, si de rerum eausis a sapien- 
tibus docti fueritis.- — Monere, 4 piger discipule ; monemini, 
pigri discipuli, ne vosmet ipsi auctores sitis miseriae vestrae. 
~Ab iis amicis, a quibus saepe frustra moniti sumus, haud 
amplius monebimur. — Ab Epaminonda et Pelopida The- 
banorum potentia incredibiliter aucta est. — Si quid ignoras, 
interroga sapientes, et tibi melius respondebitur, 5 quam ab 
impends. — Per totam vitam doceberis, homo, non in schola 
sed in vita. — Pueri parentes, a quibus educati, et praecep- 
tores, a quibus docti sunt, amanto et venerantor. — Moneatur 
alter ab altero.— Tibine notum est, quo anno Veii a Camil- 
lo deleti sint? 

1. From suadeo. Suasum fuerit, taken impersonally, "shall have 
been advised," i. e., shall have been given thee as advice. 

2. Prceesse is one of the compounds of sum that take the dative. 

3. Precibus, " by the prayers." 

4. Monere, present imperative. 

5. Respondebitur, used impersonally, " it will be answered." 



180 EXERCISES ON THE SECOND CONJUGATION. 



II. 

Convert the following ungrammatical Latin into gram- 
matical, so as to suit the English words opposite. 



Nero, the most cruel of the 
Roman emperors, was fear- 
ed by all. 

I frequent school, not that I 
may teach, but that I may 
be taught. 

I will obey as soon as I shall 
have been advised and fully 
instructed. 

Many would be ignorant of 
many things unless they 
were well instructed. 

Children who, having been ad- 
monished by their parents, 
do not obey, deserve pun- 
ishment* 

Be ye docile, in order that ye 
may be taught, 

Athens, which was destroyed 
by the Persians, was after- 
ward rebuilt. 

He who is feared by many, 
fears many. 

Let us be wise, in order that 
we may not be derided by 
the foolish. 

Sufferings are increased by 
want of patient endurance. 

We are often terrified by the 
most trifling things. 

The dove is alarmed by the 
least noise. i 



Nero, cmdelis imperator Ro- 
manus, ab omnis timeo. 

Frequento schola, non ut do- 
ceo, sed ut doceo. 

Pareo statim quum moneo et 
edoceo. 

Multus multus ignoro, nisi 
edoceo. 

Liberi, qui, a parens moneo, 
non pareo, poena mereo. 



Ut doceo, docilis sum. 

Athene, qui a Persa deleo, 
postea reparo. 

Is qui a multus timeo, multus 

timeo. 
Ne a stultus derideo, sapiens 

sum. 

Dolor augeo impatientia. 

Saepe levis res terreo. 

Columba terreo parvus strep- 
itus. 



DEPONENTS OF THE SECOND CONJUGATION. 181 

LXI. DEPONENTS OF THE SECOND CONJUGATION. 

I. The deponents of the second conjugation are com- 
paratively few in number, 

II. Of these, medeor, " to heal," has no participle of its 
own, but borrows medicatus. Mereor, " to merit" or " de- 
serve," has more commonly merui in the perfect than mer- 
itus sum. And, moreover, reor, " to think," has no imper- 
fect subjunctive. 

LXIL EXERCISES ON DEPONENTS OF THE SECOND 
CONJUGATION. 

L 

Translate the following, and mention the tense, number, 
person, &c. 

Reverere Deum et parentes. — Imbecillitatem valetudinis 
tuae tuere. 1 — Pueri tuentor pudorem et candorem. — Suos 
quisque debet tueri. — Deus probis favet, res eorum tuetur 
et moderatui, 3 ut pater. — Specula parantur, ut homines se 
ipsos intueantur.- — Nemo cunctam intuens terram de divina 
providentia dubitabit. — Intuemini, homines, coelum noctur- 
num, et admiramini majestatem Dei.- — Quod pollicitus es 
da. — Milites patriae fines tueantur. — Cives melius tuebun- 
tur patriam, quam milites mercenarii.— Quod pollicitus fuero 
semper praestabo. — Carthaginienses Hannibalem revocave- 
runt, ut patriam contra Scipionem tueretur. — Mitiorem poe- 
nam merentur, qui scelera fatentur, quam qui diflitentur. — ■ 
Utinam nihil pollicitus 3 esses ! — Dubito an latro callidus 
fassurus sit scelera sua. — Qui in hac terra hominum pau- 
perum atque inopum miseritus fuerit, 4 in coelo beatissimus 
erit. — Semper erimus amici ejus viri, qui nos in periculis 
tuitus est. — Heraclitus miserebatur omnium qui laeti erant. 

1. From tueor. The present imperative. 

2. Moderator, " directs" or " guides." This same verb governs the 
dative when it signifies " to set limits to" or " restrain." 

3. From polliceor. 

4. Misereor, when used personally, governs the genitive. 

16 



182 



EXERCISES ON DEPONENTS. 



II. 

Convert the following ungrammatical Latin into gram- 
matical, so as to suit trie English words opposite. 



All men ought to reverence 
virtue. 

Good princes protect the arts 
and sciences. 

What we may have promised 
we ought always to perforin. 

He will be pardoned when he 
shall have confessed his 
sins. 

They will deserve the heaviest 
punishment who look upon 
the beauty of nature and do 
not confess that there is a 
God. 

When Orgetorix offered a 
price, no one dared to bid 
against him. 

May God defend the innocent. 

Do ye revere the man who is 
ever ready for protecting 
the needy and wretched. 

He offered a price for the Ro- 
man world. 

I will confess all things, oh 
my God ; I will promise, 
if thou wilt pity me, a bet- 
ter life. 



Omnis homo virtus revereor 

debeo. 
Bonus princeps ars et scien- 

tia tueor. 
Qui polliceor semper praesto 

debeo. 
Condono quum peccatum 

conflteor. 

Mereor poena gravis, qui na- 
tura pulchritudo intueor, 
neque Deus 1 sum conflteor. 



Quum Orgetorix liceor, ne- 
mo contra liceor audeo. 

Tueor Deus innocens. 
Revereor ille qui semper pa- 

ratus sum ad tueor inops 

et miser. 
Liceor orbis Eomanus. 2 

Conflteor omnis. meus Deus ; 
polliceor, si tu ego miser- 
eor, bonus vita. 



1 . The accusative is here to be employed before the infinitive of sum. 

2. To be put in the accusative. 



THIRD CONJUGATION, ACTIVE VOICE. 183 

LXII. THIRD CONJUGATION, ACTIVE VOICE. 

Pres. Ind. Pres. Inf. Perf. Ind. Supine. 

Rego, Regere, Rexi, Rectum, 1 To rule. 

INDICATIVE MOOD. 
Present Tense, rule. 
Sing. 1. Reg-o, J rule, 

2. Reg-is, Thou rulest, 

3. Reg-it, He rules ; 
Plur. 1. Reg-imus, We rule, 

2. Reg-itis, Ye rule, 

3. Reg-unt, They rule. 

Imperfect, was ruling (action going on). 
Sing. 1. Reg-ebam, I was ruling, 

2. Reg-ebas, Thou wast ruling, 

3. Reg-ebat, He was ruling ; 
Plur. 1. Reg-ebamus, We were ruling, 

2. Reg-ebatis, Ye were ruling, 

3. Reg-ebant, They were ruling. 

Aorist, ruled or did rule (past time indefinite). 
Sing. 1. Rex-i, I ruled, 

2. Rex-isti, Thou didst rule, 

3. Rex-it, He ruled ; 
Plur. 1. Rex-imus, We ruled, 

2. Rex-istis, Ye ruled, 

3. Rex-erunt or -ere, They ruled. 

Perfect, have ruled. 
Sing. 1. Rex-i, I have ruled, 

2. Rex-isti, Thou hast ruled, 

3. Rex-it, He has ruled ; 

1. In the ordinary grammars the verb lego, "to read," is commonly- 
given as a specimen of the third conjugation. Rego, however, is far 
preferable, since it forms its perfect according to the general rule, whereas 
the perfect of lego is legi. 



184 THIRD CONJUGATION, ACTIVE VOICE. 

Plur. 1. Rex-imus, We have ruled, 

2. Rex-istis, Ye have ruled, 

3. Rex-erunt or -ere, They have ruled. 

Pluperfect, had ruled. 
Sing. 1 . Rex-eram, / had ruled, 

2. Rex-eras, Thou hadst ruled, 

3. Rex-erat, He had ruled ; 
Plur. 1. Rex-eramus, We had ruled, 

2. Rex-eratis, Ye had ruled, 

3. Rex-erant, They had ruled. 

First Future, shall or will rule. 
Sing. 1. Reg-am, / shall or will rule, 

2. Reg-es, Thou shalt, &c., rule, 

3. Reg-et, He shall, &c.,rule; 
Plur. 1. Reg-emus, We shall, &c., rule, 

2. Reg-etis, Ye shall, &c., rule, 

3. Reg-ent, They shall, &c., rule. 

Second Future, shall or will have ruled. 
Sing. 1. Rex-ero, I shall or wz7Z Aave rw/ec?, 

2. Rex-eris, TAozj sAtfZ^, &c, Aaue ruled, 

3. Rex-erit, ife sAaZZ, &c, A«t;e ruled ; 
Plur. 1. Rex-erimus, We s&zZZ, &c, Aa^e nJed, 

2. Rex-eritis, Ye sAa/Z, &c., Aaw ruled, 

3. Rex-erint, TAey sAaZZ, &c, A#t>e rwZecZ. 

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 
Present, may rule. 
Sing. I. Reg-am, I may rule, 

2. Reg-as, Thou mayest rule, 

3. Reg-at, He may rule ; 
Plur. 1. Reg-amus, We may rule, 

2. Reg-atis, Ye may rule, 

3. Reg- ant, They may rule. 



THIRD CONJUGATION, ACTIVE VOICE. 185 

Imperfect, might, could, would, or should rule. 
Sing. 1. Reg-erem, I" might, &c., rule, 

2. Reg-eres, Thou mightest, &c, rule, 

3. Reg-eret, He might, &c., rule ; 
Plur. 1. Reg-eremus, We might, &c., rule, 

2. Reg-eretis, Ye might, &c, rwZe, 

3. Reg-erent, TAey might, &c, rwfe. 

Perfect, may #ave ruZea\ 
Sing. 1 . Rex-erim, J may have ruled, 

2. Rex-eris, Thou mayest have ruled, 

3. Rex-erit, He may have ruled ; 
Plur. 1. Rex-enmus, We may have ruled, 

2. Rex-eritis, Ye may have ruled, 

3. Rex-erint, They may have ruled. 

Pluperfect, might, could, would, or should have ruled. 
Sing. 1. Rex-issem, I might, &c, have ruled, 

2. Rex-isses, Thou mightest, foe, have ruled, 

3. Rex-isset, He might, &c, have ruled ; 
Plur. 1. Rex-issemus, We might, &c, have ruled, 

2. Rex-issetis, Ye might, &c, have ruled, 

3. Rex-issent, They might, &c, have ruled. 

IMPERATIVE MOOD. 
Sing. 2. Reg-e or -lto, Rule thou, 

3. Reg-ito, Let him rule ; 

Plur. 2. Reg-ite or -itote, Rule ye, 

3. Reg-unto, Let them rule. 

INFINITIVE MOOD. 
Present and Imp., Reg-ere, To rule. 
Perf. and Plup., Rex-isse, To have ruled. 
First Future, Esse rectu- To be about to rule. 

rus, 
Second Future, Fuisse rec- To have been about to rule. 
turus, 

16* 



186 EXERCISES ON THE THIRD CONJUGATION. 

PARTICIPLES. 
Pres. and Imp., Regens, Ruling. 

Future, Recturus, a, um, About to rule. 

GERUNDS. 



Nom. Reg-endum, 
Gen, Reg-endi, 
Bat. Reg-endo, 
Ace. Reg-endum, 
All. Reg-endo, 


Ruling, 

Of ruling. 

To ruling. 

Ruling, 

With, &c, ruling. 


SUPINES. 


First, Rec-tum, 
Second, Rec-tu, 


To rule. 
To be ruled. 



LXIII. EXERCISES ON THE THIRD CONJUGATION, AC- 
TIVE VOICE. 

I. 

Translate the following, and mention the tense, number, 
person, &c. 

Cneium Pompeium omnibus qui unquam fuerunt semper 
anteposui. 1 — Romani lugentes 2 togam splendidam 3 exuebant. 
— E duobus mahs minus, e duobus vitiis neutrum elige. — 
Edo ut vivam, non vivo ut edam. — Quid agis, mi frater ? 
scribo,ut vides. Quid scribis 1 id quod prseceptor dictavit. 
— Tibi non scripsi ; nam nihil habebam, de quo ad te 
scriberem. — Subscripsere quidam Lucii Bruti statuae, 4 " uti- 
nam viveres !" — Se ipsum vincere maxima et optima victoria 
est. — Bis vincit qui se ipsurn vincit. — Quidquid discis, dis- 
cis tibi, non praeceptori. — Quid hodie egistis ? 5 scripsimus 
et didicimus, quae praeceptor dictavit et docuit. — Memoriam 

1. From antepono. 

2. Lugentes, " when mourning." 

3. Splendidam, " their bright-coloured." The ordinary colour of the 
Roman gown was a bright white. 

4. Statute, " under the statue," the dative governed by the verb sub- 
scribe). 

5. From ago. 



EXERCISES ON THE THIRD CONJUGATION. 187 

semper exercui ; itaque multa teneo,' quae parvulus didice- 
ram. 2 — Omnia facilius disceretis, discipuli, si attend semper 
essetis.— Multa non didicisses, ignave, nisi pcenam metu- 
isses. — Melius est sero discere quam nunquam didicisse. — 
Morbum facile contrahit, qui in edendo et bibendo modum 
exeessit.— -Sub hiemem 3 grues nos relinquent, et migrabunt 
in regiones calidiores. 

Quot efficiunt ter deni ? triginta. — Quot efficiunt novies 
octogeni? septingentos viginti.— In iis Unguis, quas non 
intelligimus, surdis similes sumus. — Si dicetis quod verum 
est, atque facietis quod honestum est, bene agetis. — Dis- 
cipule, quid emisti ? emi chartam, pennas, et atramentum. 
— Justus est qui suum cuique tribuit. — Longe minus pec- 
caretis, homines, si didicissetis imperare vobismet ipsis. — - 
Nos Germani olim colebamus plures deos, nunc autem coli- 
mus unum Deum. — Quis dubitat quin Romani plures deos 
coluerint 1 — Quamdiu in hac terra victuri 4 simus, nobis om- 
nibus incognitum est. — Utinam multi aliter vixissent ! — 
Quid quoque die 5 laboraverim, dixerim et egerim, litteris 6 
mandabo. — Quis dubitat, quin sub hiemem grues nos relic- 
turae 7 et in calidiores regiones migraturae sint ? — Sapere 8 
prasstat quam divitem esse. — Charta bibula ad scribendum 
inutilis est. — Quando diruistis, Romani, Carthaginem 1 — 
Pietas erga Deum postulat, ut nihil ab eo expetas, quod sit 
injustum atque inhonestum. — Si omnibus mercatura placeret, 
quis agrum coleret, quis opirlcia exerceret 1 — Undeviginti 
habebitis, quum viginti subtraxeritis 9 unum. — Salutare con- 
silium ne spernatis. — Justitia est constans et perpetua vo- 
luntas suum cuique tribuendL- — Fugite, discipuli, ut pestem, 

1 . Teneo, " I retain" or " remember." 

2. From disco. 

3. Sub hiemem, u on the approach of winter." 

4. From vivo. 

5. Quoque die, " each day." Time " when" requires the ablative. 

6. Litteris, " to writing." 

7. From relinquo. 

8. From sapio. 

9. From suhtraho. 



1S8 EXERCISES ON THE THIRD CONJUGATION. 

consortium eorum qui nihil agendo dediti 1 sunt. — Fumus 
ascendens facit fuliginem. 

Bonum librum semel legisse, non satis est. — Doctiores 
essemus, si meliores libros legissemus. — Agricola serit ar- 
bores, quarum fructus ipse fortasse nunquam adspiciet. — 
Alexander Magnus Tyrum, opulentissimam Phcemcum ur- 
bem, cepit 2 atque diruit. — Quidquid promiserint 3 homines 
probi, semper prsestabunt. — Ne repellite salutem vestram. — 
Quern potissimum colant et diligant homines praeter Deum ? 
— Nonne nobis ipsis noceremus, si homines perditos magis 
diligeremus quam probos ? — Fortuna hominis viventis variis 
vicissitudinibus obnoxia est. — Spectra quum times, falsus est 
metus ; nunquam ea conspecturus 4 sis. — Pro 5 innumeris illis 
beneflciis, quae a Deo quotidie accipimus, meritam gratiam 
persolvamus. — Christianus Deum amato et metuito, et vitia 
fugito.^ — Athenienses, te, Themistocles, qui muros Athe- 
narum restitueras, in exilium miserunt. 7 — Phidias ex ebore 
fecerat Jovis Olympii signum, cujus pulchritudo omnium 
oculos delectabat. -Multi aliquando dicent : aliter vixis- 
sem, si satis cogitavissem, quam Justus sit Deus. — Filiae 
Scipionis, clarissimi Romanorum ducis, ex aerario dotem 
acceperunt, 8 quia pater illis nihil reliquerat. — Romani par- 
ricidas vivos in culeum insuerunt, atque ita in flumen de- 
jecerunt, 9 — Quum parvulus eram, multa non cernebam, quae 
nunc cerno, quamvis oculos non claudebam : alia enim non 
cadebant sub oculos meos, alia non movebant eos.— -Quo- 
cunque nos cogitatione converterimus, permultos excel- 
lentes in quoque genere artium videbimus. — Dionysius ty- 
rannus, ne tonsori collum committeret, tondere filias suas 
docuit. — In tria tempora vitas nostras natura dividit, quod 
est, quod fuit, quod futurum est. — Suae quisque saluti con- 
sular — Athenienses malos histriones explodebant 

1. From dedo. 6. Tromfugio. 

2. From capio. 7. From mitto. 

3. From promitto. 8. From accipio. 

4. From conspicio. 9. From dejicio. 

5. Pro, "in return for." 



EXERCISES ON THE THIRD CONJUGATION. 



189 



II. 

Convert the following ungrammatical Latin into gram- 
matical, so as to suit the English words opposite. 
If we shall conquer temper, 1 Iracundia si vinco, vinco nos- 

we will conquer our great- ter magnus hostis. 

est enemy. 
Let boys repeat by themselves 

whatever they may have 

learned. 
To-morrow I will ask you 

what you may have written, 

read, and learned. 
To have learned many things, 

and to have retained many 

things in remembrance, is 

very useful for boys. 
There is more of evil in fear- 
ing, than in the very thing 

which is feared. 
Socrates left no writings. , 



The regal title offended the 

feelings of the Romans. 
If you will live according to 

nature, you will never be 

poor. 
When I shall have read your 

boohs I will send them back 

to you. 
What the magistrates order, 

do ye, oh citizens, perform. 
Always forgive another, never 

your own self 



Puer svricurn quicunque disco 
repeto. 

Cras tu interrogo quis scribo, 
lego, et disco. 

Multus disco, atque multus 
in memoria teneo, sum uti- 
lis puer. 

Plus sum malum in metuo, 
quam in is ipse qui timeo. 

Nullum scriptum relinquo 

Socrates. 
Nomen regius animus Roma- 

nus orTendo. 
Si ad natura vivo, nunquam 

pauper sum. 

Quum liber tuus lego, tu re- 
mitto. 

Qui impero magistratus, facio 

cives. 
Alter 1 semper ignosco, tu ipse 

nunquam. 



1. Dative. Put tu ipse in the same case. 



190 THIRD CONJUGATION, PASSIVE VOICE. 

LXIV. THIRD CONJUGATION, PASSIVE VOICE. 

Pres. Ind. Pres. Inf. Perf. Part. 

Regor, Regi, Rectus, To be ruled. 

INDICATIVE MOOD. 
Present Tense, am ruled. 
Sing. I. Reg-or, I am ruled, 

2. Reg-eris or -ere, Thou art ruled, 

3. Reg-Ttur, He is ruled ; 
Plur. 1. Reg-imur, We are ruled, 

2. Reg-immi, Ye are ruled, 

3. Reg-untur, They are ruled. 

Imperfect, was ruled (was being ruled). 
Sing. 1 . Reg-ebar, I was ruled, 

2. Reg-ebaris or -ebare, Thou wast ruled, 

3. Reg-ebatur, He was ruled ; 
Plur. 1. Reg-ebamur, We were ruled, 

2. Reg-ebammi, Ye were ruled, 

3. Reg-ebantur, They were ruled. 

Aorist, was ruled (past time indefinite). 
Sing. 1. Rectus sum or fui, I was ruled, 

2. Rectus es or fuisti, Thou wast ruled, 

3. Rectus est or fuit, He was ruled ; 
Plur. 1. Recti sumus or fui- We were ruled, 

mus, 

2. Recti estis or fuistis, Ye were ruled, 

3. Recti sunt or fuerunt They were ruled. 

or fuere, 

Perfect, have been ruled. 
Sing. 1. Rectus sum or fui, I have been ruled, 

2. Rectus es or fuisti, Thou hast been ruled, 

3. Rectus est or fuit, He has been ruled ; 



THIRD CONJUGATION, PASSIVE VOICE. 191 

Plur. 1. Recti sumus or ful- We have been ruled, 
mus, 

2. Recti estis or fuistis, Ye have been ruled, 

3. Recti sunt or fuerunt They have been ruled. 

or fuere, 

Pluperfect, had been ruled. 
Sing. 1. Rectus eram or fue- I had been ruled, 
ram, 

2. Rectus eras or fueras, Thou hadst been ruled, 

3. Rectus erat or fuerat, He had been ruled ; 
Plur. 1. Recti eramus or fue- We had been ruled, 

ramus, 

2. Recti eratis or fue- Ye had been ruled, 

ratis, 

3. Recti erant or fuerant, They had been ruled. 

First Future, shall or will be ruled. 
Sing. 1. Reg-ar, I shall, &c, Z>e rw/ed, 

2. Reg-eris or -ere, TAow sAa/£, &c, be ruled, 

3. Reg-etur, Jfe shall, &c, 6e ruled ; 
Plur. 1. Reg-emur, We sAaZZ, &c, #e ruled, 

2. Reg-emini, Ye sAa/Z, &c, 5e rwZeeZ, 

3. Reg-entur, They shall, &c, &e ruled. 

Second Future, sA#ZZ or will have been ruled. 
Sing. 1. Rectus fuero, / s^aZZ, &c, /fcave &eeft ruled, 

2. Rectus fueris, TAow s/*aZ£, &c, have been 

ruled, 

3. Rectus fuerit, He shall, &c, Aawe £ee^ 

rwZeeZ ; 
PZwr. 1. Recti fuenmus, We s/bZZ, &c, have been 

ruled, 

2. Recti fueritis, Ye shall, &c, A#t;e 6ee?a 

rwZeJ, 

3. Recti fuerint, They shall, Sic, have been 

ruled.' 



192 THIRD CONJUGATION, PASSIVE VOICE. 

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 
Present, may be ruled. 
Sing. 1 . Reg-ar, / may be ruled, 

2. Reg-aris or -are, Thou may est be ruled, 

3. Reg-atur, He may be ruled ; 
Plur. 1. Reg-amur, We may be ruled, 

2. Reg-amini, Ye may be ruled, 

3. Reg-antur, They may be ruled. 

Imperfect, might, could, would, or should be ruled. 
Sing. 1. Reg-erer, I might, &c, be ruled, 

2. Reg-ereris or -ere, Thou mightest, &c, be ruled, 

3. Reg-eretur, He might, &c, be ruled ; 
Plur. 1. Reg-eremur, We might, &c, be ruled, 

2. Reg-eremmi, Ye might, &c, be ruled, 

3, Reg-erentur, They might, &c., be ruled. 

Perfect, may have been ruled. 
Sing. 1. Rectus sim or fue- / may have been ruled, 
rim, 

2. Rectus sis^/ fueris, Thou mayest have been ruled, 

3. Rectus sit or fuerit, He may have been ruled ; 
Plur. 1. Recti simus or fue- We may have been ruled, 

rimus, 

2. Recti sitis or fueri- Ye may have been ruled, 

tis, 

3. Recti sint or fue- They may have been ruled. 

rint, 

Pluperfect, might, could, would, or should have been ruled. 
Sing. 1. Reotus essem or fu- / might, &c, have been ruled, 
issem, 

2. Rectus esses or fu- Thou mightest, Sic, have been 

isses, ruled, 

3. Rectus esset or fu- He might, &c, have been 

isset, ruled ; 



THIRD CONJUGATION, PASSIVE VOICE. 193 

Plur. 1. Recti essemus or We might, &c, have been 
fuissemus, ruled, 

2. Recti essetis or fu- Ye might, Sic, ham been ruled, 

issetis, 

3. Recti essent or fu- They might, &c, have been 

issent, ruled. 

IMPERATIVE MOOD. 
Sing. 2. Reg-ere or -Itor, Be thou ruled, 

3. Reg-itor, Let him be ruled ; 

Plur. 2. Reg-immi, Be ye ruled, 

3. Reg-untor, Let them be ruled. 

INFINITIVE MOOD. 
Pres. and Imp., Reg-i, To be ruled. 

Perf. and Plup., Esse or fuisse To have been ruled. 

rectus, 
First Future, Rectum iri, To be about to be ruled. 

PARTICIPLES. 
Perfect, Rect-ns, a, urn, Ruled. 

Future, Reg-endus, a, urn, To be ruled. 

LXV. EXERCISES ON THE THIRD CONJUGATION, PAS- 
SIVE VOICE. 

I. 

Translate the following, and mention the tense, number, 
person, &c. 

A leonibus bestiae majores capiuntur, minores contem- 
nuntur. — Diligo et semper diligam eos, a quibus alebar et 
instituebar. — Probus eris, si non decipies ; prudens, si non 
decipieris. — Areopagus a Solone institiitus est. — Mens, cui 
regnum totius corporis a natura tributum est, prsestantis si- 
mum deorum donum est. — Romulum Remumque cupido ce- 
pit urbem condendi in iis locis, ubi expositi 1 erant. — Deus 
cui innumera benencia debes, a te, homo, colitor. — Ami- 

1. From expono. 
17 



194 EXERCISES ON THE THIRD CONJUGATION. 

citiae, a nemine rumpiminor ! — Dona malorum hominum a 
te despuuntor. — Bona valetudo anteponatur voluptati. — Sal- 
utaria consilia ne spernantur. — Si adspicereris, mi Deus, 
ab omnibus colereris et adorareris. — Vobisne notum est, 
quo anno Corinthus diruta sit 1 — Yeteres dubitabant de 
mundo, casune 1 sit efTectus, an 2 a deo ; nos non dubitamus. 
— Doctiores essemus, si meliores libri a nobis lecti essent. 
■ — E ligno combusto 3 remanet cinis. — Vini ex uris expressi 
saepe longe alius est color, quam uvarum, e quibus est ex- 
pressum. — Nihil dulcius est, quam diligi ; nihil odiosius, 
quam timeri et contemni. 

Si colis probos, coleris a probis. — Signum Dianas, quod 
Ephesi 4 erat, colebatur a civibus, et ab omnibus advenis vis- 
ebatur. 5 — Quo magis diligam homines, eo magis diligar ab 
illis. — Regia potestas a Marco Bruto dissoluta 6 est, duoque 
creati sunt consules. — Is intelliget, quanta sit Dei sapientia, 
a quo tota hominis fabricatio perspectafuerit. — Quum literae 
tuas a me lectae fuerint, eas tibi remittam. — Non dubito quin 
diligar ab eis, quos diligo. — Quum Hamilcar cum exercitu 
in Hispaniam mitteretur, Hannibalem, filium suum, secum 
duxit. — Non deciperemini toties, si attentiores essetis. — 
A quo hucusque instituebamini ? — Singulis Romanorum le- 
gionibus addebantur triceni equites. — Morbus praeceps al- 
terutrum faciet, aut exstinguetur aut exstinguet. — Quo magis 
contemners homines, eo magis contemnemini. — Tibine no- 
tum est, quo anno regia potestas a Marco Bruto dissoluta 
sit, duoque creati sint consules ? — Saepe homines dicent : 
multa nobis non incognita essent, si melius instituti esse- 
mus. — Sexaginta quatuor habebimus, quum septuaginta sub- 
tracta fuerint sex. — Nuraa Pompilius, secundus Romano- 
rum rex, Jani templum clausit : bis deinde clausum fuit ; 
anno ducentesimo quadragesimo primo, et anno tricesimo 
primo ante Christum natum. 

1. Ne here means " whether." 4. Ephesi, u at Ephesus." 

2. An, " or." 5. From viso. 

3. From comburo. 6. From dissolve 



EXERCISES ON THE THIRD CONJUGATION. 



195 



II. 

Convert the following ungrammatical Latin into gram- 
matical, so as to suit the English words opposite. 

If I shall have been offended 
by any one, I will in no 
way offend him. 

Oh boy, be thou regulated by 
the example of the best. 

Ye elders, be not surpassed by 
your juniors. 

I should be miserable if I 
were deserted by all. 

Unless we shall rule our own 
selves, we will be ruled by 
others. 

The walls of the Piraeus and 
of Athens were thrown 
down by Lysander, and 
restored by Conon. 

Our affairs will be directed 
by the Deity, and will be 
led to a favourable issue. 

The senators were called fa- 
thers by the Romans. 

Great blessings have been re- 
ceived from the Deity, and 
great thanks ought to be 
rendered by us. 

No writings were left by Soc- 
rates. 

It is disgraceful to be left be- 
hind, it is more disgraceful 
to be contemned, it is most 
disgraceful to be cut with 
scourges. 



Si offendo a quipiam ille nul- 
lus modus offendo. 

Compono, puer, ad exemplar 

bonus. 
Senex, ne vinco a junior. 

Miser sum si ab omnis re- 

linquo. 
Nisi ego ipse rego, rego ab 

alius. 

Mums Piraeus et Athenae a 
Lysander diruo, et a Co- 
non restituo. 

Res noster a Deus rego et 
ad bonus exitus perduco. 

Senator a Romanus Pater 
dico. 

Magnus beneficium a Deus 
accipio, magnusque gratia 
debeo persolvo ab ego. 

Nullus scriptum a Socrates 

relinquo. 
Turpis sum relinquo, turpis 

sum contemno, turpis sum 

verber caedo. 



196 EXERCISES ON DEPONENTS. 

LXVL EXERCISES ON DEPONENTS OF THE THIRD 
CONJUGATION. 

I. 

Translate the following, and mention the person, tense, 
&c. 

Tempus praeteritum nunquam revertitur. — Nemo semper 
assequetur, quae conatur assequi. — Pauci oratores gloriam 
Demosthenes et Ciceronis assecuti sunt. — Naturam se- 
quamur, et omne quod pravum est fugiamus. — Primi homi- 
nes naturam ineorrupti sequebantur. — Phillipus, rex Mace- 
donum, quum magnam e bello contra Phocenses gloriam 
apud omnes nationes adeptus esset, 1 Olynthios aggressus 
est. 2 — Nihil est virtute amabilius ; quam quum adeptus fue- 
ris, ab omnibus diligeris. — Nefas est irasci iis, quos amare 
debemus. — Peccatis irascamur, non iis, qui peccarunt. — Ne 
obliviscimi pauperum. 3 — Proprium est stultitiae, 4 aliorum vi- 
tia cernere, oblivisci suorum. — Cohortatus est Caesar iEduos, 
ut controversiarum ac dissensionum obliviscerentur. — Nos 
omnes propensi sumus ad obliviscendum. — Impares nati 
sumus, 5 pares moriemur. — Bestiae, in quo loco natae sunt, ex 
eo se non commovent. — Cogita tecum, quod non uni angulo 
natus sis ; patria tua totus hie mundus est. — Pii, quae Deus 
immisit adversa, aequo animo 6 patiuntor. — Gere morem 7 pa- 
rentibus, pare cognatis, obsequere amicis, obtempera legi- 
bus. — Consume omne tempus in quaerendo et discendo, non 
in querendo 8 et irascendo. — Ne irascaris sine causa, neve, 
etiam si causa irascendi adsit, iram tuam diu manere pati- 
aris. — Senex laudat tempus praeteritum, queritur de eoquod 
praesens est. — Naturam semper sequere. 

1. From adipiscor. — Quum adeptus esset, "when he had obtained." 

2. From aggredior. 

3. Obliviscor governs the genitive. 

4. Proprium est, " it is the property." — Suorum, " one's own." 

5. From nascor. 

6. JEquo animo, " patiently." 

7. Gerere morem, " to comply with the wishes of," " to yield to," &c. 

8. From queror. 



EXERCISES ON DEPONENTS. 



197 



II. 

Convert the following ungrammatical Latin into gram- 
matical, so as to suit the English words opposite. 

Melius sum patior quam facio 

injuria. 
Is laus sum jucundus, qui 

proficiscor a vir, qui ipse 

laus mereo. 
Crepusculum magis idoneus 

sum colloquor, quam lego 

et scribo. 
Juventus sum tempus colligo 

et paro, senectus fruor et 

utor. 
Alexander Magnus India 

finis ingredior. 
Stella Venus Lucifer dico, 

quum antegredior sol, qu- 

um subsequor autem, Hes- 
perus. 
Xerxes Leonidas aggredior, 

qui angustiae Thermopylae 

occupo. 
Laus sequor, quum labor via 

facio. 



It is better to suffer than com- 
mit an injury. 

That praise is pleasing which 
comes from men who have 
themselves deserved praise. 

Twilight is more adapted for 
conversing than for reading 
and writing. 

Youth is the season of collect- 
ing and procuring, age that 
of enjoying and using. 

Alexander the Great entered 
within the confines of India. 

The star of Venus is called 
Lucifer when it precedes 
the sun, but Hesperus when 
it follows after. 

Xerxes attacked Leonidas, 
who had occupied the pass 
of Thermopylce. 

Praise will follow, when la- 
bour shall have prepared 
the way. 

To die for onds country * is 
most glorious. 

The soldier, dying, remembers 
his home and children. 

We indeed will die, but our 
souls will never die. 



Pro patria morior sum hono- 

rificus. 
Miles, morior, reminiscor do- 

mus et liberi. 
Ego quidem morior, animus 

autem noster morior nun- 

quam. 



17* 



198 FOURTH CONJUGATION, ACTIVE VOICE. 

LXVIL FOURTH CONJUGATION, ACTIVE VOICE. 

Pres. Ind. Pres. Inf. Perf. Ind. Supine. 

Audio, Audire, Audivi, Audltum, To hear. 

INDICATIVE MOOD. 
Present Tense, hear. 



Sing. 1. 


Aud-io, 


/ hear, 


2. 


Aud-is, 


Thou hearest, 


3. 


Aud-it, 


He hears ; 


Plur. 1. 


Aud-Imus, 


We hear, 


2. 


Aud-itis, 


Ye hear, 


3. 


Aud-iunt, 


They hear. 




Imperfect, 


was hearing. 


Sing. 1. 


Aud-iebam, 


I was hearing, 


2. 


Aud-iebas, 


Thou wast hearing, 


3. 


Aud-iebat, 


He was hearing ; 


Plur. 1. 


Aud-iebamus, 


We were hearing, 


2. 


Aud-iebatis, 


Ye were hearing, 


3. 


Aud-iebant, 


They were hearing. 




Aorist 


, heard. 


Sing. 1. 


Aud-ivi, 


I heard, 


2. 


Aud-ivisti, 


Thou didst hear, 


3. 


Aud-ivit, 


He heard ; 


Plur. 1. 


Aud-ivimus, 


We heard, 


2. 


Aud-ivistis, 


Ye heard, 


3. 


Aud-iverunt or -ivere 


, They heard. 




Perfect, 


have heard. 


Sing. 1. 


Aud-ivi, 


I have heard, 


2. 


Aud-ivisti, 


Thou hast heard, 


3. 


Aud-ivit, 


He has heard ; 


Plur. 1. 


Aud-ivimus, 


We have heard, 


2. 


Aud-ivistis, 


Ye have heard, 



3. Aud-iverunt or -ivere, They have heard. 



FOURTH CONJUGATION, ACTIVE VOICE. 



199 



Sing, 



Pluperfect, had heard. 
1. Aud-iveram, I" had heard, 



2. Aud-iveras, 

3. Aud-iverat, 



Plur. 



Aud-iveramus, 

Aud-iveratis, 

Aud-iverant, 



Thou hadst heard, 
He had heard ; 
We had heard, 
Ye had heard, 
They had heard. 



First Future, shall or will hear. 



Sing. 1 



Plur. 



Sing. 



Plur. 



Aud-iam, 

2. Aud-ies, 

3. Aud-iet, 

1. Aud-iemus, 

2. Aud-ietis, 

3. Aud-ient, 



/ shall or will hear, 
Thou shall, &c, hear, 
He shall, &c, hear ; 
We shall, &c, hear, 
Ye shall, &c, hear, 
They shall f &c, hear. 



Second Future, shall or will have heard. 



1. Aud-ivero, 

2. Aud-iveris, 

3. Aud-iverit, 

1. Aud-iverimus, 

2. Aud-iveritis, 

3. Aud-iverint, 



I shall or will have heard, 
Thou shalt, &c, have heard, 
He shall, <fcc, have heard ; 
We shall, &c, have heard, 
Ye shall, &c, have heard, 
They shall, &c, have heard. 



SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 
Present, may hear. 



Sing. 1. Aud-iam, 

2. Aud-ias, 

3. Aud-iat, 
Plur. 1. Aud-iamus, 

2. Aud-iatis, 

3. Aud-iant, 



J may hear, 
Thou mayest hear, 
He may hear ; 
We may hear, 
Ye may hear, 
They may hear. 



Imperfect, might, could, would, or should hear. 
Sing. 1. Aud-irem, / might, &c, hear, 

2. Aud-Ires, Thou mightest, &c, hear, 

3. Aud-Iret, He might, &c., hear ; 



200 



FOURTH CONJUGATION, ACTIVE VOICE. 



Plur. 1. Aud-iremus, 

2. Aud-iretis, 

3. Aud-Irent, 



We might, &c, hear, 
Ye might, &c, hear, 
They might, &c, hear. 



Sing, 



Perfect, may have heard. 
1. Aud-iverim, I may have heard, 



Plu 



2. Aud-iveris, 

3. Aud-iverit, 

1. Aud-iverimus, 

2. Aud-iventis, 

3. Aud-iverint, 



Thou mayest have heard, 
He may have heard ; 
We may have heard, 
Ye may have heard, 
They may have heard. 



Pluperfect, might, could, would, or should have heard. 



Sing. 



Plu 



1. Aud-ivissem, 

2. Aud-ivisses, 

3. Aud-ivisset, 

1. Aud-i vis s emus, 

2. Aud-ivissetis, 

3. Aud-ivissent, 



/ might, &lq., have heard, 
Thou mightest, &c, have 

heard, 
He might, &c, have heard ; 
We might, &c, have heard, 
Ye might, &c, have heard, 
They might, &c., have heard. 



IMPERATIVE MOOD. 



Sing. 2. Aud-i or -Ito, 

3. Aud-ito, 

Plur. 2. Aud-Ite or -itote, 

3. Aud-iunto, 



Hear thou, 
Let him hear ; 
Hear ye, 
Let them hear. 



INFINITIVE MOOD. 
Pres. and Imp., Aud-Ire, To hear. 

Perf. and Plup., Aud-Ivisse, To have heard. 

First Future, Esse aud-iturus, To be about to hear. 
Second Future, Fuisse aud-itQrus, To have been about to 

hear. 



Pres. and Imp., 
Future, 



PARTICIPLES. 
Aud-iens, 
Aud-iturus, a, um, 



Hearing. 
About to hear. 



EXERCISES ON THE FOURTH CONJUGATION. 201 





GERUNDS 




Nom. 


Aud-iendum, 


Hearing. 


Gen. 


Aud-iendi, 


Of hearing. 


Bat. 


Aud-iendo, 


To hearing. 


Ace. 


Aud-iendum, 


Hearing. 


AM. 


Aud-iendo, 

SUPINES. 


With, &c, hearing, 


First, 


Aud-itum, 


To hear. 


Second 


, Aud-Itu, 


To be heard. 



LXVIII. EXERCISES ON THE FOURTH CONJUGATION, 
ACTIVE VOICE. 

I, 

Translate trie following, and mention the number, person, 
tense, &c. 

Nunc multa scio, quae olim nesciebam, et aliquando per- 
multa sciam, quae nunc nescio. — Ventum non cernimus 
sed audimus. — Canes, greges et domos custoditis, et arcetis 
fures et latrones nocturnos. — Magna vis est in virtutibus ; 
eas excita, si forte dormiant — Quidni aperiam domum hos- 
piti ? quidni vestiam nudos 1 quidni miseriam aliorum leni- 
am 1 — Cura ut quam primum 1 venias. — Virgmes Vestales, 
in urbe Roma, custodiebant ignem sempiternum. — Obeditote 
aliis, ut vobis quoque alii obediant.— Quod sentimus loqua- 
mur ; quod loquimur, sentiamus. — Multa nescirem, nisi per- 
multa ab aliis audivissem. — Magistri, quum iterum atque 
iterum frustra ad discendum hortati fuerint discipulos, eos- 
dem punient.—-Pr8estat 2 scire quam opinari. — Aetate virili 
multa vidi et audivi, quae antea neque videram neque audi- 
veram. — Semper obediam parentibus et praeceptoribus, qui 
me educant et erudiunt, semperque serviam 3 Deo, qui me 
creavit, vestivit et nutrivit. 

1. Quam primum, " as soon as possible." 

2. PrcBStat, "it is better." 

3. Serviam, "will serve;" literally, "will render service to" and 
hence it is joined with the dative. 



202 EXERCISES ON THE FOURTH CONJUGATION. 

Veni et vide, quid sit verum, bonum, et pulchrum. — Hom- 
ines esurientes nullum cibum fastidiunt. — Obedite pueri 
parentibus ; morem gerite praeceptoribus, parete magistrati- 
bus, obtemperate legibus. — Multa nesciretis, nisi permulta 
ab aliis audivissetis. — Romam 1 quum venero, qua? perspex- 
ero, scribam ad te. — Nulla civitas, praeter Persas, ingratos 
punivit. — Adsuesce et dieere verum et audire. — Cur heri 
mihi non aperiebas domum, quum pulsabam 1 non audivi, 
nam dormiebam. — Sollicitudinis nostrae in liac terra finem 
nonreperiemus. — Non multa legisse, sed multa scire, debent 
eruditi. — Pueri, si valent, ne ultra septem horas dormiunto. 
— Jacet corpus dormientis ut mortui, at vivit animus. — Con- 
tliant alii mortuos et sepeliant in marmore, auro, et argento, 
ego potius vivis benefaciam. — Olim linteum et tabulae cera 
obductas 2 scribendo inserviebant. — Homini loquaci ne arcana 
committas, statim enim, quae audiverit, effutiet. — Multi hom- 
ines, quos pro mortuis habuerant et sepeliverant sui, 3 in 
sepulcro misere 4 exspiraverunt.— Sartores sarciunt vestes 
laceras. 

II. 

Convert the following ungrammatical Latin into gram- 
matical, so as to suit the English words opposite. 



Hear many things, say few 

things. 
It is base to say one thing, to 

think another. 
Those whom we have buried 

will rise again. 
Boys, when you have slept 

seven hours, arise. 



Audio multus, loquor multus. 

Turpi s sum, alius dico, alius 

sentio. 
Resurgo qui sepelio. 

Puer, quum septem hora dor- 
mio, surgo. 



1. Romam, "to Rome." 

2. Cera obductcE, " covered over with wax." 

3. Sui, " their relations ;" literally, " their own." It also may mean 
" their friends." 

4. Misere, " miserably," the adverb. 



FOURTH CONJUGATION, PASSIVE VOICE. 



203 



There is always an opportu- 
nity of reading, not always 

of hearing. 
The ancient Germans slept in 

the skins of wild animals. 
To have slept seven hours is 

sufficient for the young man 

and the old one. 
If you do not know anything, 

ask those who do know. 
Good boys will always obey 

the precepts of their parents 

and teachers. 
What we blame in others, we 

will find in our own selves. 
He will serve many who is a 

slave to his own body. 
The vine has come to us from 

Asia. 
He who knows not how to be 

silent, knows not how to 

speak. 



Semper sum occasio lego, 
non semper audio. 

Vetus Germanus dormio in 

pellis fera. 
Septem hora T dormio satis 

sum juvenis et senex. 

Si quis 2 nescio, rogo scio. 

Bonus puer parens et prae- 

ceptor prseceptum semper 

obedio. 
Qui in alius reprehendo, in 

egomet ipse invenio. 
Multus servio, qui corpus 

suus servio. 
Vitis ad ego ex Asia venio. 

Qui neseio taceo, nescio lo- 
quor. 



LXIX. FOURTH CONJUGATION, PASSIVE VOICE. 
Pres. Ind. Pres. Inf. Perf Part. 
Audior, Audiri, Auditus, To be heard. 

INDICATIVE MOOD. 
Present Tense, am heard. 



Sing. 1. Aud-ior, 

2. Aud-iris or -Ire, 

3. Aud-Itur, 
Plur* 1. Aud-Imur, 

2. Aud-immi, 

3. Aud-iuntur, 



/ am heard, 
Thou art heard, 
He is heard ; 
We are heard, 
Ye are heard, 
They are heard. 



1. Continuance of time is put in the accusative. 

2. Quis for aliquis. 



204 FOURTH CONJUGATION, PASSIVE VOICE. 

Imperfect, was heard. 
Sing. 1 . Aud-iebar, J was heard, 

2. Aud-iebaris or -iebare, Thou wast heard, 

3. Aud-iebatur, He was heard ; 
Plur. 1. Aud-iebamur, We were heard, 

2. Aud-iebammi, Ye were heard, 

3. Aud-iebantur, They were heard. 

Aorist, was heard. 
Sing. 1 . Aud-itus sum or fui, / was heard, 

2. Aud-itus es or fuisti, Thou wast heard, 

3. Aud-itus est or fait, He was heard ; 
Plur. 1. Aud-iti sumus or fuimus, We were heard, 

2. Aud-iti estis or fuistis, Ye were heard, 

3. Aud-iti sunt or fuerunt They were heard. 

or fuere, 

Perfect, have been heard. 
Sing. 1. Aud-itus sum or fui, / have teen heard, 

2. Aud-itus es or fuisti, Thou hast been heard, 

3. Aud-itus est or fuit, He has been heard ; 
Plur. 1. Aud-iti sumus or fuimus, We have been heard, 

2. Aud-iti estis or fuistis, Ye have been heard, 

3. Aud-iti sunt or fuerunt They have been heard, 

or fuere, 
Pluperfect, had been heard. 
Sing. 1. Aud-itus eram or fueram, / had been heard, 

2. Aud-itus eras or fueras, Thou hadst been heard, 

3. Aud-itus erat or fuerat, He had been heard ; 
Plur. 1. Aud-iti eramus or fuera- We had been heard, 

mus, 

2. Aud-iti eratis or fueratis, Ye had been heard, 

3. Aud-iti erant or fuerant, They had been heard. 

First Future, shall or will be heard. 
Sing. 1. Aud-iar, J shall, &c, be heard, 

2. Aud-ieris or -iere, Thou shalt, &c., be heard, 

3. Aud-ietur, He shall Sic, be heard; 



FOURTH CONJUGATION, PASSIVE VOICE. 205 

Plur. 1. Aud-iemur, We shall, Sic, be heard, 

2. Aud-iemmi, Ye shall, Sic, be heard, 

3. Aud-ientur, They shall, Sic, be heard. 

Second Future, shall or will have been heard. 
Sing. 1. Aud-Itus fuero, I shall, Sic, have been heard, 

2. Aud-Itus fueris, Thou shalt, Sic, have been 

heard, 

3. Aud-Itus fuerit, He shall, Sic, have been heard; 
Plur. 1. Aud-iti fuerimus, We sAaZZ, &c, have been heard, 

2. Aud-iti fuentis, Ye shall, Sic, have been heard, 

3. Aud-iti fuerint, They shall, Sic, have been 

heard. 

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 
Present, may be heard. 
Sing. 1. Aud-iar, I may be heard, 

2. Aud-iaris or -iare, Thou may est be heard, 

3. Aud-iatur, He may be heard; 
Plur. 1. Aud-iamur, We may be heard, 

2. Aud-iammi, Ye may be heard, 

3. Aud-iantur, They may be heard. 

Imperfect, might, could, would, or should be heard. 
Sing. 1. Aud-irer, I might, Sic, be heard, 

2. Aud-ireris or -irere, Thou mightest, Sic, be heard, 

3. Aud-iretur, He might, Sic, be heard; 
Plur. 1. Aud-iremur, We might, Sic, be heard, 

2. Aud-iremini, Ye might, Sic, be heard, 

3. Aud-irentur, They might, Sic, be heard. 

Perfect, may have been heard. 
Sing. 1 . Aud-Itus sim or fu- / may have been heard, 
erim, 

2. Aud-Itus sis or fue- Thou may est have been heard, 

ris, 

3. Aud-Itus sit or fuerit, He may have been heard; 

18 



206 FOURTH CONJUGATION, PASSIVE VOICE. 

Plur. 1 . Aud-iti slmus or fu- We may have been heard, 
erimus, 

2. Aud-iti sitis or fue- Ye may have been heard, 

ritis, 

3. Aud-iti sint or fue- They may have been heard. 

rint, 

Pluperfect, might, could, would, Sic, have been heard. 

Sing. 1. Aud-itus essem or I might, Sao,,, have been heard, 
fuissem, 

2. Aud-itus esses or Thou mightest, &c, have been 

fuisses, heard, 

3. Aud-itus esset or He might, Sic, have been 

fuisset, heard; 

Plur, 1. Aud-iti essemus or We might, Sic, have been 

fuissemus, heard, 

2. Aud-iti essetis or Ye mighty Sic, have been 

fuissetis, heard, 

3. Aud-iti essent or They might, &c, have been 

fuissent, heard. 

IMPERATIVE MOOD. 

Sing. 2. Aud-Ire or -Itor, Be thou heard, 

3. Aud-itor, Let him be heard ; 

Plur. 2. Aud-immi, Be ye heard, 

3. Aud-iuntor, Let them be heard. 

INFINITIVE MOOD. 

Pres. and Imp., Aud-Iri, To be heard. 

Perf. and Plup., Esse or fuisse To have been heard. 

aud-itus, 

Future, Aud-Itum iri, To be about to be heard. 

PARTICIPLES. 

Perfect, Aud-Itus, a, um, Heard. 

Future, Aud-iendus, a, um, To be heard. 



EXERCISES ON THE FOURTH CONJUGATION. 207 

LXX. EXERCISES ON THE FOURTH CONJUGATION, 
PASSIVE VOICE. 

I. 

Translate the following, and name the person, number, 
tense, &c. 

Tonitru a surdis non auditur. — Nos homines impedlmus 
saepe alios, et impedimur ab aliis.— -In mari reperiuntur eti- 
am pisces volantes. — Justum est, ut sontes puniantur, absol- 
vantur innocentes. — Audiatur et 1 altera pars. — Mortui ab 
iEgyptiis condiebantur, et conditi domi 2 servabantur ; a no- 
bis sepeliuntur. — Homo mortuus ante diem tertium ne sepe- 
ITtor. — Infantes a parentibus custodiuntor. — A quonam huc- 
usque alebaris et vestiebaris ? — Rudis essem, nisi erudirer. 
— Preces hominum piorum a Deo audientur. — Quum propter 
flagitia quaedam punitus fuero, eadem non amplius commit- 
tam. — Quum sepultus fueris, cessabit omnis dolor. — A qui- 
bus nutrlti et vestiti simus, nescire saepe videmur. — Tu ne 
erudias alios, antequam ipse eruditus sis. — Alios sepelivisti, 
nunc ab aliis, vespillo, sepultus es. — Cui sapientia deest, a 
Deo earn petat, et audietur. — Magistri, a quibus docti et eru- 
diti estis, semper honorantor a vobis. — Hoc majores nostri 
questi 3 sunt, hoc nos querimur, hoc posteri querentur, in 
terra nihil inveniri perfectum. — Ne quis insepultus esset re- 
rum natura prospexit. 

IL 

Convert the following ungrammatical Latin into gram- 
matical, so as to suit the English words opposite. 
Many arts have been discov- Multus ars ab homo invenio. 

ered by men. 
We would have sinned oftener 
if we had never been pun- 
ished on account of our sins. 

1. Et, "also." 3. Prom queror. 

2. Domi. " at home." 



Saepius pecco, si nunquam 
propter peccatum punio. 



208 



EXERCISES ON DEPONENTS. 



Let the public safety he guard- 
ed by the magistrates. 

As soon as anything new shall 
have been heard by me, I 
will write to you. 

Trajan alone of all was bu- 
ried within the city. 

Alcibiades was instructed by 
Socrates. 

Oh ye winds, ye are not seen, 
but are heard and felt. 

We are deservedly punished 
when toe do not obey God. 

Not only human beings, but 
also animals, were embalm- 
ed by the Egyptians. 



Salus publicus a magistrates 

custodior. 
Simul ac aliquis novus ab ego 

audio, tu scribo. 

Trajanus solus omnis intra 

urbs sepelio. 
Alcibiades a Socrates erudio. 

Ventus, rion video, sed audio 

et sentio. 
Merito punio, quum Deus non 

obedio. 
Non solum homo, verum eti- 

am animal, ab iEgyptius 

condio. 



LXXI. EXERCISES ON DEPONENTS OF THE FOURTH 
CONJUGATION. 

I. 

Translate the following, and mention the tense, number, 
person, &e. 

Mentientibus nunquam assentiar. — Dolos verentur cauti 
homines, siquis ipsis blandltur. — Fuge volnptates, quae sen- 
sibus quidem blandiuntur, at animo nocent. — Illi sunt opti- 
mi amici, qui et 1 gaudia cum amicis partiuntur. — Ne menti- 
mini, pueri, etiamsi omnes alii mentiantur. — Necessitas 
multa experiri homines docuit. — Optime scimus id, quod 
experti sumus. — Credam id, quod expertus fuero. — Quod 
orsus sum, 2 homo patiens dicit, ad fiaem etiam perducam. 
— Non assequentur semper homines, quae experientur. — Si 
nihil expertus ess em, nihil scirem. — Multi, etiamsi melio- 
rem fortunam sortiti essent, non meliores essent homines. 
— Infelicissimi erant per omnem vitam, quicunque dedig- 



1. Et, "also.' 



2. From ordior. 



EXERCISES ON DEPONENTS. 



209 



nabantur bona, quae in hac terra sortiti erant. — Experire 
memoriam quotidie, et quotidie magis valebit. — Non eodem 
semper loco 1 sol oritur et occldit. 

II. 

Convert the following ungrammatical Latin into gram- 
matical, so as to suit the English words opposite. 



To flatter and to lie are alto- 
gether similar. 

He who assents to the wicked, 
begins himself to be wicked. 

Arise, boys ; the sun himself 
has arisen, and has begun 
to measure out his course. 

We ought never to believe him 
who has once uttered a 
falsehood. 

Many rich men measure merit 
by money. 

The tiger lies in wait for both 
wild beasts and men. 

Antonius, Octavianus, and 
Lepidus divided among 
themselves the Roman 
world. 

Measure men by their deeds, 
not by their words. 

They often cast lots who do 
not know what they ought 
to do. 

When I may have begun to 
speak, no one arises, no one 
assents to me, because I 
have never flattered. 



Blandior et mentior sunt ora- 
nino similis. 

Qui malus assentior, malus 
sum ipse ordior. 

Surgo, puer ; sol ipse orior, 
cursusque suus metior or- 
dior. 

Qui semel mentior, is nun- 
quam credo debeo. 

Multus dives virtus metior 
pecunia. 

Tigris et fera et homo oppe- 
rior. 

Antonius, Octavianus, et Le- 
pidus, orbis Romanus inter 
sui partior. 

Factum, non verbum, homo 

metior. 
Ille seepe sortior qui quis fa- 

cio debeo nescio. 

Quum loquor ordior, nemo 
exorior, nemo ego assen- 
tior, quia nunquam blan- 
dior. 



1. Eodem loco, 



' in the same quarter." 
18* 



210 REMARKS ON THE CONJUGATIONS. 

LXXIL REMARKS ON THE CONJUGATIONS. 

I. In the perfect and pluperfect a syncope takes effect, 
as follows : 

1. In the first conjugation vi is dropped, and a circum- 
rlexed where an s or an r follows am or ave ; as, am- 
dsti, amdssem, amdrim, amdram, amdro, &c, for ama~ 
visti, amavissem, amaverim, &c. 

2. In the second and third conjugations a similar change 
takes place with evi ; as, complesse?n for complevissem ; 
deleram for deleveram ; decressem for decrevissem, &c. 

3. But ovi is syncopated only in novi, novisse, and the 
compounds of moveo, movi ; as, norunt for noverunt ; 
norim for noverim ; nosse for novisse, commossem for 
commovissem, &c. 

4. In the fourth conjugation ivi is often syncopated be- 
fore s ; as, audisti for audivisti ; audissem for audivis- 
sem. There is also another form, which is produced 
by throwing out the v only ; as, audii for audivi ; au- 
dieram for audiveram, &c. This, however, is not so 
common in the best prose writers as the others. 

II. In the older and especially poetic remains of the 
Latin language the infinitive passive was lengthened by 
annexing the syllable er ; as, amarier for amari ; legier for 
legi, &c. 

III. The third person plural of the perfect indicative ac- 
tive has two forms ; one ending in erunt and the other in 
ere. This form in ere is more common in the later writers 
and in those whose prose style has a poetic tinge ; as, for 
example, Tacitus and Curtius. 

IV. The imperatives of dico, duco, facio, and fero, are 
usually Avritten die, due, fac, fer ; and in the compounds, 
educ, effer, calefac ; except in those compounds of facio 
which change a into i; as, confice, perfice. 

V. For the termination of the second person in the pas- 
sive, in m, the form re was also used. In Cicero re is 



REMARKS ON THE CONJUGATIONS. 211 

more common than ris in the imperfect and future indicative 
and present and imperfect subjunctive. In the present in- 
dicative, on the other hand, re for ris is comparatively rare. 

VI. The old grammarians are at variance respecting the 
quantity of i in rimus and ritis of the second future indica- 
tive and perfect subjunctive active. Poets use these sylla- 
bles both as long and short, but the preponderance of usage 
appears to be in favour of i in both tenses. 1 

VII. Some active and several deponent verbs have a 
form in bundus, which has the general force of a present 
participle, but with the meaning commonly strengthened ; 
as, errabundus, " wandering to and fro ;" gratulabundus, 
" full of congratulation ;" moribundus, " in the agonies of 
death," &c. 

VIII. The tenses formed by fui, fuer am, fuero, and the 
passive participle in us, express more emphatically the 
completion of the action than those by sum, eram, ero. 
Thus, pransus sum means that I have just dined ; but pran- 
susfui denotes that I dined some time ago. 

IX. The verb sum and its tenses, joined with the parti- 
ciple in rus, denote that a person has a mind to do, or is 
upon the point of doing something ; differing thus from the 
future of the verb, which only expresses that an event will 
take place. Hence arises a new conjugation called Peri- 
phrastic. 2 Thus, 

INDICATIVE. 



Amaturus (a, um) sum, / am 

about to love. 
Amaturus eram, I was about 

to love. 
Amaturus ero, J shall be about 

to love. 



Amaturus (a, um) fui, / was, 
or have been about to love. 

Amaturus fueram, / had been 
about to love. 

Amaturus fuero (not in use). 



1. We have given the i, in the paradigms of the different verbs, the 
short quantity, as more in accordance with the modern way of pronoun- 
cing, though not, perhaps, the more accurate one. 

2. This" periphrastic conjugation has been already alluded to in the 
notes that precede. 



212 REMARKS ON THE CONJUGATIONS. 

Subjunctive. 



Amaturus sim, I may be about 

to love, 
Amaturus essem, I might be 

about to love. 



Amaturus fuerim, I may have 

been about to love. 
Amaturus fuissem, / might 

have been about to love. 



Infinitive. 



Amaturum esse, to be about 
to love. 



Amaturum fuisse, to have been 
about to love. 



X. The participle in dus, usually called the future parti- 
ciple passive, often has in the oblique cases a signification 
like that of a gerund, whence it derives another grammati- 
cal appellation for itself, namely, a gerundive ; as, for ex- 
ample, tempus petendce pads, " time of seeking peace ;" an- 
imal idoneum ad portanda onera, " an animal fit for bearing 
burdens." 1 

XI. The participle in dus also implies obligation, pro- 
priety, &c. ; as, amandus, " deserving of being loved ;" fa- 
ciendum, " what ought to be done." It may be joined with 
all the tenses and moods of sum, and hence arises a second 
periphrastic conjugation ; as, amandus (a, um) sum, fui, 
fueram, &c, "I am deserving of being loved," &c. ; hoc 
faciendum est, " this ought to be done." 

XII. The gerund in dum, when joined with some part 
of the verb sum, rises in force above the neuter of the par- 
ticiple in dus, and as that denotes obligation ("ought"), so 
this implies necessity (" must"), and takes the dative of the 
person ; as, rnihi scribendum est, " I must write ;" mihi scri- 
bendum erat, " I was obliged to write ;" mihi scribendum 
erit, " I shall be compelled to write," &c. 2 

1. This gerundive meaning arises out of its primitive signification as 
a present participle passive. Compare note 1, page 133. 

2. This meaning of " must," however, or, in other words, the idea of 
necessity, arises in a great measure, if not entirely, from the substantive 
verb with the dative. Thus, scribendum est mihi literally means " there 
is writing for me," i. e., I have to write, I must write, and so of the 
rest. 



EXERCISES ON THE GERUNDS AND SUPINES. 213 

XIII. In what is called the future infinitive passive, 
namely, amatum iri, monitum iri, &c, the latter part, iri, is 
in reality the infinitive of the passive impersonal itur, 
" things tend." Hence audio eum monitum iri means, lit- 
erally, " I hear that things tend to an advising him," i. e., 
that he is about to be advised. The supine therefore re- 
mains unchanged, whatever be the gender or number of the 
substantive ; as, audio feminam monitum iri ; audio nos mon- 
itum iri. 

LXXIII. EXERCISES ON THE GERUNDS AND SUPINES. 
Preliminary Rules. 

1. The gerund in dum, with the verb est, governs the 
dative of the person, and denotes necessity ; as, mihi 
laudandum est, " I must praise ;" tibi studendum est, 
" thou must study." 

2. Gerunds are construed like nouns ; as, tempus studen- 
di, " time of studying ;" aptus discendo, " fit for learn- 
ing ;" penntB data sunt ad volandum, " wings were 
given for flying." 

3. Gerunds and supines govern also the same cases as 
the verbs whence they are formed ; as, mihi laudan- 
dum est nunc hominem, " I must praise this man ;" sal- 
utatum amicos, " to salute friends." 

I. 

Translate the following, and explain the construction in 
each clause, &c. 

Tibi laudandum est.— Tibi laudandum est te ipsum.— 
Mihi laudandum est memet. — Illi laudandum est.— Mihi, 
tibi et vobis omnibus laudandum est.— Illis monendum est. 
— Nobis omnibus monendum est.- — Etiam post malam mes- 
sem agricolae serendum est. — Orandum est nobis, ut sit 
mens sana in corpore sano.— Discipulis tacendum est dum 
prseceptores docent. — Juvenilis eetas est tempus discendi. 



214 EXERCISES ON THE GERUNDS AND SUPINES. 

— Optime peccatum evitat, qui occasiones fugit peccandi. 
— O quam jucundum est, gaudendi causas dare parentibus ! 
— Studium Deo placendi signum est amoris erga Deum.- — 
Avaritia est insatiabilis cupldo plus habendi. — Plerique hom- 
ines cupidi sunt nova videndi audiendique. — Charta bib- 
ula inutilis est scribendo. —Aqua utilis est bibendo. — Non 
omnis debitor par est solvendo. — Aculeus datus est apibus 
ad pungendum. — Pennae avibus ad volandum datae sunt. — 
Inter docendum confabulari non licet. — In jocando modum 
adhibere debemus. — Fabius a cunctando Cunctator appel- 
latus est. — Scriba a scribendo, venator a venando nomen 
habet. — Ex mentiendo multa mala nascuntur. — Docendo 
discimus. — Tertia vitae pars dormiendo amittitur. — Saspe 
scribendo bene scribere discimus. — Xerxes in Graeciam 
venit bellatum. — Cubiculum vespere intramus, ibi dormi- 
tum. — Multi veniunt quidem salutatum amicos, at pauci ad- 
jutum. — Mercatores patriam suam linquunt varias merces 
aut emtum aut venditum. — Omnia Deo sunt efTectu facilia. 
— Animi natura difficillima est explicatu. — Quae tibi jueun- 
da sunt narratu, alteri saspe sunt minime jucunda auditu. — 
De apibus multa narrantur, notatu dignissima. 

II. 

Convert the following ungrammatical Latin into gram- 
matical, so as to suit the English words opposite. 

We must love our enemies, 

and forget injuries. 
Must not all men die ? 



We must always think of the 
end of life. 

Many youths waste in amuse- 
ment what their parents 
have acquired by toiling. 



Inimicus ego amo sum, et in- 
juria 1 obliviscor. 

Nonne omnis homo morior 
sum ? 

Semper ego de finis vita 
cogito sum. 

Multus juvenis ludo perdo 
qui parens suus laboro ac- 
quire. 



1. The genitive is here required with obliviscor. 



EXERCISES ON THE GERUNDS AND SUPINES. 215 



The faculty of thinking is 

called mind. 
A good boy is always desirous 

of learning. 
Even he who is skilled in 

swimming is not secure in 

the waters. 
Skins are useful for 'protect- 
ing against cold. 
Grass is produced for feeding 

cattle. 
The beaver has web-feet for 

swimming. 
Cleanliness contributes ?nuch 

to preserving health. 
By doing nothing men learn 

to do evil. 
The Israelites migrated into 

Egypt to dwell there. 
Moses was sent into Egypt 

to free the Israelites. 
I have come to behold the 

Olympic games. 
The shepherd leads forth his 

flocks to feed. 
Let us hasten to lend aid. 
The Alps are very difficult to 

be ascended. 
Shun whatever is base to be 

mentioned. 
A wise man utters those things 

only which are worthy of 

being mentioned. 



Cogito facultas mens dico. 

Bonus puer semper studiosus 

sum scribo. 
Etiam nato 1 peritus in aqua 

non sum securus. 

Pellis utilis sum adversus 

frigus (pi.) munio. 
Gramen pecus (pi.) nutrio 

nascor. 
Castor pes anserinus ad nato 

habeo. 
Multum ad sanitas tueor con- 

fero munditia. 
Nihil ago homo male ago 

disco. 
Israelita is ^gyptus migro, 

ibi habito. 
Moses in iEgyptus mitto Is- 
raelita libero. 
Venio ludus Olympicus spec- 

to. 
Pastor grex pasco educo. 

Auxilior propero. 

Alpis sum adscendo diflicilis. 

Fugio quisquis turpis sum 

dico. 
Sapiens is tantum profero, 

qui memoro dignus sum. 



1. Genitive of the gerund. 



216 EXERCISES ON THE GERUNDIVES. 

LXXIV. EXERCISES ON THE GERUNDIVES. 
Preliminary Rule. 
Gerunds governing the accusative are often turned into 
gerundives or participles in dus, which, like adjectives, 
agree with their nouns in gender, number, and case ; as, 

Petendum est mihi pacem, ) -. , ., . 

r „ > or Pax est petenda mini. 
" I must seek peace, ) 

Tempus petendi pacem, ) m , 

r r * . \ or Tempus petenda pacis. 

" Time of seeking peace, ) 

Ad petendum pacem, ) . 7 ^ 7 

r r or Ad petendam pacem. 

" For seeking peace," ) 

Petendo pacem. ) n ^ 7 

_ r . > or Petenda pace. 

" By seeking peace, ) 

I. 

Translate the following, and explain the construction in 
each clause, &c. 

Ego, qui te consolari cupio, consolandus ipse sum. — Ben- 
eficia non in vulgus 1 efFundenda sunt. — Permulta Horatii 
carmina ad verbum 2 ediscenda sunt. — Suo quaeque tempore 
facienda sunt. — Justitia propter sese colenda est. — In mag- 
nate mira vis est ferri attrahendi. — Omnem exercendae vir- 
tutis occasionem arripere debemus. — Deus nobis jus dedit 
pecudum comedendarum. — Cyrus Judaeis potestatem dedit 
templi instaurandi. — Pigris discipulis nulla est cupiditas dis- 
cendarum literarum. — Boves oneribus gestandis sunt idonei. 
— Lignum domibus exstruendis, igni alendo, conflciendisque 
variis instrumentis inservit. — Vestimenta tegendo, atque 
ornando corpori humano comparantur. — Fruges ad susten- 
tandam hominum vitam sunt necessaries. — Aqua et ventus 
molas ad frumentum comminuendum circumagunt. — Silvae 
lignum praebent ad calefaciendum corpus, cibum potumque 

1. In vulgus, " upon the crowd," i. e., upon every one indiscrimi- 
nately. 

2. Ad verbum, " by heart," literally, " to the very word," i. e., letter. 



EXERCISES ON THE GERUNDIVES. 



217 



parandum, variamque supellectilem 1 conficiendam. — Ad 
amicitiam stabiliendam multum confert morum similitudo. — 
Maxima parentum cura est in liberis bene educandis. — In 
cibis deligendis valetudinem potius quam voluptatem res- 
picere debemus. — Fuge illos amicos, qui a virtute colenda 
te abducant.— Eruditi multi scripserunt de agris hortisque 
colendis. — Legendis bonis scriptoribus doctiores evadimus. 2 



II. 

Convert the following ungrammatical Latin into gram- 
matical, so as to suit the English words opposite. 



Virtue ought to be praised 
even in an enemy. 

Not many, but good books 
ought to be read. 

Corrupt examples are to be 
detested and shunned. 

The surest art of strengthen- 
ing the memory is its exer- 
cise. 

All men are desirous of ob- 
taining happiness. 

The spider suspends very 
workmanlike webs for catch- 
ing flies. 

Books serve for acquiring 
knowledge. 

Camels appear born for car- 
rying burdens. 

In selecting friends prudence 
is to be exercised. 

In reading good books we 
ought to be attentive. 



Virtus etiam in hostis laudo 

est. 
Non multus, sed bonus liber 

lego sum. 
Pravus exemplum detestor et 

fugio sum. 
Certus memoria augeo ars 

sum exercitatio. 

Omnis homo virtus consequor 

sum cupidus. 
Araneus artificiosus musca 

capto cassis suspendo. 

Liber eruditio acquiro inser- 

vio. 
Camelus ad onus porto nas- 

cor videor. 
In eligo amicus prudentia 

sum adhibeo. 
In bonus liber lego attentus 

sum debeo. 



1. From supellex. 

2. Evadimus, " we become." Literally, " we go forth." 

19 



218 



DIFFERENT KINDS OF VERBS. 



Storms are sometimes neces- 
sary for dissipating un- 
healthy vapours. 

Birds fly through the air by 
moving their wings up and 
down. 

Domitian passed some time 
daily in killing flies . 



Procella nonnunquam neces- 
sarius sum ad insalubris 
- vapor dissipo. 
Avis per aer volo ala sursum 
ac deorsum agito. 

Domitianus quotidie aliquis 
tempus musca neco tran- 
sigo. 



LXXV. VERBS RECEIVING DIFFERENT NAMES, ACCORD- 
ING TO THEIR VARIOUS NATURES OR TENDENCIES. 

Frequentatives. 

I. Frequentative Verbs denote frequency of action, and 
are formed 1 from the latter supine of the primitive verb, by- 
changing, in the first conjugation, atu into ito ; and in the 
other conjugations, u into o ; as, from clamdtu, clamito ; 
from pulsu, pulso; from dormitu, dormlto ; the primitives 
being clamo, pello, and dormio. 

Inceptives. 

II. Inceptive verbs denote an action begun and going on. 
They all end in sco, and are formed from the second per- 
son singular present indicative of the primitive verb ; as, 
caleo, " I am warm," second person coles, inceptive calesco, 
" I begin to grow warm." 

III. Inceptives are also derived from nouns and adjec- 
tives, by changing the last vowel of the genitive into asco 
or esco ; as, puerasco, ignesco, dulcesco, from puer, ignis, 
dulcis. 

IV. Inceptive verbs are all intransitive, and of the third 
conjugation. Those which are formed from nouns want 

1. The old system of formation, in the case of frequentatives, incep- 
tives, &c, is here retained, not so much from any accuracy it possesses 
as from its convenience for the purposes of the young student. The 
true formation turns upon the doctrine of roots, but is best learned in a 
more advanced stage of the pupil's progress. 



IRREGULAR VERBS. 219 

the preterit and supine ; the others borrow them from their 
primitives. 

V. Most inceptives are formed from verbs of the second 
conjugation. There are some verbs, however, ending in 
sco, which are not inceptives, but actives ; as, disco, posco. 

Desideratives. 

VI. Desideratives express a desire of doing the act de- 
noted by the primitive. 

VII. They are formed from the latter supine of the prim- 
itive by shortening the final u and adding rio ; as, cceno, " to 
sup," supine ccendtu, desiderative ccenatiirio, " I desire to 
sup." And again, edo, " to eat," supine esu, desiderative 
esurio, u I desire to eat." 

LXXVI. IRREGULAR VERBS. 

I. The simple irregular verbs are six ; sum, eo, queo, volo, 
firo,fio. 

II. Five are compounded ; prosum, possum, nolo, mdlo, 
nequeo. 

III. Sum has already been conjugated. 

IV. Prosum, to prove of advantage, has a d where sum 
begins with e. 

Prosum, prodesse, profui. 

Indicative Mood. 

Pr. Pro-sum, prod-es, prod-est ; pro-sumus, prod-estis, pro- 

sunt. 
Imp. Prod-eram, prod-eras, prod-erat; prod-eramus, prod- 

eratis, prod-erant. 
A. and Perf. Pro-fui, pro-fuisti, pro-fuit ; profuimus, pro- 

fuistis, pro-fuerunt, or pro-fuere. 
Plu. Pro-fueram, pro-fueras, pro-fuerat ; pro-fueramus, pro- 

fueratis, pro-fuerant. 
1. Fut. Prod-ero, prod-eris, prod-erit ; prod-enmus, prod- 

entis, prod-erint. 



220 IRREGULAR VERBS. 

2. Fut. Pro-fuero, pro-fueris, pro-fuerit ; pro-fuerlmus, pro- 
fueritis, pro-fuerint. 

Subjunctive Mood, 
Pr. Pro-sim, pro-sis, pro-sit ; pro-simus, pro-sitis, pro sint. 
Imp. Prod-essem, prod-esses, prod-esset ; prod-essemus, 

prod-essetis, prod-essent. 
Per. Pro-fuerim, pro-fueris, profuerit ; pro-fuerimus, pro- 

fueritis, pro-fuerint. 
Plu. Pro-fuissem, pro-fuisses, pro-fuisset ; pro-fuissemus, 

pro-fuissetis, pro-fuissent. 

Imperative Mood. 
Pr. 2. Prod-es or prod-esto, 2. Prod-este or prod-estote, 
3. Prod-esto; 3. Pro-sunto. 

Infinitive Mood. 
Pr. and Imp., Prod-esse. 

Per. and Plu., Pro-fuisse. 

1. Future, Esse pro-futurus. 

2. Future, Fuisse pro-futurus. 

Participle. 
Future, Pro-futurus, a, um. 

V. Possum is compounded of potis, " able," and sum ; l 
and is thus conjugated : 

Possum, posse, potui, To he able. 
Indicative Mood. 
Pr. Possum, potes, potest; possumus, potestis, possunt. 
Imp. Pot-eram, -eras, -erat; -eramus, -eratis, -erant. 
A. & Per. Pot-ui, -uisti, -uit ; -uimus, -uistis, -uerunt or 

-uere. 
Plu. Pot-ueram, -ueras, -uerat ; -ueramus, -ueratis, -uerant. 

1. Fut. Pot-ero, -eris, -erit; -erimus, -eritis, -erunt. 

2. Fut. Pot-uero, -ueris, -uerit; -uerimus, -ueritis, -uerint. 

I. The component parts are often found separately in earlier writers ; 
polis being of all genders and both numbers. 



IRREGULAR VERBS. 221 

Subjunctive Mood. 
Pr. Pos-sim, -sis, -sit ; -simus, -sitis, -sint. 
Imp. Pos-sem, -ses, -set ; -semus, -setis, -sent. 
Per. Pot-uerim, -ueris, -uerit ; -uerimus, -ueritis, -uerint. 
Plu. Pot-uissem, -uisses, -uisset ; -uissemus, -uissetis, -uis- 
sent. 

Infinitive Mood. 

Pr. and Imp., Posse. Per. and Plu., Potuisse. 

The rest wanting. 



Eo, ire, ivi, ltum, To go. 
Indicative Mood. 
Pr. Eo, is, it ; imus, Itis, emit, 
Imp. Ibam, ibas, ibat ; ibamus, ibatis, ibant. 
A. & Per. Ivi, ivisti, ivit ; ivimus, ivistis, iverunt or ivere. 
Plu. Iveram, iveras, iverat ; iveramus, iveratis, iverant. 

1. Fut. Ibo, ibis, ibit ; ibimus, ibitis, ibunt. 

2. Fut. Ivero, iveris, iverit ; ivenmus, iveritis, iverint. 

Subjunctive Mood. 
Pr. Earn, eas, eat ; eamus, eatis, eant. \ 

Imp. Irem, ires, iret ; iremus, iretis, irent. 
Per. Iverim, iveris, iverit ; iverimus, iveritis, iverint. 
Plu. Ivissfem, ivisses, ivisset ; ivissemus, ivissetis, ivissent. 

Imperative Mood, 
Pr., I or Tto, lto ; ite or itote, eunto. 

Infinitive Mood, 
Pr. and Imp., Ire. 

Per. and Plu., Ivisse. 

1. Future, Esse iturus. 

2. Future, Fuisse iturus. 

19* 



222 IRREGULAR VERBS. 

Participles. 
Pr., lens, Gen. euntis. 
Fut., Iturus, a, um. 

Gerunds. Supines, 

Nom., Eundum, First, Itum. 

Gen., Eundi, &c. Second, Itu. 

VI. In the passive voice, eo exists only as an impersonal, 
itur, ibatur, itum est, &c. 

VII. Some of its compounds, however, acquire a transi- 
tive meaning, and, having an accusative in the active, may 
also have a passive ; as, adeo, " I approach ;" ineo, " I 
enter ;" prcetereo, " I pass by." 

VIII. The compounds of eo have usually only ii in the 
aorist and perfect ; as, adii, seldom adivi. 

IX. Veneo, " I am sold," a neuter passive, has no supine, 
but is otherwise conjugated like eo. 

X. Queo, " I can," and Nequeo, li I cannot," are both 
conjugated like eo ; thus, 

Pr. Queo, quis, quit, quimus, &c. 

Imp. Quibam, quibas, quibat, quibamus. 

A. and Per. Quivi, quivisti, quivit, quivimus. 

Pr. Nequeo, nequis, nequit, &c. 
Imp. Nequibam, &c. 

XI. With the exception of the present, most parts of the 
two last-mentioned verbs, especially of queo, are not very 
common in prose writers. They have no imperative or 
gerund, and only in early or unclassic authors participles. 

XII. They have also a passive, but it is rare. 

Volo, velle, volui, To be willing. 
Indicative Mood. 
Pr. Volo, vis, vult ; volumus, vultis, volunt. 
Imp. Vol-ebam, -ebas, -ebat ; -ebamus, -ebatis, -ebant. 



IRREGULAR VERBS. 223 

A. & Per, Vol-ui, -uisti, -uit ; -minus, -uistis, -uerunt or 

-uere. 
Plu. Vol-ueram, -ueras, -uerat ; -ueramus, -ueratis, -uerant. 

1. Fut. Vol-am, -es, -et ; -emus, -etis, -ent. 

2. Fut. Vol-uero, -ueris, -uerit; -uerimus, -ueritis, -uerint. 

Subjunctive Mood. 
Pr. Velim, velis, velit ; velimus, velitis, velint. 
Imp. Vellem, velles, vellet; vellemus, velletis, vellent. 
Per. Vol-uerim, -ueris, -uerit; -uerimus, -ueritis, -uerint. 
Plu. Vol-uissem, -uisses, -uisset ; -uissemus, -uissetis, -uis- 
sent. 

Infinitive Mood. 

Pr. and Imp., Velle. Per. and Plup., Voluisse. 

Participle. — Pr., Volens. 

The rest wanting. 



Nolo, 1 nolle, nolui, To be unwilling. 
Indicative Mood. 
Pr. N51o, non-vis, non-vult ; nolumus, non-vultis, nolunt. 
Imp. Nol-ebam, -ebas, -ebat ; -ebamus, -ebatis, -ebant. 
A. and Per. Nol-ui, -uisti, -uit ; -uimus, -uistis, -uerunt or 

-uere. 
Plu. Nol-ueram, -ueras, -uerat ; -ueramus, -ueratis, -uerant. 

1. Fut. Nol-am, -es, -et ; -emus, -etis, -ent. 

2. Fut. Nol-uero, -ueris, -uerit ; -uerimus, -ueritis, -uerint. 

Subjunctive Mood. 
Pr. Nol-im, -is, -it ; Imus, -itis, -int. 
Imp. Nol-lem, -les, -let ; -lemus, -letis, -lent. 
Per. Nol-uerim, -ueris, -uerit ; -uerimus, -ueritis, -uerint. 
Plup. Nol-uissem, -uisses, -uisset ; -uissemus, -uissetis, 
-uissent. 

1. Nolo is compounded of non and volo. 



224 IRREGULAR VERBS. 

Imperative Mood. 
Pr., Nol-i or ito ; -Ite or -itote. 

Participle. — Pr., Nolens. 

Infinitive Mood. 

Pr. and Imp., Nolle. Per. and Plu., Noluisse. 

The rest wanting. 



Malo, 1 malle, malui, To be more willing. 
Indicative Mood. 
Pr. Malo, mavis, mavult ; malumus, mavultis, malunt. 
Imp. Mal-ebam, -ebas, -ebat ; -ebamus, -ebatis, -ebant. 
A. and Per. Mal-ui, -uisti, -uit ; -uimus, -uistis, -uerunt or 

-uere. 
Plu. Mal-ueram, -ueras, -uerat ; -ueramus, -ueratis, -uerant. 

1. Fut. Mal-am, -es, -et ; -emus, -etis, -ent. 

2. Fut. Mal-uero, -ueris, -uerit ; -uerimus, -ueritis, -uerint. 

Subjunctive Mood. 
Pr. Mal-im, -is, -it ; -Imus, -Ttis, -int. 
Imp. Mal-lem, -les, -let ; -lemus, -letis, -lent. 
Per. Mal-uerim, -ueris, -uerit ; -uerimus, -ueritis, -uerint. 
Plu. Mal-uissem, -uisses, -uisset ; uissemus, -uissetis, -uis- 
sent. 

Infinitive Mood. 

Pr., Malle. Per., Maluisse. 

The rest not used. 

1. Malo is compounded of mage (old form for magis) and volo. 
Hence we have mavolo, contracted malo ; mavellem, contracted mat- 
lem, &c. 



IRREGULAR VERBS. 225 

Fero, ferre, tuli, latum, To bring or carry. 1 

ACTIVE VOICE. 

Indicative Mood. 

Pr. Fero, fers, fert ; ferimus, fertis, ferunt. 

Imp. Fer-ebam, -ebas, -ebat ; -ebamus, -ebatis, -ebant. 

A. and Per. Tuli, tulisti, tulit ; tulimus, tulistis, tulerunt 

or -ere. 
Plu. Tuleram, -eras, -erat ; -eramus, -eratis, -erant. 

1. Fut. Fer-am, -es, -et ; -emus, -etis, -ent. 

2. Fut. Tul-ero, -eris, -erit ; -erimus, -eritis, -erint. 

Subjunctive Mood. 
Pr. Fer-am, -as, -at ; -amus, -atis, -ant. 
Imp. Fer-rem, -res, -ret ; -remus, -retis, -rent. 
Per. Tul-erim, -eris, -erit ; -erimus, -eritis, -erint. 
Plu. Tul-issem, -isses, -isset ; -issemus, -issetis, -issent. 

Imperative Mood. 
Pr. 2. Fer or ferto, 2. Ferte or fertote, 

3. Ferto ; 3. Ferunto. 

Infinitive Mood. 
Pr. and Imp., Ferre. Per. and Plu., Tulisse. 

1. Future, Esse laturus. 2. Future, Fuisse laturus. 

Participles. Gerunds. Supines. 

Pr., Ferens. Nom., Ferendum. First, Latum. 

Fut., Laturus, a, um. Gen., Ferendi, &c. Second, Latu. 

PASSIVE VOICE. 

Feror, ferri, latus, To be brought. 

Indicative Mood. 

Pr. Feror, ferris or ferre, fertur ; ferimur, ferimmi, feruntur. 

1. The compounds of fcro are conjugated in the same way : confer o 
makes contuli, colldtum ; aufero, abstiili, ablatum ; effero, extuli, elatum, 
&c. Suffero has no perfect or supine, for sustuli, sublalum, belong to 
tollo. 



226 IRREGULAR VERBS. 

Imp. Fer-ebar, -ebaris or -ebare, -ebatur ; -ebamur, -ebam- 

Ini, -ebantur. 
A. and Per. Latus sum or fui, latus es or fuisti, &c. 
Plu. Latus eram or fueram, latus eras or fueras, &c. 

1. Fut. Ferar, fereris or ferere, feretur ; feremur, feremini, 

ferentur. 

2. Fut. Latus fuero, latus fueris, &c. -' 

Subjunctive Mood. 
Pr. Ferar, feraris or ferare, feratur ; feramur, feramini, 

ferantur. 
Imp. Ferrer, ferreris or ferrere, ferretur ; ferremur, feremini, 

ferrentur. 
Per. Latus sim or fuerim, latus sis or fueris, Sic. . 
Plu. Latus essem or fuissem, latus esses or fuisses, &e. 

Imperative Mood. 
Pr., Ferre or fertor, fertor ; ferimmi, feruntor. 

Infinitive Mood. Participles. 

Pr. & Imp., Ferre. Per., Latus, a, um. 

Per. & Plu., Esse or fuisse latus. Ger., Ferendus, a, um. 



Fio, fieri, faetus, To be made or done. 
Indicative Mood. 
Pr. Fio, fis, fit ; fimus, fitis, fiunt. 1 
Imp. Fiebam, fiebas, fiebat ; fiebamus, fiebatis, fiebant. 
A. and Per. Faetus sum or fui, faetus es or fuisti, &c. 
Plu. Faetus eram or fueram, faetus eras or fueras, &c. 

1. Fut. Fiam, fies, fiet ; fiemus, fietis, fient. 

2. Fut. Faetus fuero, faetus fueris, &c. 

1. Fio has the i long through all its parts, except when er follows, in 
which case it is short. The compounds of facio, which retain a, have 
fio in the passive ; as, calefacio, passive calefio ; patefacio, passive pate- 
fio. But those which change a into i form the passive regularly ; as, 
confieio, passive conficior ; perficio, passive perficior. 



EXERCISES ON THE IRREGULAR VERBS. 227 

Subjunctive Mood. 
Pr. Fiam, fias, fiat ; fiamus, fiatis, fiant. 
Imp. Fierem, fieres, fieret ; fieremus, fieretis, fierent. 
Per, Factus sim or fuerim, factus sis or fueris, &c. 
Plu. Factus essem or fuissem, factus esses or fuisses, &c. 

Imperative Mood. 
Pr. 2. Fi 1 or fito, 2. Fite or fitote, 
3. Fito; 3. Fiunto. 

Infinitive Mood. 
Pr. ? Fieri. Per., Esse or fuisse factus. 

Fut., Factum iri. 

Participles. Supine. 

Per., Factus, a, um. Ger., Faciendus, a, um. Factu. 

LXXVII. EXERCISES ON THE IRREGULAR VERBS. 
1. Prosum and Possum. 

I. 

Translate the following, and explain the agreement or 
government in each clause, &c. 

Vir bonus prodest civitati. — Nulla res magis proderit, 
quam cogitatio mortalitatis. — Non omnia, quae jucunda sunt 
corpori, prosunt eidem.— Cicero reipublicae Romanae multum 
profuit. — Satius est prodesse etiam malis propter bonos, 
quam bonis deesse propter malos. — Infelicibus quam pluri- 
mis profuisse magna voluptas est. — Inertia semper obfuit, 
industria profuit. — Cognitio juris iis multum proderit, qui 
reipublicae praeerunt. — Usus creber fragorum valetudini mul- 
tum prodest. — Dixi de te quae potui. — Romani primos Ger- 
manorum impetus sustinere non potuerunt. — Athenienses 
post exactos triginta tyrannos pristlnam inter Graecos auc- 

1 . The imperative fi is very rare. Among the compounds of this 
verb must be noticed, as defective, infit, " he begins," used only in the 
third person singular ; and defit, which is not used in prose, of which 
defiat, defiunt, and defieri are also found. 



228 



EXERCISES ON THE IRREGULAR VERBS. 



toritatem recipere non potuerunt. — Utinam ut l culparn sic 
etiam suspicionem, vitare potuissem ! — Dicam si potero La- 
tine. 2 — Coelum intueri posse soli homini datum est. — Haec 
vita brevior est, quam ut omnis vita 3 hominum esse possit. — 
Triginta tyranni Socratis animum 4 infringere non potuerunt. 
— Summi in patriam amoris signum est, ut abesse ab ea non 
possimus.— Fraus est accipere quod non poteris reddere.— 
Boni homines sumus, si prosumus, quibus possumus, noce- 
mus 5 nemini. — Dubitate etiam nunc, judices, si potestis, a 
quo sit Roscius occisus. — Utinam colloqui potuissemus inter 
nos ! — Utinam tarn facile vera invenire possem, quam falsa 
convincere ! 

II. 

Convert the following ungrammatical Latin into gram- 
matical, so as to suit the English words opposite. 



Too much sleep is good neither 

for the mind nor the body. 
All good citizens ought to 

prove of service to their 

country. 
I wish I may do good unto 

all! 
The prudence of Cicero 

proved of service to the Ro- 
man state, 
J would have done good unto 

all if I could have been 

able. 
There is no rapidity which 

may vie with the rapidity 

of thought. 



Nimius somnus neque ani- 
mus neque corpus prosum. 

Omnis bonus civis patria 
suus prosum debeo. 

Utinam omnis prosum ! 

Cicero prudentia respublica 
Romanus prosum. 

Omnis prosum si possum. 



Nullus sum velocitas qui cum 
animus velocitas contendo 
possum. 



1. Ut, "as." 

2. Latine, " in Latin," the adverb. 

3. Omnis vita, "the whole life," "all the life." 

4. Animum, " the spirit." 

5. Supply si before nocemus. 



EXERCISES ON THE IRREGULAR VERBS. 



229 



Do ye good to all men, hurt 
no one. 

If I shall not be able to sub- 
due anguish, I will hide it. 

The needy man is he ivho has 
not enough, and he for vjhom 
nothing can be enough. 

We can perceive by the mind 
the past and the future. 



Prosum omnis homo, noceo 

nemo. 
Dolor si non frango possum, 

occulta. 
Egens sum qui satis non ha- 

beo, et is qui nihil satis 

sum possum. 
Animus praeteritus et futurus 

sentio possum. 



2. Eo and its compounds* 

I. 

Translate the following, and explain the agreement or 
government in each clause, &c. 

Non solus ibis, tecum erit fidus amicus. — Mercatores ad 
mercatum eunt, varias merces aut emtum aut venditum. — 
Philippus, rex Macedonum, a Pausania, quum spectatum 
ludos iret, 1 juxta theatrum occisus est. — Pueris in scholam 
euntibus Romani custodes dare solebant. — Paterfamilias 
primus cubitu surgat, 2 postremus cubitum eat. — I quo virtus 
te vocat. — Eamus, pueri, ad prasceptorem nostrum ; melius 
est in scholam ire, quam tempus matutinum ludendo per- 
dere. — Mori non est interire. — Alexander adire Jo vis Am- 
monis oraculum statuit. — Mors neminem praeteribit. — Ario- 
vistus Rhenum transierat, non sua sponte, sed rogatus a 
Gallis. — E ludo Isocratis multi oratores exierunt. — Alexan- 
der Magnus tertio et tricesimo aetatis anno obiit. 3 — Inops, 
potentem dum vult imitari, perit — Hominum animi nunquam 
interibunt. — Eamus nunc intro ; praei ; sequar. — Croesus, 

1. Iret, to be rendered into English by the indicative. 

2. Primus cubitu surgat, "be the first to arise from bed," literally, 
"from lying down." — Cubitum, " to lie down," i. e., " to bed," the supine. 

3. Obire literally means "to go against," i. e., "to come in contact 
with," " to meet with." It here signifies " to die," and has diem swpre- 
mum or mortem understood ; literally, " to meet with one's last day," 
" to meet with death." 

20 



230 



EXERCISES ON THE IRREGULAR VERBS. 



Lydorum rex, Halyn fluvium transiit, ut cum Cyro proelium 
iniret. — Utinam, Cnei Pompei, cum Caesare societatem aut 
nunquam coisses, aut nunquam diremisses ! — Pro patriae 
salute omnia pericula subeunda sunt. — Quae turpia dictu 
sunt, silentio praetereamus. — Auctumno abeunt lusciniae, 
vere semper redeunt. — Alpes nemo cum exercitu ante Han- 
nib alem transierat. — Ariovisti copiae intra annos quatuorde- 
cim tectum non subierant. — Orgetorix persuasit Helvetiis, 
ut de finibus suis cum omnibus copiis exirent. — Post Or- 
getorlgis mortem Helvetii id, quod constituerant facere, 
conabantur, et e finibus suis exibant. 

II. 

Convert the following ungrammatical Latin into gram- 
matical, so as to suit the English words opposite. 

Puer per campus eo quum 
praeceptor praetereo. 



The boys were going through 
the fields when their pre- 
ceptor passed by. 

I will go to the altar, and 
there will enter into a cov- 
enant with God* 

Go forth, wretch ; perish all 
ye wicked I 

Let us depart from the bad ; 
let us go unto the good. 

Cicero went before, the sena- 
tors followed ; the people 
saw them all passing by. 

In that battle four thousand 
perished. 



Ad ara eo, ibique cum Deus 
foedus ineo. 



pereo om- 



Exeo, scelestus ; 

nis malus ! 
Abeo a malus, adeo ad bonus. 



Praeeo Cicero, sequor sena- 
tor ; omnis praetereo popu- 
lus aspicio. 

Intereo in ille praelium qua- 
tuor mille. 



By the sagacity and valour i Scipio solertia et virtus Han- 

of Scipio Hannibal was 

compelled to return. 
The storks, 

nounce the spring. 



nibal redeo cogo. 
an- ! Ciconia, redeo, ver annuntio. 



EXERCISES ON THE IRREGULAR VERBS. 



231 



The times of Nero and Do- 

mitian will never return. 
Heaven and earth shall pass 

away, but God\s word shall 

not pass away. 
Cicero went away into exile 

of his own accord. 



Nero atque Domitianus tem- 
pus nunquam redeo. 

Coelum et terra pereo ; ver- 
bum Deus autem non pe- 
reo. 

Cicero in exilium suus sponte 
abeo. 



3. Volo, Nolo, Malo. 
I. 

Translate the following, and explain the agreement or 
government in each clause, &c. 

Non solum nobis 1 divites esse volumus, sed etiam liberis, 
propinquis, amicis atque patriae. — Visne ut te iisdem de re- 
bus Latine interrogem ? — Valere malo, quam dives esse. — 
Idem velle, atque idem nolle, ea demum rlrma amicitia est. 
— Noli me tangere. 2 — Nolite oblivisci, 3 quantum parentibus 
et praeceptoribus debeatis. — Fabius Cunctator maluit, ut se 
sapiens 4 hostis metueret, quam stulti cives laudarent. — Ma- 
lim mori, quam vitiis servire !■ — Ea quae vis, ut potero, ex- 
plicabo. — Non potest severus esse in judicando, qui alios 
in se severos esse non vult. — Ea noluisse facere, quae tur- 
pia atque scelesta sunt, honestissimum est. — Timoleon mal- 
uit se diligi quam metui. — Legi divinae et humanae omnes 
parebunt, qui secundum 5 naturam volent vivere. — Deus tarn 
potens est, ut omnia quae velit, efficere possit. — Beneflcium 
est prodesse quoque nolentibus. — Libentissime homines au- 
diunt ea, quae dicere ipsi maluissent. — Duo peditum millia 
alere malim, quam equites mille. — Vitia nostra, quae ama- 
mus, defendimus, et malumus excusare ilia, quam excutere. 
— Si vis omnia tibi subjicere, te ipsum subjice rationi. — 

1. Nobis, " for ourselves." 

2. Noli me tangere, the same in effect as ne tange me. 

3. Nolite oblivisci, the same in effect as ne oblivisciminL 

4. Sapiens, " skilful." 

5. Secundum, "according to," the preposition. 



232 



EXERCISES ON THE IRREGULAR VERBS. 



Nocere posse et nolle laus amplissima est. — Nunquam 
volui placere populo. — Themistocles sciscitatus, utrum 
Achilles esse mallet, an Homerus ? Die ipse prius, inquit, 
utrum malles esse victor in Olympiis, 1 an praeco, qui vic- 
tores pronuntiat ? 2 

II. 

Convert the following ungrammatical Latin into gram- 
matical, so as to suit the English words opposite. 
Each one wishes to be first in I Unusquisque in ars suus pri- 



his art. 

We all wish the faults of oth- 
ers to be censured rather 
than our own. 

I wish you to pardon me, be- 
cause I write to you so 
often. 

Do not indulge too much in 
sorrow. 

They who wish to execute im- 
portant enterprises are ac- 
customed to reflect long. 

Pythagoras was unwilling to 
immolate a victim to Apol- 
lo, lest he might sprinkle 
the altar with blood. 

Cato wished rather to be, than 
to appear, good. 

He who wishes to give to oth- 
ers ought not to say, " do 
you wish V 

"We easily believe what we 
wish. 



mus sum volo. 
Alienus vitium omnis repre- 
hendo malo quam noster. 

Volo ego ignosco, quod ad 
tu scribo toties. 

Nolo nimis dolor indulgeo. 

Qui magnus negotium ago 
volo, diu cogito soleo. 

Pythagoras Apollo hostia im- 
molo nolo, ne ara sanguis 
adspergo. 

Cato sum, quam videor, bonus 

malo. 
Qui alius volo do, non dico 

debeo volone ? 

Qui volo facile credo. 



1. In Olympiis, " at the Olympic games." Supply ludis. 

2. Pronuntiat, " announces." The herald, at the games, announced 
to the assembled throng the names of the victors. 



EXERCISES ON THE IRREGULAR VERBS. 



233 



Titus wished to overcome oth- 
ers by kindnesses rather 
than to be overcome by 
them. 

Socrates might easily have es- 
caped from prison, but he 
was unwilling. 

Cato wished rather to die free 
than deliver himself up to 
Ccesar. 



Titus alius beneficium vinco 
malo quam ab is vinco. 



Facile e career effugio pos- 
sum Socrates, sed nolo. 

Cato liber morior malo, quam 
sui Caesar trado. 



4. Fero and its compounds. 

I. 

Translate the following, and explain the agreement or 
government in each clause, &c. 

Melius est injurias ferre quam inferre. 1 — Nonomnis ager, 
qui seritur, fert fruges. — Nulla unquam urbs tot poetas tulit, 
tot oratores, tot philosophos, quam Athenae. — Virtus et doc- 
trina sunt divitiae, quas nullus fur auferre potest. — Res 
graves 2 ne differ in tempus futurum. — Pericula, quae mihi 
communia sunt cum ceteris, fortius 3 feram. — Cyrus avo suo 
regnum abstulit, eumque maximae genti Hyrcanorum prae- 
posuit. — Quam ob causam Darius Scythis 4 bellum intulerit, 
ipse fortasse nescivit. — Post Sardanapali mortem imperium 
ab Assyriis ad Medos translatum est. — Sapiens obliviscitur 
injuriarum, quae ipsi illatae sunt.-— Quid quaeque nox aut dies 
ferat, incertum est. — Ne offeramus nos periculis sine causa. 
— Post Hasdrubalis mortem, exercitus summum imperium 
ad Hannibalem detulit. — Pecuniam praeferre amicitiae sor- 
didum est. — Scipio moriens ab uxore petiit, ne 5 corpus suum 
Romam referretur. — Perfer et obdura, labor hie tibi proderit 

1. Inferre, " to commit." Literally, " to bring upon others." 

2. Graves, " important." 

3. Fortius, " the more firmly," i. e., on that very account, because 
they are common to all. 

4. Scythis, " on the Scythians." 

5. Ne, to be rendered here as ut non. 

20* 



234 



EXERCISES ON THE IRREGULAR VERBS. 



olim. 1 — Si sapienti et probo abstuleritis divitias, omnia illi 
sua relinquetis. — Cimon complures pauperes mortuos suo 
sumtu extulit. 2 — Fortuna ssepe demersit, quern extulerat. — 
Eimius ferebat duo onera, quae maxima esse putantur, pau- 
pertatem et senectutem. — In crastinum diem ne differ la- 
borem hodiemum. — Animalia afferunt variam utilitatem 
hoininibus : prosunt partim viribus corporis ; partim lacte 
et carne ; partim crinibus et pellibus. — Antiquissimis tem- 
poribus defuncti noctu efFerebantur. — Quod murius reipub- 
licee afferre majus meliusve possumus, quam si docemus et 
erudimus juventutem? 

II. 

Convert the following ungrammatical Latin into gram- 
matical, so as to suit the English words opposite. 
The things that can be borne 

ought to be borne. 
Let us put off nothing impor- 
tant* 



Codrus offered himself to cer- 
tain death for his country. 

In returning a kindness, we 
ought to imitate the fertile 
fields, which yield much 
more than they have re- 
ceived. 

A few only can endure an- 
guish : let us be of the num- 
ber of the few. 

I will betake myself to sleep. 



Qui fero possum, fero sum. 
Nihil gravis differo. 



Codrus sui certus mors pro 
patria offero. 

In refero gratia, debeo imitor 
ager fertilis, qui multo plus 
affero quam accipio. 



Pauci tantum dolor fero pos- 
sum : sum e 3 pauci. 



Ego dormio 4 confero. 



1. Olim, "hereafter." 

2. Extulit, " caused to be buried." Literally, " carried forth," i. e., 
to be burned, and the ashes to be then interred. The bodies of the 
dead were burned on a funeral pile among the Greeks and Romans, and 
their ashes put into urns, &c. 

3. E, " of the number of," " out of," preposition governing the abla- 
tive. 

4. To be put in the supine. 



EXERCISES ON THE IRREGULAR VERBS. 



235 



Bring ye aid to the wretched. 
Atticus vjas carried forth for 

interment on a little couch, 
C<Bsar forgave all who had 

borne arms against him. 
Xerxes made war on Greece 

by land and sea. 
After Fortune has taken all 

things from thee, she has 

nevertheless left thee hope. 



Fero opis miser. 

Atticus efFero in lecticula. 

Caesar omnis, 1 qui contra is 

arma fero, ignosco. 
Xerxes bellum Graecia 2 terra 

mareque 3 infero. 
Quum omnis tu 4 fortuna aufe- 

ro, spes nihilo minus relin- 

quo. 



5. Fio and its compounds. 
I. 

Translate the following, and explain the agreement or 
government in each clause, &c. 

Quod cito fit, cito pent. — Nolite id velle, quod fieri non 
potest.— A Deo omnia facta et constituta sunt. — Omnia, 
quae fiunt, causis 5 fiunt antegressis.- — Principio rerum Deus 
dixit ; fiat lux ; et facta est lux. — Midas rex a Baccho pe- 
tiit, ut, quidquid tetigisset, aurum fieret. — Antiquissimis tem- 
poribus homines interdum ab aratro arcessebantur, qui 6 Con- 
sules fierent. — Factum 7 infectum fieri nequit. — Ne fac Sep- 
tembri, quod fieri debet Aprlli. — Parentibus et praeceptori- 
bus in diem 8 cariores fitote, pueri. — Contra vim sine vi nihil 
fieri potest. — Omnia jam fiunt, fieri quae posse videntur. — 
Ciceronis industria 9 Catilinae conjuratio patefacta est. — Ca- 
lamistris calefactis in cinere capillus ornatur. — Caligula 
pretiosissimas margarltas aceto liquefactas sorbuit. — Ursi 

1. The dative, governed by ignosco. 

2. The dative. 

3. Put terra and mare in the ablative. 

4. The dative. 

5. Causis, " through causes." 

6. Qui, equivalent here to ut Mi, " in order that they," and hence 
followed by fierent in the potential. 

7. Factum, " what is done," perfect participle ofjio. 

8. In diem, " daily." 

9. Industria, "by the persevering energy." 



236 



EXERCISES ON THE IRREGULAR VERBS. 



mansuefacti saltare discimt. — In Capitolio aera 1 legum, ful- 
mine tacta, 2 liquefacta sunt. — Leges ad mansuefaciendos 
homines sunt inventae. — Omnia patefient que nunc celantur. 

II. 

Convert the following ungrammatical Latin into gram- 
matical, so as to suit the English words opposite. 



It can happen, and often does 
happen, that he who has 
lived long has lived little. 

Whatever Midas touched be- 
came gold. 

On the highest summits of the 
Alps the snow is never 
melted, 

India was laid open by the 
arms of Alexander, and 
the kings who came after. 

A friend can be made out of 
an enemy. 

Wood becomes warm when it 
is rubbed. 

We will all become the food 

of worms. 
I would become virtuous, if I 
could. — Make the attempt, 
and you will. 
I was becoming evil, when thy 
word, oh my God, brought 
me back to virtue. 



Possum no, 3 et saepe fio, ut, 
qui diu vivo, parum vivo. 

Quisquis tango Midas, aurum 

fio. 
In summus Alpes vertex nix 

nunquam liquefio. 

India patefio arma Alexander 
rexque qui succedo. 

Amicus ex inimicus fio pos- 
sum. 
Lignum calefio quum tero. 

Ego omnis vermis esca fio. 

Bonus fio, si possum. — Pe- 
riculum facio, et fio. 

Malus fio, quum verbum tuus, 
meus Deus, ego ad virtus 
reduco. 



1. Mra legum, "the brazen plates of the laws." Among the Ro- 
mans, laws were engraven on tablets or plates of brass, and deposited 
in the Capitol. 

2. Fulmine tacta, " having been struck by lightning ;" literally, " hav- 
ing been touched," &c. 

3. Fio often has the meaning "to happen" or "become." Hence 
factum est, " it happened," is of common occurrence. 



DEFECTIVE VERBS. 237 

LXXVIII. DEFECTIVE VERBS. 

I. Defective Verbs are such as are not used in certain 
tenses, numbers, and persons. 

II. Three verbs, odi, coepi, and memini, are only used in 
the preterit tenses, that is, in the perfect and the tenses 
formed therefrom ; and hence they have been denominated 
by grammarians " Preteritive verbs." 

III. The verb coepi has the force not only of an aorist 
and a perfect, but also frequently that of a present. Thus, 
it signifies not only " I began" and " I have begun," but 
also " I begin." 

IV. The verbs odi and memini, on the other hand, have 
in the perfect regularly the sense of the present ;* as, odi, 
" I hate ;" memini, " I remember ;" and hence their pluper- 
fect has the force of an imperfect, and their second future 
that of a first future. 

V. The parts of these three verbs that are in use are as 
follows : 

Odi, oderam, odero, oderim, odissem, odisse. Participles, 

osus and osurus. 
Coepi, coeperam, coepero, coeperim, coepissem, coepisse. 

Participles, coeptus, coepturus. 
Memini, memineram, meminero, meminerim, meminissem, 

merninisse. Imperative, memento, mementote, 

VI. Another verb, novi, is in like manner found only in 
the perfect and the tenses formed from the perfect, but it 
differs from the three verbs just mentioned in having a pres- 
ent, nosco, also in use. 

VII. The present tense, nosco, however, signifies, " I 
begin to know,"^' I learn," &c, whereas the perfect novi 
has, like odi and rAemini, the force of a present, and signi- 

1 . This present meaning, however, is deduced from that of the per- 
fect. Thus, odi, " I have hated, and still continue to hate ;" i. e., "I 
hate." And again, memini, " I have remembered, and still continue to 
remember ;" i. e., " I remember." 



238 DEFECTIVE VERBS. 

fies " I know," thus expressing the actual knowledge which 
is the result of past learning. Hence, as in the case of odi 
and memini, its pluperfect has the force of an imperfect, 
and its second future that of the first future. 

VIII. The parts of novi that are in use are as follows : 

Novi, noveram, novero, noverim, novissem, novisse, con- 
tracted into noram, norim, nossem, nosse. Participle, 
notus. 

IX. There is also a large number of defectives, which 
want certain tenses ; as, for example, dare, " to give ;" 
fdri, " to speak," with its compounds, adfdri, effdri,profdri, 
&c. 

Of dare, the passive forms dor and der are not found in 
any extant classic authors. 

The verb fdri, with its compounds, is in use only among 
the poets. The parts of it that occur most frequently 
are the third person of the present, fatur ; the imper- 
ative fare ; and the participle fatus. The ablative of 
the gerund, fando, occurs in a passive sense even in 
prose, in the expression fando audire, " to know by 
hearsay." 

X. Of verbs which want many of their chief parts, the 
following most frequently occur. Aio, " I say ;" inquam, 
" I say ;" forem, " I should be ;" ave and salve, " hail ;" 
cedo, " tell thou" or " give me ;" qu&so, w I beseech." 

XI. Their parts remaining in use are as follows : 

1. Aio, "J say." 1 
Ind. Present, Aio, ais, ait ; , , aiunt. 

Imperfect, Aiebam, aiebas, aiebat ; aiebamus, aiebatis, aiebant. 

A. & Perf., , aisti, ait; , — , . 

Sub j. Present, , aias, aiat ; , , aiant. 

1. Aio is also used in the sense of " I affirm ;" and in this sense Cicero 
uses aientia. The participle otherwise is rare. — The imperative ai is 
found in Plautus. In the comic writers the imperfect aibam is found. 



DEFECTIVE VERBS. 239 

Imper. Present, — , ai, ; , , . . 

Participle, Present, aiens. 

~ say? 

Ind. Present, Inquam, inquis, inquit ; inquimus, inquitis, inquiunt. 

Imperf., , , inquiebat; , , inquiebant. 

A. & Perf., , inquisti, inquit ; , , . 

1. Future, — , inquies, inquiet ; , ■ , . 

Imper. Pres., — , inque, inquito ; , inquite, . 

Participle, Present, Inquiens. 

3. Forem, " J should be." 2 

Subj. Imperfect, Forem, fores, foret ; , , forent. 

Infin. Future, Fore, " to be about to be." 

4. Ave, "hail."* 
Imper. Present, Ave or aveto, avete or avetote. 

Infin. Present, Avere. 

5. Salve, " hail" 4 
Indic. 1. Future, Salvebis. 

Imper. Present, Salve or salveto, salvete or salvetote. 

Infin. Present, Salvere. 

6. Cedo, "tell," "give." 

Imper. Present, Cedo, cedo or cedite, contracted cette. 5 

7. Qu^eso, " I beseech." 

Indic. Present, Quaeso, , ; quaesiimus, , . 

XII. Quceso is originally the same as quaro. By far the 
most common use of it is interjectional, without governing 

1. This verb is only used between the words which are quoted, and 
never stands at the beginning. 

2. This verb, probably originating from fuerem, belongs to esse, and 
is exactly similar in meaning to essem. The infinitive fore has the same 
meaning as futurum {-am, -um, -os, -as, -a) esse. 

3. Ave is in reality an imperative of aveo, " to be well," and is only 
mentioned as defective because it has a different meaning, in some re- 
spect, from the verb of which it forms a part. 

4. Salve is the imperative of the obsolete verb salveo, " to be in sound 
health." The infinitive is used with jubeo ; as, jubeo te salvere, " I bid 
thee hail." Cicero uses the future for the imperative, salvebis a Cice- 
rone meo, " accept the salutation of my Cicero." 

5. This contraction is used by the comic writers. 



240 EXERCISES ON DEFECTIVE VERBS. 

any case or having any proposition dependant upon it ; as, 
Tu, quceso, crebro ad me scribe, " Do thou, I beseech, write 
often unto me." The first person plural, quasumus, is used 
in the same way. 

XIII. Among defective verbs may also be mentioned age 
and agite, " come," the former being singular and the latter 
of the plural number. They are in strictness, however, 
merely imperative forms of ago, and resemble in usage the 
Greek dye. 

XIV. The following are also given by some as defective 
verbs, namely, ausim, faxim, snadfaxo. They are in fact, 
however, merely old forms of tenses. Ausim belongs to 
audeo, " to dare," and appears to be contracted from ause- 
rim ; while faxim and faxo are old forms for fecerim and 
fecero, from the verb facto. 

LXXX. EXERCISES ON DEFECTIVE VERBS. 
I. 

Translate the following, and indicate the defective verbs. 

Post victoriam apud Mycalen, maritimee res Atheniensi- 
um in dies magis florere cceperunt. — Diutius quum Romano- 
rum impetus sustinere non possent Helvetii, multi, ut coe- 
perant, in montem se receperunt. — Demonax interrogatus, 
quando ccepisset philosophari ? " turn," dixit, " quum me 
ipsum cognoscere ccepi." — Memini etiam, quae nolo, obli- 
visci non possum quae volo. — Peto a te ut memineris mei. 
— Boni sunt cives qui patriae proditores oderunt. — Ingrati 
illi sunt qui nunquam beneficia meminerunt. — Nunquam 
dati 1 memineris ; accepti esto memor. — Rebus in adversis 
melius 2 sperare memento. — Si potestis, ignotis etiam prod- 
esse mementote. — Quum judici 3 dicenda sententia est, me- 
minerit, se Deum habere testem. — Odi, quern metuo. — 

1. Dati, " a favour conferred by you." Literally, " a thing given." 
Memineris is to be rendered as an imperative. 

2. Melius, " for better things." 

3. Judici, "by a judge." The dative for the ablative by a Graecism. 



EXERCISES ON DEFECTIVE VERBS. 241 

Miser est quern omnes boni oderunt. — Nemo est qui se ip- 
sum oderit.— Is pater est amens, qui odit eum sine causa, 
quern procreavit. — Nostine, celsissimam arborem esse ced- 
rum ?— Hectora quis nosset, felix si Troja fuisset 1 — Sapiens 
vires suas novit. — Aio te, iEacida, Romanos vincere posse. 
— Thales, rogatus, quid esset facile 1 " alteram," ait, " ad- 
monere. Omnes enim, quum valemus, recta consilia aegro- 
tis damus.— Epicure! aiebant, nihil esse prsestabilius otiosa 
vita. — Trajanus aiebat : " non est princeps supra leges, sed 
leges sunt supra principem." — Nihil mihi, inquis, proderit 
diligentia. Erras, inquam. — iEsopus, ob deformitatem ab 
aliquo culpatus, 1 "Non forma," inquit, " sed mens adspici- 
enda 2 est." — Aristoteles interrogatus, quid esset amicus 1 
" Unus," inquit, " animus in duobus corporibus." — Virtus, 
virtus, inquam, Cai Fanni, et conciliat amicitias et conser- 
vat. — Cedo, quaeso, quid faciam 1 — Cedo, ut bibam. — Cette 
manus vestras, measque accipite. — Quis foret egenus, si 
quisque beneficus esset ? — Non speraverat Hannibal fore, 3 
ut tot in Italia populi ad se derlcerent. — Accede ad formi- 
cam, ignave, et vide quam sedula et operosa sit! Age, sa- 
pere disce ab ea ! — Age, age, nunc experiamur ! — Agite, 
discipuli, imitemini apes ! 

II. 

Convert the following ungrammatical Latin into gram- 
matical, so as to suit the English words opposite. 
Diogenes affirms, Antipater 

denies. 
Among all animals, elephants 

most hate mice. 
Go on as thou hast begun; 
learn to hate vice ; bid vir- 
tue hail. 



Diogenes aio, Antipater ne- 

Inter omnis animal, elephan- 
tus maxime odi mus. 

Per go ut ccepi ; disco vitium 
odi ; jubeo virtus salveo. 



1. Culpatus, " having been found fault with." 

2. Adspicienda, " to be regarded." 

3. Fore, " that it would come to pass." 

21 



242 



IMPERSONAL VERBS. 



Come, my friends, give me 
your thanks. 

I beseech of you that you 
grant this indulgence unto 
me. 

To know one's self is most 
difficult. 

Lucilius affirms that Crassus 
laughed once during his 
lifetime. 

We cannot, say the Spartans, 
flee from a foe. 

It would be cowardly, said I 
to myself, to begin to yield 
when my soldiers know not 
fear, but only remember the 
dangers of their country. 

Fools hate imsdom ; and wis- 
dom, on the other hand, like 
the magnet, hates and 
loves. She hates and re- 
pels the foolish ; she loves 
and attracts the wise. 



Age, amicus, cedo gratiae. 

Quaeso a tu, ut ego do hie 
venia. 

Sui ipse novi sum difficilis. 

Crassus 1 semel aio in vita ri- 
deo Lucilius. 

Non possum, inquam Sparta- 
nus, ab hostis fugio. 

Ignavus forem, aio tacitus, 
cedo coepi, quum miles 
meus timor non novi, sed 
patria periculum tantum 
memini. 

Stultus odi sapientia : sapi- 
entia autem, veluti mag- 
nes, odi et amo* Stultus 
odi et repello, sapiens amo 
et attraho. 



LXXXI. IMPERSONAL VERBS. 

I. Impersonal Verbs are those which are used only in 
the third person singular, and do not admit of a personal 
subject or nominative. 

II. Impersonal verbs, when translated into English, have 
before them the neuter pronoun it, especially in the active 
voice ; as, delectat, " it delights ;" decet, " it becomes ;" 
contingit, " it happens ;" evenit^ " it comes to pass ;" scri- 
bxtur, " it is written," &c. 

III. They are conjugated as follows : 

1. Accusative before the infinitive. 



IMPERSONAL VERBS. 



243 







1st Conj. 


2d Conj. 


3d Conj. 


4:th Conj. 


Indic, 


, Present, 


Delectat. 


Decet. , 


Contingit. 


Evenit. 




Imperfect, 


Delectabat. 


Decebat. 


Contingebat. 


Eveniebat. 




A. & Perf. 


Delectavit. 


Deciiit. 


Contigit. 


Evenit. 




Pluperf. 


Delectaverat. 


Decuerat. 


Contigerat. 


Evenerat. 




1. Future, 


Delectabit. 


Decebit. 


Continget. 


Eveniet. 




2. Future, 


Delectaverit. 


Decuerit. 


Contigerit. 


Evenerit. 


SUBJ. 


Present, 


Delectet. 


Deceat. 


Contingat. 


Eveniat. 




Imperfect, 


Delectaret. 


Deceret. 


Contingeret. 


Evenlret. 




Perfect, 


Delectaverit. 


Decuerit. 


Contigerit. 


Evenerit. 




Pluperf. 


Delectavisset. 


Decuisset. 


Contigisset. 


Evenisset. 


Infin. 


Pr. & Imp. 


Delectare. 


Decere. 


Contingere. 


EvenTre. 




Per. & Plu 


. Delectavisse. 


Decuisse. 


Contigisse. 


Evenisse. 



IV. Most Latin verbs may be used impersonally in the 
passive voice, especially neuter and intransitive verbs, 
which otherwise have no passive. 

V. As the passive voice of an active transitive verb may 
be substituted for the active, so that of a neuter verb may 
be used in the third person singular instead of the active 
form, the personal subject of the latter, or nominative, be- 
ing put in the ablative with the preposition a or ah; as, 
faveo tibi, " I favour thee," or favetur tibi a me, " thou art 
favoured by me." 

Indicative Mood. 



1st Conj. 
Present, Pugnatur. 
Imperf. Pugnabatur. 



2d Conj. 3d Conj. Uh Conj. 

Favetur. Curritur. Venltur. 

Favebatur. Currebatur. Veniebatur. 
A. & Per. Pugnatum est. 1 Fautura est. 1 Cursum est. 1 Ventum est. 1 
Pluper. Pugnatum erat. 2 Fautum erat. 2 Cursum erat. 2 Ventum erat. 2 

1. Fut. Pugnabitur. Favebitur. Curretur. Venietur. 

2. Fut. Pugnatum erit. 3 Fautum erit. 3 Cursum erit. 3 Ventum erit. 3 

Subjunctive Mood, 

Pres. Pugnetur. Faveatur. Curratur. Veniatur. 

Imper. Pugnaretur. Faveretur. Curreretur. Veniretur. 

Perf. Pugnatum sit. 4 Fautum sit. 4 Cursum sit. 4 Ventum sit. 4 
Plup. Pugnatum esset. 5 Fautum esset. 5 Cursum esset. 5 Ventum esset. 5 



1. Or fuit. 
4. Qxfuerit. 



2. Oxfuerat. 
5. Or fuisset. 



3. Qxfuerit. 



Piget, piguit, or pigitum est, " it 

grieves." 
Pcenitet, poenituit, " it repents." 
Pudet, puduit, or puditum est, " it 

shames." 
Tcedet, tceduit, or tee sum est, " it 

wearies." 



244 ADVERBS. 

Infinitive Mood. 
Pres. Pugnari. Faveri. Curri. Veniri. 

Perf. Pugnatum esse. 1 Fautum esse. 1 Cursum esse. 1 Ventum esse. 1 
Fut. Pugnatum iri. Fautum iri. Cursum iri. Ventum iri. 

VI. Grammarians usually reckon only ten real impersonal 
verbs, all of which are of the second conjugation ; namely, 

Decet, decuit, " it becomes." 
Libet, libuit, or libitum est, " it 

pleases." 
Licet, licuit, or licitum est, "it is 

lawful." 
Miser et, miseruit, or miser itum est, 

" it pities." 
Oportet, oportuit, " it behooves." 

VII. No good reason, however, exists for distinguishing 
these ten from other impersonal verbs. 

VIII. Impersonal verbs, not being used in the imperative, 
take the subjunctive in its stead ; as, delectet, " let it de- 
light." In the passive voice their perfect participles are 
used only in the neuter. 

LXXXII. ADVERBS. 

I. The adverb qualifies the signification of a verb, an 
adjective, a participle, or even another adverb ; as, honeste 
vixit, " he lived in a becoming manner ;" eximie pulcher, 
" remarkably fair ;" domus celeriter extructa, " a house 
quickly built ;" satis diu, " sufficiently long." 

II. Adverbs are divided into simple and derivative. 

III. Simple adverbs are those not derived from any known 
root in the language. Derivative adverbs, on the other 
hand, are those which are so derived ; and to this head be- 
long all adverbs formed by composition. 

IV. The number of primitive adverbs is small in propor- 
tion to that of the derivative. The derivative adverbs may 
be reduced to different classes. But both primitive and 

1. Oxfui 



EXERCISES ON ADVERBS; 245 

derivative are best learned by actual practice in transla- 
tion. 

LXXXIII. EXERCISES ON ADVERBS. 
I. 

Translate the following, and indicate the adverb in each 
clause, Sic. 

Hannibal apud Zamam conflixit cum Publio Scipione, filio 
ejus quern ipse primum apud Rhodanum, iterum apud Pa- 
dum, tertio apud Trebiam fugaverat. — Lacrima nihil citius 
arescit. — Nolite dolori nimium indulgere. — Elephanti gre- 
gatim semper ingrediuntur. — Fuit quoddam tempus, quum 
in agris homines passim, bestiarum modo, vagabantur. — 
Sallustius statuit res gestas Romanorum carptim describere. 
• — Me penitus nosse debes. — Quae domus tarn stabilis est, 
quae non odiis atque dissidiis fundltus possit everti ? — Mar- 
donius, Xerxis gener, in prcelio apud Plataeas, cum ducen- 
tis millibus peditum, quos viritim legerat, et viginti millibus 
equitum cecidit. — Carthaginienses frustra a Romanis pacem 
petiverunt. — Aliquamdiu imperator Tiberius summam rei- 
publieae curam Sejano commiserat. — Pariter cum vita sen- 
sus amittuntur. — Vita, mors, divitiae, paupertas omnes hom- 
ines vehementissime permovent. — Meridie sol magis ardet 
quam mane et vesperi.— Postquam Solon leges civitati Athe- 
niensium scripserat, peregre profectus est. — Nunquam effi- 
cies, ut recta procedant cancri. 

Percussores Alcibiadis tela procul in eum immiserunt. — 
Luxuries jam totas urbes evertit. — Natura expellas furca, 
tamen usque recurret. — A Graecis pariter ac Romanis mor- 
tuorum oculi comprimebantur. — Tunc imprimis apparebit 
vera virtus, quum periculum appropinquat. — Romani Veios 
ita prorsus deleverant, ut postea ne vestigia quidem hujus 
urbis restarent. — Sub Tito imperatore accidit conflagratio 
Vesuvii montis, et incendium Romae per triduum totidemque 
noctes.— Commodum discesseras heri, quum amicus tuus ad 
21* 



246 EXERCISES ON ADVERBS, 

me venit. — In pugna apud Mantineam, Epaminondas emi- 
nus sparo percussus est. — Quocunque nos feret fortuna ibi- 
mus. — Homo toties moritur, quoties amittit suos. — Deus non 
habet corpus, ideoque, etsi ubique est, nusquam cerni pot- 
est. — Quid istic facitis ? — Proverbium est : procul a Jove, 
procul a fulmine. — Hispania, nisi qua Galliam tangit, pelago 
undique cincta est. — Cervi cornua quotannis amittunt. 

Vituperatores providentiae Dei stulte et impie agunt. — 
Male vivit, qui nescit bene mori. — Nemo unquam benig- 
nius, 1 nemo attentius 2 auditus est quam Cicero. — Socrates 
sanctissime 3 vixit. — Consules Romani non longius imperi- 
um quam annum 4 unum habebant. — Corpora ccelestia lon- 
gissime a nobis distant. — Bene sentire, recteque facere, sa- 
tis est ad bene beateque vivendum. — Veterum aedificia pub- 
lic a opulentius 5 ornata erant quam privata. — Optime 6 pec- 
catum evitat, qui occasiones fugit peccandi. — Quod non 
recte fecisti, id aliter facere debes. — Alexandri Magni mili- 
tes impigre toleraverunt munia militiae. — Homines divites 
saepe miserius 7 vivunt quam pauperes. — Suorum quisque 
vitiorum facillime 8 obliviscitur. aliorum recordatur. — Qui 
nimium concupiscit honores, raro eos adipiscitur. — Orator 
alias res breviter dicat, alias copiose enarret. — Qui in vitas 
periculo sunt, iis cito succurrere debemus. — Os et manus 
crebro laventur. — Amittit merito proprium, 9 qui alienum ap- 
petit. — Inter oratores Graecos praecipue eminet Demosthe- 
nes. — Diutius in itinere fui, quam exspectaveram. — Ver 
magis delectat quam auctumnus. — Saxones a Carolo Magno 
sexies victi septimum rebellaverunt. — Primo decipi incom- 
modum est ; iterum, stultum ; tertio, turpe. 

1. From benigne. 

2. From attente. 

3. From sancte. 

4. Time " how long" is put in the accusative. 

5. From opulenter. 

6. From bene. 

7. From miser e. 

8. From facile. 

9. Proprium, " his own." — Alienum, " that of another." 



PREPOSITIONS. 



247 



II. 

Convert the following ungrammatical Latin into gram- 
matical, so as to suit the English words opposite. 



The temple of the Ephesian 
Diana was most beautifully 
built. 

No one despised death more 
courageously than Cato of 
Utica. 

What is more elegantly writ- 
ten than the philosophical 
books of Plato ? 

Let young men diligently ob- 
serve the precepts of the old. 

Timorous dogs bark more ve- 
hemently than they bite. 

Passionate men are very easi- 
ly irritated. 

Whales are killed with diffi- 
culty. 

Men are first infants, then 
boys, then youths, after- 
ward grown men, finally 
old persons. 

Hunters often remain during 
the whole night beneath the 
open air. 

Palcepolis was not far from 
the place where Neapolis is 
now situated. 



Templum Diana Ephesius 
pulchre condo. 

Nemo fortiter mors contem- 
no, quam Cato Uticensis. 

Quis eleganter scribo, quam 
Plato liber philosophicus ? 

Juvenis senex praeceptum 

diligent er servo. 
Timidus canis vehementer 

latro quam mordeo. 
Iracundus homo facile irrito. 

Balaena difficulter interrieio. 

Homo sum primum infans, 
deinde puer, turn juvenis, 
postea vir, denique senex. 

Venator saepe per totus nox 
sub dium maneo. 

Paleepolis sum haud procul 
inde, ubi nunc Neapolis 
sino. 



LXXXIV. PREPOSITIONS. 

I. Prepositions are indeclinable words, which express 
the relations that nouns have to each other and to verbs. 

II. They govern an accusative or ablative, sometimes 
both, but usually with some difference of meaning. 



248 PREPOSITIONS. 

III. With few exceptions, they precede the word which 
they govern, and hence are called prepositions. 

IV. The prepositions that govern the accusative are 
twenty-eight in number, and are as follows i 1 

I. Ad. 

Signifies, 

1. To; as, Via Appia ad Capuam ducebat. — Eo ad patrem. 

2. At, Near ; as, Casarerat ad portas. — Laodicea, in Syria, est ad 
mare. — Juvenes slant ad januam. 

3. At (on occasion of) ; as, Ad nomen Vespasiani Vitellius ezcitaba- 
tur. — Ad conspectum filii mei lacrymo. 

4. Towards ; as, Pars Gallics vergit ad Septemtriones. 

5. Until ; as, Sophocles ad summam senectutem tragoedias fecit. — 
Ad centesimum annum vixisti. 

6. According to ; as, Cyrus a Xenophonte, non ad historice fidem 
scriptus est, sed ad effigiem justi imperii. 

7. In comparison with ; as, Decimum cognovimus bonum esse vi- 
rum, sed nihil ad Persium, 

8. Against, Towards, At (of time) ; as, Ad diem statutum venire. — 
Ad tempus respondere. 

9. For, In respect to ; as, Mundi partes neque ad usum meliores 
esse possunt, neque ad speciem pulchriores. 

10. To the amount of ; as, Fuimus ad ducentos. 

II. Apud. 

1 . With (in the house of ) ; as, Hodie apud te esse volo. 

2. Before (in the presence of) ; as, Loqui apud populum. 

3. With (among) ; as, Apud judices misericordiam excitare. 

4. With (in the writings of ) ; as, Cyrus apud Xenophontem dicit. 

5. At (of place) ; as, Apud Regillum. — Apud Thermopylas. 

III. Ante. 

1. Before (in place); as, Ante prcetorium stetit. 

2. Before (in time) ; as, Ante Trojce excidium, 

3. Before (in rank or degree) ; as, Virgo ante alias pulchra. 

IV. Adversus and Adversum. 
1. Against (with motion towards) ; as, Impetum adversus colles in 
cohortes faciunt. 

1 . The examples given after each meaning are to be translated by the 
student 



PREPOSITIONS. 249 

2. Against (of unfavourable dispositions) ; as, Si duriorem te prcebes, 
ego non contendam adversus te. 

3. Towards (of favourable dispositions) ; as, Est pietas justitia 
adversum deos. But the preposition erga is more common in this sense. 

V. Cis, Citra. 

1. On this side; as, Cis Taurum montem. — -Citra fluvium Ruhi- 
conem. 

2. Before (i. e., on this side of) ; as, citra 1 juventutem. Used in 
this sense by the poets. 

3. Without ; as, Phidias longe citra (zmulum erat. Used in this 
sense by the later prose writers. 

VI. Circa, Circum. 

1. Around, About (of time) ; as, Circa lucem. 

2. Around, About (of place) ; as, circa domos. 

Circa is used both of time and place ; Circum only of place. 

3. About (of number) ; as, Circa quingentos homines. 

4. About (in respect to) ; as, Circa tuam valetudinem. 

VII. Circiter. 
About (of indefinite time) ; as, Circiter meridiem. 

VIII. Contra. 

1. Against, Over against (of place); as, Contra Gallia oram Brit- 
annia est. 

2. Against (of hostility or opposition) ; as, Contra aliquem venire, — 
Contra leges facer e, 

IX. Erga. 

Towards (of the affections) ; as, Amor mens erga te, 

X. Extra. 

Beyond, Out of ; as, Extra urhem. — Extra culpam. 

XL Infra. 

1. Beneath (of place) ; as, Infra oppidum. 

2. Beneath, Below (of magnitude) ; as, Uri sunt magnitudine paulo 
infra elephantos. 

3. Beneath (of rank) ; as, Res humanas infra se positas esse arbi^ 
trantur. 

1. Citra, " before the arrival of." 



250 PREPOSITIONS. 

XII. Inter. 

1. Between ; as, Inter Sequanos et Helvetios mons est. 

2. Among ; as, Unus inter omnes excellit. 

3. Amid ; as, Inter tumultum. 

4. During ; as, Inter coznam. 

5. Mutually (with se) ; as, Inter se diligunt. — Trabes inter se con- 
tingunt. 

XIII. Intra. 

1. Within (of place) ; as, Compulsus intra mania. 

2. Within (of time) ; as, Intra viginti dies. 

3. Within (of a limit) ; as, Intra legem epulari. 

XIV. Juxta. 
Near, Beside ; as, Juxta aliquem seder e. 

XV. Ob. 

1. On account of ; as, Ob earn rem. — Quam ob rem. 

2. Before (with oculi) ; as, Ob oculos meos. 

XVI. Penes. 

1. In the power of ; as, Penes regem captivi sunt. 

2. In the possession of ; as, Penes nos liber esL 

XVII. Per, 

1. Through (of place) ; as, Per totam Italiam. 

2. During (of time) ; as, Per hos dies. 

3. Through (denoting the instrument or means) ; as, Statuerunt in- 
jurias per vos ulcisci.—Per liter as certior f actus sum. 

4. By (in adjurations) ; as, Juro per Jovem. 

5. By (in supplications) ; as, Propera per deos. 

XVIII. Pone. 
Behind (of place) ; as, Pone cedem Castoris. For this, however, 
post is more common. 

XIX. Post. 

1. Behind ; as, Flumen post nostra castra erat. 

2. After ; as, Post excidium Trojce. 

3. Since ; as, Apud Salamina } maxima post hominum memoriam 
classis est devicta. 

XX. Prater. 
1. By, Beside (passing by) ; as, Prceter castra Casaris copias suas 
Ariovistus transduxit. 



PREPOSITIONS. 251 

2. Beyond (of degree or a limit) ; as, Aristides pairia expulsus est, 
quod prater modum Justus esset. 

3. Contrary to ; as, Prater naturam. — Prater consuetudinem. 

4. Besides ; as, Prater hac. — Prater ea. 

5. Except ; as, Non vestitus prater pelles habebant* 

XXI. Prope. 

Near ; as, Prope urbem. 

This preposition is often used with a or ab, in the sense of " not 
far from," " at a short distance from ;" as, Prope a mea domo. — 
Tarn prope a Sicilia bellum gestum est. 

XXII. Propter. 

1. Near ; as, Propter Platonis statuam consedimus. 

2. On account op ; as, Amicitia propter se expetenda. 

3. By means of ; as, Quod pramium satis magnum est servis, prop- 
ter quos dominus vivit 1 This meaning, however, is rare. 

XXIII. Secundum. 

1. Along (following the course of); as, Secundum flumen pauca 
stationes videbantur. 

2. After (of time) ; as, Tua ratio est, ut secundum binos ludos res- 
ponder e incipias. 

3. After (in rank or degree) ; as, Secundum deoSj homines homini- 
bus maxime utiles esse possunt. 

4. In favour of (with verbs of judging or deciding) ; as, Senten- 
tiam secundum Plotium se dicturum esse ostendit. 

5. According to; as, Omnia qua secundum naturam fiunt habenda 
sunt in bonis. 

XXIV. Supra. 

1. Above (of place) ; as, Supra caput. 

2. Above or Beyond (of degree) ; as, Supra modum.— Supra vires 
humanas. — Supra fidem. 

3. Above or Beyond (marking the excess of number or time) ; as, 
Supra novem millia hominum. — Supra centesimum annum. 

XXV. Trans. 

Across (on or to the other side) ; as, Trans mare currere. — Trans 
Rhenum incolere. 

XXVI. Versus. 
Towards (placed after the noun which it governs) ; as, Mgyptum 
versus. It is sometimes joined with ad and in ; as. Ad meridiem ver- 
sus. — In Italiam versus navigare. 



252 PREPOSITIONS, 

XXVII. Ultra. 

1. Beyond (of place) ; as, Ultra montes consedere. 

2. Beyond (of degree) ; as, Ultra mo dum. — Ultra vires. 

XXVIII. Usque. 
(As far as, properly an adverb, and used generally in connexion with 
ad f in, sub, ab ; as, Usque ad mare. — Usque a Syria et Mgypto, &c. 
"With names of towns it may be used without a preposition ; but only 
the poets and later prose writers omit the preposition with other nouns. 
The poets also say adusque, abusque.) 

V. The prepositions that govern the ablative are fifteen 
in number, and are as follows : 

1. A, Ab, Abs. 1 

1. From (of persons, places, and things) ; as, Nullam abs te liter am 
accepi. — Consul ab urbe profectus est. — Undce veniunt afontibus. 

2. From (as the commencement of a period) ; as, A principio. — Ab 
adolescentia. — Ab initio. 2 

3. By (with passive and neuter passive verbs, and names of living be- 
ings) ; as, Amatur ab omnibus. — Testis rogatus est an ab reo vapulasset. 

4. After ; as, Scipio confestim a prcelio ad mare ac naves rediit. 

5. On (in the sense of relative position) ; as, Alexander a fronte et a. 
tergo hostes habebat. 

6. On the side or part of ; as, Principes utrinque pugnabant, ab 
Sabinus Curtius, ab Romanis Hostilius. 

7. In point of ; as, Antonius ab equitatu firmus esse dicebatur.— 
Imparati sumus cum a militibus, turn a pecunia? 

II. Absque. 

"Without ; as, Absque me factum esset. It occurs once or twice 
in Cicero, but is chiefly found in the comic writers. 

III. Clam. 
Without the knowledge of ; as, Clam patre. 



1. The preposition a is used before consonants ; ab before vowels, 
and h, j (I not uniformly), r, s ; and abs only before t and qu. 

2. Ab initio signifies not only from the beginning, but also at the be- 
ginning. 

3. In later prose writers it denotes office ; as, qui est principis a 
manu, " an amanuensis ;" a secretis, " a secretary ;" a bibliotheca, " a 
librarian," &c. 



PREPOSITIONS. 253 

IV. Coram. 
In the presence of; as, Coram populo. 

V. Cum. 

With (denoting the coexistence or connexion of objects) ; as, Prqfir 
cisci cum patre. — Pugnare cum hostibus. 

VI. De. 

1. Concerning ; as, Ciceronis liber de republica. 

2. From (with verbs of hearing and asking) ; as, Audivi hoc de pa- 
rente meo. — Quid de hoc censes 1 

3. Of (one of) ; as, Nemo de Us qui periti sunt. 

4. According to (of opinions, customs, &c.) ; as, Minos de Jovis 
sententia leges sanxit. 

5. (Of time, denoting the commencement) ; as, De media nocte, " at 
midnight." — De tertia vigilia, " at the beginning of the third watch." 

6. Over ; as, Triumphare de Gallis. 

VII. E, Ex. 1 

1. Out of ; as, E manibus dimittere. 

2. From ; as, Dicam ex animo quod sentio. 

3. After ; as, Cotta ex consulatu in Galliam profectus est. 

4. According to ; as, Rempublicam ex legibus administrare. — Vul- 
gus ex veritate pauca } ex opinione multa cestimant. 

5. For the advantage of ; as, Statues ut ex re mea videbitur. 

6. Joined with laborare, it denotes the part affected, and from which 
the pain proceeds ; as, Ex pedibus, ex renibus, ex intestinis labor am. 

7. Used partitively ; as, Alter e consulibus. 

8. When joined with some nouns, it has an adverbial force ; as, E 
regione f "opposite." — Ex adverso, " opposite." — Ex improviso, " sud- 
denly." — Ex tempore, " off-hand." 

VIII. Pr;e. 

1. Before (of place, with verbs denoting motion and action) ; as, I 
pra, sequar. — Pra se mittere. 

2. Before (of priority in rank or degree) ; as, Prce ceteris floruisse. 

3. In comparison with ; as, Omnes prce Mo parvi sunt. 

4. Owing to (especially of obstacles) ; as, Solem prce jaculorum 
multitudine non mdebitis. 

1. The preposition e is used before consonants ; ex before vowels and 
consonants. 

22 



254 PREPOSITIONS. 

IX. Pro. 

1 . Before (of place) ; as, Pro moznibus. — Pro rostris. 1 

2. For (instead of) ; as, Cererem pro frugibus, Liberum pro vino, 
Neptunum pro mari appellare solent. 

3. In accordance with ; as, Bellum gerere pro dignitate populi 
Romani. — Pro prudentia tua. 

4. Proportionally to ; as, Pro cujusque facultatibus.—Pro nu- 
mero militum. 2 

X. Sine. 
Without ; as, Sine cura. — Sine ulla dubitatione* 

XL Tenus. 
As far as (and following its case) ; as, Alexander omnia Oceano 
tenus vicit. 3 

XII. Palam. 

The adverb palam is used by the poets and later prose writers with 
an ablative, and thus becomes a preposition ; as, Palam populo, " in the 
presence of the people." 4 

VI. The following govern the accusative and ablative. 

I. In 

With the Accusative. 

1. Into (denoting motion towards) ; as, Eo in urbem. 

2. Towards (denoting tendency) ; as, Natnra ingenerat amorem in 
eos qui procreati sunt. 

3. (Drift or purport) ; as, Fcedus scripsit in hac verba? 

4. Against ; as, Antonius maximo odio ferebatur in Ciceronem. 

5. To or Till (of future time) ; as, In alium diem differre. 6 

6. Upon (of proportion) ; as, Verres ab aratoribus in modios singulos 
duodenos sestertios exegit. 

1. Pro tribunali, " from the tribunal," the speaker being in front. 

2. So also pro mrili parte, according to one's duty or power as an in- 
dividual, " to the best of one's ability." Pro viribus, the same in import. 

3. Tenus is also used with the genitive, but chiefly in the poets, and 
with plurals ; as, crurum tenus. 

4. Simul and procul are similarly used ; as, Simul his. — Procul urbe. 

5. So in majus celebrare, "to exaggerate." — Dicere in hanc senten- 
tiam, " to speak to this purport." 

6. In diem vivere, " to live for the day," i. e., with no thought of the 
morrow. 



PREPOSITIONS. 255 

II. In 

With the Ablative. 

1 . Upon (of rest) ; as, Jacet in terra. 

2. Upon (with verbs of placing, though implying a motion) ; as, Po- 
nere in mensa. — Collocare in basi. 

3. In (of place, and also of time when an extensive term is spoken 
of) ; as, Bis in anno. — Quater in vita. 

4. Among ; as, In poetis nemo Homerum cequat, 1 

III. Sub 
With the Accusative. 

1. Under (denoting motion to some lower place) ; as, Scamnum sub 
pedem dare. — Missi sunt sub muros ad colloquium. 

2. Under (of subjection, with verbs of action and motion) ; as, Ca- 
dere sub imperium populi Romani. — Redigere insulas sub potestatem 
Atheniensium. 2 

3. Just after, About ; as, Sub vesperum. — Sub noctem. — Sub or- 
tum solis. — Sub idem tempus. 

IV. Sub 

With the Ablative. 

1. Under (denoting motion or rest in some lower place) ; as, Sub 
terra habitare. — Sub umbra spatiari. 

2. Under (of subjection, where a state is denoted) ; as, Sub rege. — 
Sub magistro. — Sub lege. 

3. At the very time of ; as, Sub ipsa prof ectione. — Sub Ccesaris 
discessu. 

4. Near, Close under ; as, Sub castris. — Sub muro. 

V. Super 
With the Accusative. 

1. Above ; as, Super cethera notus, 

2. Over ; as, Alii super aliorum capita ruebant. 

3. Beyond ; as, Super flumen instruere aciem. — Super Indos prof err e 
imperium. 

4. Over and above, In addition to ; as, Super solitos honores. 

1. It is used also of coexisting circumstances and attributes ; as, In 
summa copia oratorum nemo laudem Ciceronis aquavit, " though there 
has been a very great abundance of orators." — In summis tuis occupa- 
tionibus, " busy as you are," &c. 

2. Cadere sub oculos, " to fall under one's observation." 



256 EXERCISES ON THE PREPOSITIONS. 

VI. Super 
With the Ablative. 

1. Upon ; as, Super arbore sidunt. — Fronde super viridi. 

2. Concerning ; as, Hac super re scribam. 

VII. SUBTER. 

Under (commonly used with the accusative both of rest and motion) ; 
as, Subter pracordia locare. — Subter ilia vulnus habes. It rarely occurs 
with the ablative ; as, Subter densa testudine. — Subter litore. 

LXXXV. EXERCISES ON THE PREPOSITIONS. 
I. 

Translate the following, and designate the different prep- 
ositions, with their respective cases. 

Terra fruges ad usum hominum procreat. — Basilea, urbs 
Helvetia?, sita est ad Ehenum. — Apud Xenophontem multa 
egregia Socratis prascepta leguntur. — Semper ante oculos 
habeat homo mortalitatem atque immortalitatem. — Perdic- 
cas adversus Ptolemaeum profectus est. — Franco-Gallia 
citra montes Pyrenasos sita est. — Ibis 1 circa Pelusium nigra 
est ; in aliis regionibus Candida. — Humus circum Berolinum 
arenosa et infecunda est. — Octavam circiter horam ad scho- 
lam profectus sum. — Praeparetur animus contra omnia. — 
Sicilia contra Italiam sita est. — Amor erga praeceptores est 
summum decus discipuli. — Apud veteres iEgyptios feminae 
negotia extra domos ; viri domos et res domesticas curarunt. 
■ — Infra frontem sunt oculi ; infra oculos gense. — Nulla est 
amicitia inter malos et ingratos. — Themistocles intra annum 
linguam Persicam didicit.— Amphibia nunc intra nunc extra 
aquam sunt. — Ventriculus cancrorum jacet in capite juxta 
oculos. — Cometae ob raritatem mirabiles sunt. — Penes eos- 
dem pericula belli sint, penes quos praemia sunt. — Hannibal 
exercitum per invios montes et per densissimas silvas ad- 
versus Romanos duxit. — Crux pone nomen viri clari signi- 

1. The bird called Ibis. 



EXERCISES ON PREPOSITIONS. 257 

ficat mortem. — Post mille annos homines fortasse meliores 
erunt. — Omnia mortalia sunt praeter animos hominum. — 
Mosella praeter Augustam Trevirorum 1 fluit. — Prope ostium 
Rhodani Massilia urbs condita est. — Athenienses propter 
Pisistrati tyrannidem civium suorum potentiam timebant. — 
Persici equi sunt secundum Arabicos pulcherrimi. — Omne 
animal secundum naturam se ipsum diligit. — Supra Mace- 
donian! sita est Thracia ; infra Macedoniam Thessalia. — 
Xerxes innumeram multitudinem militum trans Hellespon- 
tum duxit. — Rhodanus primo occidentem, deinde meridiem 
versus fluit. — Tusci prius cis Apenninum ad mare inferum, 
postea trans Apenninum colonias miserunt. 

Homines ab injuria na'*ira, non poena arcere debet. — 
Filii Bruti, primi consulis Romani, ante oculos patris a lie- 
tore necati sunt. — Abs te, homo, nihil efficitur, quod non 
antea fuit.— Volatus strigium est absque strepitu. — Ne quid 
facite, pueri, quod coram parentibus et praeceptoribus facere 
non liceat. — Nemo cum hoste extra ordinem pugnato. — 
Homines, quibus cum vivimus, saepe sunt mali. — iEgyptii 
et Phcenices inter se dimicabant de honore literarum inven- 
tarum. 2 — Socrates philosophiam e coelo in terram devocavit. 
— Prae gaudio, ubi sim nescio. — Dulce et decorum est pro 
patria mori. — Sine virtute nihil est laudabile. — Triton, deus 
marmus, alvo tenus piscis erat. — Ursus vivit in silvis regi- 
onum frigidarum. — Plurimae aves ante hiemem in calidiores 
regiones migrant.— Non modo supra terram, sed etiam in 
imis ejus tenebris plurimas res perutiles inveniuntur. — Quae- 
dam hirundines sub hiemem avolant in peregrinas regiones. 
— Talpa degit sub terra. — Socrates super ccenam de maxi- 
mis rebus disputabat. — Super educatione multa scripta sunt. 
— Nasus subter oculos locatus est. 

1. Augusta Trevirorum corresponds to the modern city of " Treves." 
It was the capital of the ancient Treviri. 

2. Literarum inventarum, " of the invention of letters." Literally, 
"of invented letters." 

22* 



258 



EXERCISES ON PREPOSITIONS. 



II. 

Convert the following ungrammatical Latin into gram- 
matical, so as to suit the English words opposite. 



The Romans created their 
consuls annually. 

Apis was a black ox, with a 
white spot on the right side, 
and a knot beneath the 
tongue. 

Even timid men out of dan- 
ger are bold. 

Among many nations of 
Thrace, the Get a were the 
fiercest, and the readiest 
for encountering death. 

The Salluvii dwelt around the 
river Tichius, the Rutiili 
below the Tiber and Anio. 

Pomponius Atticus was bu- 
ried near the Appian way, 
at the fifth milestone. 

Geese and cranes, when they 
sleep, hide their heads be- 
neath their wings. 

Manlius, contrary to the or- 
der of his father, fought 
against the enemy out of 
his rank. 

Wisdom often dwells even be- 
neath a sordid and tattered 
cloak. 

Antiochus, king of Syria, af- 
ter the battle at Magnesia, 
reigned over Asia as far as 
Taurus, 



Romanus consul suus creo 
in annus. 

Apis bos niger sum cum can- 
didus in dexter latus mac- 
ula, et nodus sub lingua. 

Extra periculurn etiam timid- 
us homo sum audax. 

Inter multus Thracia gens 
Geta ferox sum, et ad mors 
paratus. 

Salluvius circa Ticinus am- 

nis habito, Rutulus infra 

Tiberis et Anio. 
Pomponius Atticus juxta via 

Appia sepelio, ad quintus 

lapis. 
Anser et grus, quum dormio, 

caput subter ala condo. 

Manlius, contra pater edic- 
tum, extra ordo in hostis 
pugno. 

Saepe etiam sub sordidus et 
lacer palliolum sapientia 
habito. 

Antiochus, rex Syria, post 
prcelium apud Magnesia, 
regno in Asia Taurus te- 
nus. 



CONJUNCTIONS. 



259 



Good boys do nothing without 
the knowledge of their pa- 
rents. 

Birds have horny and sharp 
beaks in place of lips. 



Bonus puer clam parens suus 
nihil facio. 

Avis corneus et acutus ros- 
trum pro labrum habeo. 



LXXXVI. CONJUNCTIONS. 

I. A conjunction is an indeclinable part of speech, which 
expresses the relation in which words or propositions stand 
to each other. 

IL Conjunctions have been divided into the following 
classes, according to their different significations. 

I. Copulative, or such as connect things that are to be considered 
jointly; as, 

Ac, " and, as, than." 

Atque, " and, as, than." 

Et, "and, even, also." 1 

Etiam, " also, even." 

Que, "and, both." 2 

Quoque, . " also." 

Nee, " neither, nor." 3 

Neque, "neither, nor." 

II. Disjunctive, or such as connect things that are to be consid- 
ered separately ; as, 

Aut, " either, or." 4 

Seu, " either, or." 

Sive, " whether, or." 

1. When et is followed by et, the first is to be rendered " both," the 
second " and ; as, Adsuesce te dicere verum et audire, " Be accustomed 
both to speak and to hear truth." 

2. Que is an enclitic, and is joined to the end of w r ords ; as, homines- 
que, amatque, &c. When que is followed by que, the first signifies 
"both," the second " and." 

3. Negative propositions are connected by nee — nee or neque — neque ; 
as, Contemnuntur ii qui nee sibi nee alteri prosunt, " They are contemn- 
ed who benefit neither themselves nor another." Virtus neque naufra- 
gio neque incendio amittitur, " Virtue is lost neither by shipwreck nor 
by conflagration." 

4. When aut is followed by another aut, the first is to be translated 
"either," the second "or." The double meanings appended to the 
other conjunctions are to be explained in a similar manner. 



260 



CONJUNCTIONS. 





Ye, 


" either, or." 




Vel, 


" either, or." 




Neve, 


" neither, nor, and not." 




Neu, 


"neither, nor, and not." 


Ill 


Conditional, or 


such as express a condition ; as, 




Si, 


" if." 




Sin, 


" but if." 




Nisi or ni, 


" unless." 




Dummodo, 


" provided only." 


IV. 


Adversative, or 


such as express opposition ; as, 




At, 


"but." 




Atqui, 


"but." 




Autem, 


"but, however," &c. 




Ceteruw,, 


"but, moreover," &c. 




Sed, 


"but." 




Tamen, 


"however." 




Attdmen, 


" yet." 




Veruntdmen, 


" notwithstanding." 




Vero, 


"truly." 




Verum, 


"but." 


V. 


Concessive, or such as express a concession ; as, 




Etsi, 


" though." 




Etiamsi, 


" even though." 




Tametsi, 


" although." 




Licet, 


"although." 




Quanquam, 


" although." 




Quamvis, 


" although." 


VI. 


Causal, or such as express a cause or reason ; as, 




Enim, 


" for." 




Etenim, 


" for." 




Nam, 


"for." 




Namque, 


"for." 




Quando, 


" whereas, since," &c. 




Quandoquidem, "since." 




Quia, 


" because." 




Quippe, 


" because, since." 




Quod, 


il because." 




Quoniam^ 


u since." 



EXERCISES ON CONJUNCTIONS. 

. Quum or cum, u since." 1 
Siquldem, " since, if indeed.' 5 

VII. Illative s, or such as express an inference ; as, 



261 



Ergo, 


" therefore." 


Idcirco, 


" therefore." 


IdeOj 


" therefore." 


Igilur, 


" therefore." 


Itaque, 


" therefore." 


Proinde, 


" therefore." 


Quapropter, 


" wherefore." 


Quare, 


" wherefore." 


Quamobrem, 


"wherefore." 


Quocirca, 


" wherefore." 


nals, or such as 


denote a purpose, objec 


Ne, 


" lest, that— not." 


Quin, 


" but that." 


Quo, 


" in order that." 


Quominus, 


" that— not." 


Ut, 


" that, in order that." 


Uti, 


" that, in order that." 


?ensives, or such 


as express doubt ; as, 


An, 


" whether." 


Anne, 


"whether." 


Annon, 


" whether or not." 


— ne, 


" whether." 


Necne, 


" or not." 


Num, 


" whether." 


Utrum, 


"whether." 



LXXXVII. EXERCISES ON CONJUNCTIONS. 2 
I. 

Translate the following, designate the conjunction, and 
assign it to its proper class. 

Quadrupedum celeritas atque vis nobis ipsis afTert vim 

1. When quum. precedes and turn follows, the first is to be rendered 
" both" and the second " and." 

2. These exercises contain some conjunctions not enumerated in the 
preceding classification, but easy to be ranked along with the rest. 



262 EXERCISES ON CONJUNCTIONS. 






atque celeritatem. — Tyrannis amici quoque suspecti sunt. 
— Stulti sunt, qui forma opibusve superbiunt. — In superiore 
corporis parte, seu pectore, sunt cor et pulmo ; in inferiore, 
seu abdomine, est stomachus cum intestinis. — Solis radiis 
et illustrantur et calefiunt planetae. — Virtus opibus "parari 
non potest, ut opes virtute. — Mors tarn juveni ante oculos 
debet esse, quam seni. — Luna modo rubet, modo pallet. — 
Aut imperii aut divitiarum causa bella fere omnia inter mor- 
tales orta sunt. — Fortes non modo Fortuna adjuvat, ut est 
in vetere proverbio, sed multo magis ratio. — Alcibiades ma- 
jora bona non poterat consequi, quam vel fortuna vel natura 
tribuerat. — Virtus nee eripi nee surripi potest unquam. — 
Agesilaus Lacedaemonius quum a ceteris scriptoribus, turn 
a Xenophonte collaudatus est. — Nihil mihi neque a te ipso, 
neque ab ullo alio de republica scriptum est. — Non eetate 
verum ingenio acquiritur sapientia. — Omne animal sensus 
habet ; sentit igitur et calida et frigida et amara. — Gyges 
a nullo videbatur, ipse autem omnia videbat. — Amicus in 
convivio non cognoscitur ; errat igitur, qui amicum in con- 
vivio probat. — Maxima in sensibus varietas est, si omnia 
removeantur, quae obstant et impediunt. — Leonidas, Lace- 
daemoniorum rex, quum Xerxes scripsisset, " Mitte arma ;" 
respondit, " Veni et cape." 

II. 

Convert trie following ungrammatical Latin into gram- 
matical, so as to suit the English words opposite. 



He who abandons you never 
was a friend, for true 
friendship never ceases. 

Because nature cannot be 
changed, therefore true 
friendships are eternal. 

Sea-water is salt, in order that 
it may not putrefy. 



Qui desero te nunquam ami- 
cus sum ; namque verus 
arhicitia nunquam desino. 

Quia natura non possum mu- 
to, idcirco verus amicitia 
sum sempiternus. 

Aqua marinus salsus sum, ne 
putresco. 



INTERJECTIONS. 



263 



We ought to undertake great 
things while we have bodily 
powers. 

Hamilcar, after he had cross- 
ed the sea, and come into 
Spain, carried on great op- 
erations with favourable 
fortune. 

If you do well, you please 
God ; but if you do ill, you 
displease him. 

Horses are roused by spurs, 
in order that they may run 
more swiftly. 

It is a great kindness of na- 
ture, that it is necessary to 
die. 

This fable warns us not to 
contemn others unto whom 
nature has given other, and 
perhaps greater, things than 
unto us. 



Magnus suscipio debeo, dum 
vis habeo. 

Hamilcar, posteaquam mare 
transeo, in Hispaniaque 
venio, magnus res secun- 
dus gero fortuna. 

Si bene ago, placeo Deus, sin 
male ago, displiceo. 

Equus calcar excito, quo ce- 
leriter curro. 

Magnus natura beneficium 
sum quod necesse sum 
morior. 

Hie fabula moneo, ne con- 
temno alius, qui natura 
alius et fortasse magnus 
do quam ego. 



LXXXVIII. INTERJECTIONS. 

I. Interjections are sounds uttered under the influence of 
strong emotion. 

II. They are indeclinable, and stand in no close con- 
nexion with the rest of the sentence, for the dative and ac- 
cusative which are joined with some of them 1 may be easily 
explained by an ellipsis. 

III. The number of interjections in any language is not 
to be fixed ; those which occur most frequently in Latin are 
the following : 

1 . Of Joy ; as, Io ; iu ; ha, he ; hahahe ; evoe ; evax. 

2. Of Grief ; as, Vcb ; heu ; eheu ; ohe ; mi ; hex ; pro. 

1. Consult Syntax. 



264 SYNTAX. 

3. Of Astonishment ; as, ; eu ; ecce ; hui ; hem ; ehem ; ah, 
ahah ; papce ; vah. 

4. Of Dislike ; as, Phui ; apage. 

5. Of Calling ; as, Heus ; ohe ; ehodum. 

6. Of Attestation ; as, Pro, written also proh. 

7. Of Praise ; as, Eia ; eu ; euge. 

IV. Other parts of speech, as substantives, adjectives, 
adverbs, verbs, and even complex phrases, such as oaths, 
exclamations, invocations, &c, are, in particular connex- 
ions, to be regarded as interjections. Such nouns and ad- 
jectives are pax (be still !), malum, indignum, nefas, infan- 
du?)i, miserum, miser abile, with an expression of astonish- 
ment, grief, or horror. Among adverbs may be mentioned 
n(B and profecto. Verbs used as interjections are quceso, 
precor, oro, obsecro, arnabo (all which may have te or vos), 
used in imploring or requesting. So also age ; agite ; cedo ; 
sodes (for si audes) ; sis (for si vis) ; sultis (for si vultis) ; 
agesis ; agedum ; agitedum. 

V. Among the invocations of the gods, the following are- 
of most frequent occurrence : Meherciile ; Mehercle ; Her- 
cle ; Medius fidius ; Mecastor ; JEdepol ; Pol ; Per deum 
immortalem ; Per deos ; Per Jovem ; Proh Jupiter ; Pro 
deum Jidem, &c. 

LXXXIX. BRIEF SKETCH OF THE LATIN SYNTAX. 1 
I. Concord. 

I. A verb agrees with its nominative in number and person ; as, 
Ego lego, " I read." Nos docemus, " we teach." 
Tu scribis, " thou writest." Vos dicitis, "ye say." 

Puer currit, " the boy runs." Hostes fugiunt, " the enemy flee." 

II. A collective noun, that is, a noun in the singular denoting num- 
ber or multitude, sometimes has a plural verb ; as, 

Pars pugnant, pars fugiunt, " part fight, part flee/' 

Leve vulgus veniunt euntque, " the fickle crowd come and go." 

J. Many of these rules have already been given in the course of the present work, 
and others the student has already discovered for himself in the process of transla- 
tion, which latter is the only true mode of acquiring them. 



RULES OF SYNTAX. 265 

III. Two or more singular nominatives united by a connective con- 
junction, and sometimes even without such union, have the verb in the 
plural, if they denote living beings, and especially persons ; as, 

Antonius et Octavianus vicerunt Brutum et Cassium. 

IV. But if the nominatives denote things without life, and especially 
abstract ideas, the singular or plural may be used ; unless one of the 
nominatives should be in the plural, or what is asserted should only be 
true of them jointly ; as, 1 

Cum Urn-pus nec.es sit as que postulat, decertandum manu est, " When 

the occasion and necessity demand, we must contend with the 

hand." 
Beneficium et gratia homines inter se conjungunt } " Kindness and 

favour unite men among themselves." 
Vita, mors, divitice, paupertas, omnes homines commovent, " Life, 

death, riches, poverty, exercise an influence over all men." 

V. Verbs of the first and second persons must have for their nomina- 
tives the pronouns of those persons ; all other nouns take verbs of the 
third person. And if a noun of the third person stands before a verb of 
the first or second person, it is because a pronoun of those persons is 
understood ; as, 

Consul dixi, " I the consul have said it." Supply ego. 
Miles Romanus fugisti, " Thou, a Roman soldier, hast fled." Sup- 
ply fit. 

VI. When pronouns of different persons come together, the verb agrees 
with the pronoun of the first person, in preference to that of the second, 
and with the pronoun of the second person in preference to that of the 
third ; as, 

Si iu et Tullia valetis, ego et Cicero valemus, " If thou and Tullia 
are well, I and Cicero are well." 

VII. The infinitive mood, or part of a sentence, often supplies the 
place of a nominative ; as, 

Mentiri est turpe, " to lie is disgraceful." 

JEquum est ut hoc facias, " it is right that you do this." 

VIII. One substantive agrees with another in case, when both refer 
to the same person or thing ; as, 

Urbs Roma, " the city Rome." Nos consules, " we consuls." 

1. Instances, though rare, occur of a singular verb following several nominatives, 
of which one is plural, provided it be not the last. When several names of persons 
are preceded or followed by a singular verb, the verb agreeing with the nearest must 
be understood with the others ; as, Gorgias, Thrasymachus, Protagoras, Prodicu^ 
Hippias in magno honor e fuiV — Cic. 

23 



266 RULES OF SYNTAX. 

IX. Adjectives, adjective pronouns, and participles agree with their 
substantives in gender, number, and case ; as, 

Bonus puer, " a good boy." Bonos viros, " good men." 

Bona puella, " a good girl." Bona leges, " good laws." 

Triste bellum, {< a sad war." Cadentia astra, " setting stars." 

Mea soror, ''my sister." Fugientes hostes, " fleeing foes." 

Hoc negotium, " this affair." Tua dona, "thy gifts." 

X. An adjective, adjective pronoun, or participle belonging to two or 
more substantives is put in the plural ; as, 

Vir et puer territi lupo, " A man and boy terrified by a wolf." 

XI. When the substantives to which the adjective, pronoun, or parti- 
ciple thus refers, are of different genders, but indicate persons, the ad- 
jective, &c, on being put in the plural, will be of the masculine rather 
than the feminine gender ; as, 

Pater et mater ejus mortui sunt, " His father and mother are dead." 

XII. But if the substantives indicate things without life, and are at 
the same time of different genders, the adjective becomes neuter. And 
if some of the substantives refer to things with life, and others to inani- 
mate objects, the adjective is either neuter, or takes the gender of the 
thing or things with life ; as, 

Labor voluptasque sunt dissimilia naturd, " Toil and pleasure are 

unlike in nature." 
Naves et captlvi, qua ad Chium capta sunt, "The vessels and 

captives that were taken at Chios." 
Numida at que signa militaria obscurati sunt, " The Numidians 

and their military standards were partially concealed." 

XIII. An adjective, adjective pronoun, or participle often stands 
alone, having a substantive understood, with which it agrees in gender ; 
as, 

Mortalis, "a mortal," homo understood. 
Superi, "the gods above," dii understood. 
Deztra, " the right hand," manus understood. 
Sinistra, " the left hand," manus understood. 

Relative and Antecedent. 

XIV. The relative Qui, qua, quod, agrees with its antecedent in 
gender, number, and person ; as, 1 

1. The relative is to be regarded as placed between two cases of the same noun, 
either expressed or understood, with the former of which it agrees in gender and 



RULES OF SYNTAX. 267 

Vir qui, " the man who." Viri qui, " the men who.'* 

Femina qua, " the woman who." Femince qua, " the women who." 
Negotium quod, " the thing which." Negotia qua, " the things which." 

XV. If no nominative come between the relative and the verb, the 
relative is the nominative to the verb ; but when a nominative inter- 
venes, the relative is governed by the verb, or by some other word in 
the sentence ; as, 

Ego qui scribo, " I who write." 

Ego quern tu vocas, " I whom thou call est." 

Ego de quo tu dicis, " I of whom thou speakest." 

XVI. If the relative has more than one antecedent, of different gen- 
ders, the same rule applies as in the case of adjectives, &c. ; as, 

Ninus et Semiramis, qui condiderunt Babylbna, " Ninus and Sem- 
iramis who founded Babylon." 

XVII. The relative often stands alone, a noun or pronoun being un- 
derstood, from which it takes its gender and number ; as, 

Qui bene latuit, bene vixit, " He who has well escaped notice, has 
lived well" (ille being understood). 

XVIII. The antecedent is sometimes elegantly understood, and the 
noun with which the relative agrees in case is expressed ; as, 

Quas misisti liter as accepi, " I have received the letters which 
you sent," for accepi liter as quas misisti. 

The same ca,se after a verb as before it. 

XIX. Any verb may have the same case after it as before it, when 
both words refer to the same person or thing ; as, 

Ego sum Romanus, " I am a Roman." 

Tu vocaris proditor, " thou art called a traitor." 

Ilia incedit regina, " she walks as a queen." 

II. Government. 
I. A noun which limits the meaning of another noun, denoting a dif- 
ferent person or thing, is put in the genitive ; as, 

Amor Dei, " the love of God." 

Lex natura, " the law of nature." 

Arma Achillis, " the arms of Achilles." 

number, and with the latter in gender, number, and case. Sometimes both nouns 
are expressed ; as, Erant omnino duo itinera, quibus itineribus domo exire possent, 
" There were only two routes, by which routes they could go forth from their home." 



268 RULES OF SYNTAX. 

II. A substantive pronoun, which limits the meaning of a noun, is in 
like manner put in the genitive ; as, 

Cura mei, " care for me." Pars tui, " part of thee." 

III. When the limiting noun expresses some quality or circumstance 
respecting the former, it has an adjective agreeing with it, and is put 
either in the genitive or ablative ; as, 

Vir surnmce prudentice, " a man of the greatest wisdom." 

or summa prudentia, 
Puer probce indolis, or " a boy of a good disposition." 

proba indole, 

Adjectives taken as Nouns. 

IV. An adjective in the neuter gender, without a substantive, governs 
the genitive ; as, 

Multum pecunice, " much money." 

Minimum injuria, " very little injury." 

Opus and Usus. 

V. Opus and usus, signifying need, take after them the ablative, and 
sometimes, though rarely, the genitive ; as, 

Opus est pecunia, " there is need of money." 

Usus est viribus, " there is need of strength." 

Argenti opus fuit, " there was need of silver." 

Adjectives governing the Genitive. 

VI. A noun limiting the meaning of an adjective is put in the geni- 
tive, to denote the relation expressed in English by of, or in respect of, 
&c. ; as, 

Avidus gloria, " desirous of glory." 

Memor virtutis, "mindful of virtue." 

Ignarus fraudis, " unacquainted with fraud." 

VII. Partitives and words placed partitively, comparatives, superla- 
tives, interrogatives, and some numerals, govern the genitive plural ; as, 

Aliquis philosophorum, " some one of the philosophers." 

Senior fratrum, " the elder of the brothers." 

Doctissimus Romanorum, " the most learned of the Romans." 

Quis nostrum ? " who of us ?" 

Una Musarum, " one of the Muses." 

Octavus sapientum, " the eighth of the wise men." 



RULES OF SYNTAX. 269 

Adjectives governing the Dative. 
VIIL Adjectives signifying advantage or disadvantage, likeness or 
unlikeness, &c, &c, together with verbals in bills and dus, govern the 
dative ; as, 1 

JJtilis hello, " useful for war." 

Perniciosus civitati } " ruinous to the state." 

Similis patri, " like to his father." 

Inhabilis labori, " unsuited for labour." 

Amandus omnibus, " to be loved by all." 

Adjectives governing the Ablative. 

IX. These adjectives, dignus, indignus, contentus, prceditus ; as also 
natus, satus, ortus, editus; and the like, require the ablative ; as, 

Dignus honor e, " worthy of honour." 

Contentus parvo, " content with little." 

Prceditus virtute, " endued with virtue." 

Satus Jove, " sprung from Jove." 

Ortus regibus, " descended from kings." 

Captus oculis, "deprived of sight." 

Fretus viribus, " relying on his strength." 

Adjectives governing the Genitive or Ablative. 

X. Adjectives signifying plenty or want govern the genitive or abla- 
tive ; 2 as, 

Plenus ira or ira, " full of anger." 

Inops rationis or ratione, " devoid of reason." 

Government of the verb Sum. 
XL Sum, when it signifies possession, property, part, or duty, requires 
the genitive ; 3 as, 

Est boni regis, "it is the part of a good king." 
XII. But meum, tuum, suum, nostrum, vestrum, are excepted ; 4 as, 
Tuum est hoc facer e, " it is your duty to do this." 

Nostrum est for titer pugnare, " it is our duty to fight bravely." 

1. The rule maybe given more generally as follows : " A noun limiting the mean- 
ing of an adjective is put in the dative, to denote the object or end to which the qual- 
ity is directed." 

2. This is, in strictness, a branch of rule VI. immediately preceding. 

3. A noun is generally, though not very correctly, supposed to be understood, and 
hence the limiting noun is put in the genitive. 

4. Here again a noun is supposed to be understood, with which meum, &c, agree. 
This may be a convenient ellipsis, but is by no means an accurate view of the sub- 
ject. The adjective pronouns meum, &c, agree, in fact, with the latter part of the 
clause as a species of nominative. Thus, in the examples above given, meum agrees 
with hocfacere, and nostrum with fortiter -pugnare. 

23* 



270 RULES OF SYNTAX. 

XIII. Sum taken for habeo ("to have") governs the dative ; as, 

Est mihi liber, " I have a book." 

Sunt mihi libri, " I have books." 

XIV. Sum taken for affero (" to bring") governs two datives, the 
one of the person, the other of the thing ; as, 

Est mihi voluptati, " it brings pleasure unto me." 

Construction of Comparatives. 

XV. The comparative degree requires the ablative ; as, 

Dulcior melle, " sweeter than honey." 

Prcestantior auro, " more valuable than gold." 

XVI. But when the conjunction quam is expressed, the nominative, 
and not the ablative, is employed ; as, 

Cedri sunt celsiores quam abides, " cedars are taller than firs." 

Construction of Adverbs. 

XVII. Adverbs qualify verbs, participles, adjectives, and other ad- 
verbs ; as, 

Bene scribit, " he writes well." 

Fortiter pugnans, " fighting bravely." 

Egregie fidelis, " remarkably faithful." 

Satis bene, "well enough." 

XVIII. Some adverbs of time, place, and quantity, govern the geni- 
tive ; as, 

Pridie ejus diei, " the day before that day." 

Vbique gentium, " everywhere." 

Satis verborum, " enough of words." 

Construction of Prepositions. 

XIX. The prepositions ad, apud, ante, &c, govern the accusative; 
as, 

Ad astra, " to the stars." 

Apud me, " with me." 

Ante portam, " before the gate." 

Per agros, " through the fields." 

Trans mare, " across the sea." 

Ultra oceanum, " beyond the ocean." 



RULES OF SYNTAX. 271 

XX. The prepositions a, rib, ribs, &c., govern the ablative ; as, 

A pueritia, " from boyhood." 

Coram rege, " before the king." 

Cum exercitu, " with an army." 

Palam populo, " in the presence of the people." 

Sine labore, " without labour." 

Capulo tenus, "up to the hilt." 

XXI. The prepositions in, sub, super, and subter govern the accusa- 
tive when motion to or into a place is signified ; but when motion or 
rest in a place is indicated, they then are joined with the ablative ; x as, 
Eo in urbem, " I go into the city." 

Jfacet in terra, " he lies on the ground." 

Mittere sub jugum, " to send under the yoke." 

Hribitare sub terra, " to dwell under ground." 

Super Indos prof err e imperium, " to extend one's sway beyond the Indi." 

Super arbor e sedent, " they sit on a tree." 

Subter montem locare, " to place beneath the mountain.". 

Construction of Interjections. 

XXII. The interjections 0, heu, proh, en, ecce, and some others, are 
followed by a nominative, accusative, or vocative ; as, 

vir amicus ! "oh friendly man !" 

Heu me infelicem ! "ah unhappy me !" 
Proh sancte Jupiter ! " oh holy Jove !" 
En quatuor aras ! " behold four altars !" 

Ecce homo Catienus ! " lo ! the man Catienus !" 

XXIII. The interjections hei and vce are followed by the dative ; as, 

Hei mihi ! "ah me !" 

Vce vobis ! " wo to you !" 

Construction of Conjunctions. 

XXIV. The conjunctions et, ac, atque, nee, aut, neque, and some 
others, connect words which are in the same construction ; as, 

Pulvis et umbra sumus, "we are dust and a shade." 

Vir clarus atque honoratus, " an illustrious and honourable man." 

Nee legit nee scribit, " he neither reads nor writes." 

XXV. The conjunctions ut, quo, licet, ne, utinam, dummodo, &c, 
require the subjunctive mood ; as, 

Lego ut discam, " I read that I may learn." 

Utinam saperes, " I wish you were wise." 

1. Subter, however, is comparatively rare with the ablative, and hence, in strict- 
ness, is used with the accusative of both motion and rest. 



272 RULES OF SYNTAX. 

Government of Verbs. 

XXVI. Verbs of a transitive signification govern the accusative ; as, 

Ama Deum, " love God." 

Reverere parentes, " reverence your parents." 

XXVII. Misereor, miseresco, and satago govern the genitive ; as, 
Miserere civium tuorum, " pity your fellow-citizens." 

Satagit rerum suarum, " he has enough to do with his own affairs." 

XXVIII. Any verb may govern the dative which has to or for after 
it in English ; as, 

Mea domus tibi patet, " my house is open to you." 

Pars optant locum tecto, " some choose a site for a building." 

Tibi seris, tibi metis, " you sow for yourself, you reap for yourself." 

XXIX. Verbs compounded with satis, bene, and male, govern the 
dative ; as, 

Satisfeci legibus, " I have satisfied the laws." 
Benefacit patricB, " he benefits his country." 
Maledicit nobis, " he reviles us." 

XXX. Many verbs compounded with these eleven prepositions, ad, 
ante, con, in, inter, ob, post, prce, pro, sub, and super, are followed by 
the dative ; as, 

Adnue cceptis, " favour our undertakings." 

Aniecellere omnibus, " to surpass all." 

Concurrere viris, " to engage with men." 

Nox pradio intervenit, " night interrupted the battle." 

Succurrere miseris, " to succour the wretched." 

XXXI. Verbs signifying to profit, hurt, favour, assist, command, 
obey, serve, resist, trust, threaten, be angry with, and the like, govern 
the dative ; as, 

Prodesse reipublica, " to benefit the republic." 

Ilia tibi favct, " she favours you." 

Imperat Pomponio, " he commands Pomponius." 

Irasci inimicis, "to be angry at enemies." 

XXXII. Recordor, memini, reminiscor, and obliviscor govern the 
thing of which any one reminds himself or another, or which he forgets, 
in the genitive, sometimes also in the accusative ; as, 

Recordor lectionis, " I remember the lesson." 

Memini vivorum, " I remember the living." 

Oblivisci injuriarum, " to forget injuries." 



RULES OF SYNTAX. 273 

Numeros memini, " I remember the numbers." 

Oblivisci beneficium, " to forget a kindness." 

XXXIII. Verbs of abounding and wanting govern the ablative, and 
sometimes the genitive ; as, 

Abundat divitiis, " he abounds in riches." 

Caret omni culpa, " he is free from every fault." 

XXXIV. Utor, abutor, fruor, fungor, potior, and vescor, with some 
others, govern the ablative ; as, 

Utitur fraude, " he makes use of fraud." 

Abutitur libris, " he abuses his books." 

Potttur imperio, " he is possessed of empire." 

Vescitur came, "he feeds on flesh." 

XXXV. A verb compounded with a preposition often governs the 
case of that preposition ; as, 

Adeamus scholam, " let us go to school." 

Exeamus schola, " let us go out of school." 

The Construction of the Infinitive. 
XXXVL The infinitive mood may be governed by a verb, participle, 
adjective, or noun ; as, 

Cupio discere, " I desire to learn." 

Agros colere cceperunt, " they began to cultivate the fields." 

Tempus abire tibi, " it is time for you to depart." 

XXXVII. When quod, quin, ut, or ne, is omitted in Latin, the word 
which would otherwise be in the nominative is put in the accusative, and 
the verb in the infinitive mood ; as, 

Gaudeo te valere, " I am glad that you are well." 

Aiunt regem adventare, " they say the king is coming." 

The Construction of Participles, Gerunds, and Supines. 

XXXVIII. Participles, gerunds, supines, and adverbs, govern the 
same cases as the words from which they are derived ; as, 

Amans virtutem, " loving virtue." 

Carens fraude, " wanting guile." 

XXXIX. Gerunds are construed like nouns ; as, 
Studendum est mihi, " I must study." 
Tempus studendi, " time of studying." 
Aptus studendo, " fit for studying." 

Scio studendum esse mihi, " I know that I must study." 



274 



RULES OF SYNTAX. 



XL. Gerunds governing the accusative are often turned into parti- 
ciples in dus, which, like adjectives, agree with their nouns in gender, 
number, and case ; as, - 



> 



( Pax est petenda mihi. 
Temjpus petenda pads. 
Ad petendam pacem. 
A petenda pace. 



Petendum est mihi pacem, \ 

" I must seek peace." 
Tempus petendi pacem, 

il time of seeking peace." 
Ad petendum pacem, 

" for seeking peace." 
A petendo pacem, 

" by seeking peace." 

XLI. The supine in urn is put after a verb of motion ; as, 
Abiit deambulatum, " he hath gone to walk." 

Spectatum veniunt, " they come to see." 

XLII. The supine in \l is put after an adjective ; as, 
Facile dictu, " easy to be told." 

Miser abile visu, " piteous to be seen." 

Optimum factu esse duxerunt, " they held it best to be done." 

The Construction of Circumstances. 
Price. 
XLIII. Nouns signifying the price of a thing are put in the ablative ; 
h 

Emi librum duobus assibus, " I bought a book for six farthings." 
Constitit talento, " it cost a talent." 

XLIV. These genitives, tanti, quanti, pluris, minoris, are excepted ; 



Quanti constitit ? 
Asse et pluris, 



" how much cost it 1" 

" three farthings and more." 



Manner and Cause. 
XLV. Nouns signifying the instrument, cause, means, or manner, 
are put in the ablative ; as, 

Palleo metu, " I am pale for fear." 

Fecit suo more, " he did it after his own way." 

Scribo calamo, " I write with a pen." 

Measure and Distance. 
XLVI. Nouns signifying measure or distance are put in the accusa- 
tive, sometimes in the ablative ; as, 



RULES OP SYNTAX. 275 

Murus est decern pedes alius, " the wall is ten feet high." 

Urbsdistat triginta miUia, or i „ £ c . g ^ ^^ 

trigmta miuibus passuum, > 

Iter, or itinere unius diei, " one day's journey." 

Tzme. 
XLVII. Nouns signifying the time when are put in the ablative ; those 
how long in the accusative, sometimes in the ablative ; as, 

Venit hora tenia, " he came at the third hour." 

Mansit paucos dies, " he stayed a few days." 
Sex mensibus abfuit, " he was away six months." 

Verbs governing the Accusative and the Genitive. 
XLVIII. Verbs of accusing, condemning, admonishing, and acquit- 
ting, govern the accusative and genitive ; as, 

Arguit me furti, " he accuses me of theft." 

Me ipsum inertia condemno, " I condemn myself of laziness." 
Ilium homicidii absolvunt, " they acquit him of manslaughter." 
Monet me officii, " he admonishes me of my duty." 

XLIX. Verbs of esteeming govern the accusative of the person or 
thing esteemed, and the genitive of the value ; as, 

Aestimo te magni, " I value you much." 

Ego illumflocci pendo, " I value him at a rush." 

Verbs governing the Accusative and the Dative. 
L. Verbs of comparing, giving, declaring, and taking away, govern 
the accusative and dative ; as, 

Compa.ro Virgilium Homer o, " I compare Virgil to Homer." 
Suum cuique tribuito, " give every one his own." 

Narras fabulam surdo, " you tell a story to a deaf man." 

Eripuit me morti, "he rescued me from death." 

Or thus : Any active verb may govern the accusative and the dative, 
when, together with the object of the action, we express the person or 
thing in relation to which it is exerted ; as, 

Legam lectionem tibi, " I will read the lesson to you." 
Emit librum mihi, u he bought a book for me." 

Verbs governing two Accusatives. 
LI. Verbs of asking and teaching govern two accusatives ; as, 
Poscimus te pacem, " we beg peace of thee." 

Docuit me grammaticam, "he taught me grammar." 



276 RULES OF SYNTAX. 

Verbs governing the Accusative and the Ablative. 
LII. Verbs of loading, binding, clothing, depriving, and some others, 
govern the accusative and the ablative ; as, 

Oner at naves auro, " he loads the ships with gold." 

Te hoc crimine expedi, " clear yourself of this charge." 

The Construction of Passive Verbs. 
LIII. When a verb in the active voice governs two cases, in the pas- 
sive it retains the latter case ; as, 

Accusor furti, " I am accused of theft." 

Virgilius comparatur Homer o, " Virgil is compared to Homer." 
Doceor grammaticam, " I am taught grammar." 

Navis oneratur auro, " the ship is loaded with gold." 

The Construction of Impersonal Verbs. 
LIV. Impersonal verbs govern the dative ; as, 

Ezpedit reipublicce, " it is profitable for the state." 

Favetur mihi, . "I am favoured." 

LV. Interest and refert require the genitive ; as, 

Interest omnium, " it is the interest of all." 

Refert patris, "it concerns my father." 

LVI. But mea, tua, sua, nostra, vestra, are put in the accusative 
plural neuter ; as, 

Non mea refert, " it does not concern me." 

LVII. Miseret, poemtet, pudet, tcedet, and piget, govern the accusa- 
tive and genitive ; as, 

Miseret me tui, " I pity you." 

Poenitet me peccati, " I repent of my sin." 
Tcedet me vitce, " I am weary of life." 

Pudet me culpce, "lam ashamed of my fault." 

LVIII. Decet, delectat, juvat, and oportet, govern the accusative case 
with the infinitive mood ; as, 

Delectat me studere, " it delights me to study." 

Non decet te rixari, " it does not become you to scold." 

Construction of the Names of Places. 
LIX. The name of a town, signifying the place where or in which, if 
it be of the first or second declension and singular number, is put in the 
genitive ; but if it be of the third declension or plural number, it is put 
in the ablative ; as, 1 

1. This rule is here given in accordance with the custom of all grammars. It is 



RULES OF SYNTAX. 277 

Vixit Roma, " he lived at Rome." 

Mortuus est Londini, " he died at London." 
Habitat Carthagine, "he dwells at Carthage." 
Studuit Parisiis, " he studied at Paris." 

LX. The name of a town, signifying the place whither, is put in the 
accusative ; as, 

Venit Romam, " he came to Rome." i 

Profectus est Athenas, " he went to Athens." 

LXI. The name of a town, signifying the place whence, or through 
what place, is put in the ablative ; as, 

Discessit Corintho, " he departed from Corinth." 

Laodicea iter faciei at, "he went through Laodicea." 

LXIL Domus and rus, signifying the place where, are construed like 
the names of towns ; as, 

Manet domi, "he stays at home." 

Domum revertitur, " he returns home." 
Vivit rure, " he lives in the country." 

Abiit rus, " he has gone to the country." 

The Ablative Absolute. 
LXIII. A noun or pronoun, joined with a participle, expressed or un- 
derstood, when its case depends on no other word, is put in the ablative 
absolute ; as, 

Sole oriente, fugiunt tenebrce, " the sun rising, darkness flies away." 
Opere peracto, ludemus, " our work being finished, we will play." 

quite erroneous, however, since the true case is the locative, or that which denotes 
place. The rule, therefore, if properly enunciated, would be simply this : " The 
name of a place is put in the locative when the question is made by ubi, i where.* " 

24 



DICTIONARY. 





Explanation 


of Abbreviations. 1 


a. 


Active. 


int. 


Interjection. 


adj. 
adv. 


Adjective. 
Adverb. 


irreg. 
masc. 


Irregular. 
Masculine. 


c. g. 


Common gender. 


neut. 


Neuter. 


comp. 
conj. 
conjc. 
decL 


Comparative. 
Conjugation. 
Conjunction. 
Declension. 


num. 
part, 
pass, 
plur. 


Number. 
Participle. 
Passive. 
Plural. 


def. 
dep. 
fern. 


Defective. 
Deponent. 
Feminine. 


prep, 
prop. n. 
pret. 


Preposition. 
Proper name 
Preteritive. 


freq. 

impers. 

indecl. 


Frequentative. 

Impersonal. 

Indeclinable. 


pron. 
super I. 
v. 


Pronoun. 

Superlative. 

Verb. 



ABS 

A. 

A, ab, abs (prep, with the ablative). 

From, by, &c. Consult note 1, 

page 252. 
Abdomen, inis (neut. 3 decl.). 1. 

The abdomen, the lower stomach. 

2. Gluttony. 
Abduco, ucere, uxi, uctum (a. v. 

3 conj. from ab and duco). To 

lead away, to draw away, to lead 

or draw off. 
w Abeo, ire, i vi of ii, itum (irreg. 

neut. v. from ab and eo). To 

go away, to depart. 
"Abies, etis (fern. 3 decl.). A fir- 
tree. 
"Abrahamus, i (prop. n. masc. 2 

decl.). Abraham, the name of 

the Jewish patriarch. 
Absolvo, vere, vi, utum (a. v. 3 

conj. from ab and solvo). 1. 

To loosen, to disengage. 2. To 

acquit, to absolve. 
Absque (prep, with ablative). 
Without. 



ACE 

Absum, abesse, abfui (irreg. neut. 
v. from ab and sum). To be ab- 
sent, to be away from. 

Ac (conjc). And, as, and, after 
nouns or adverbs of contrariety 
or comparison, than. 

AcCEDO, CEDERE, CESSI, CESSUM 

(neut. v. 3 conj. from ad and 
cedo). 1. To draw near, to ap- 
proach, to come up to. 2. To be 
added. 

Acceptus, X, um (part, from ac- 
cipio). Received, taken. 

Acceptus, a, um (adj.). Accepta- 
ble, pleasing, grateful. 

Accido, cidere, cidi (neut. v. 3 
conj. from ad and cado). To 
fall out, to happen. 

Accido, cidere, cidi, cisum (a. v. 
3 conj. from ad and c^edo). 1. 
To cut against, to cut, to lop. 2. 
To weaken, to ruin, to destroy. 

"Acer, acris, acre (adj.). 1. 
Sharp, sour, tart, pungent. 2. 
Brisk, spirited, keen, active, ve- 
hement, fierce. 



1. When numbers are prefixed to the meanings, 1 indicates the literal meaning, 
and 2 the figurative or deduced one. 



ADH 

"Acerbus, a, um (adj.). 1. Unripe, 
sour, harsh, bitter. 2. Cruel, 
severe, austere, morose. 

w Aoervus, i (masc. 2 decl.). A 
heap, a pile. 

"Acetum, i (neut. 2 decl.). Vine- 
gar. 

"Achilles, is (prop. n. masc. 3 
decl). Achilles, the name of a 
celebrated Grecian warrior at the 
siege of Troy. 

"Acies, ei (fern. 5 decl.)- l» The 
sharp edge or point of anything. 

2. The vision, the organ of sight. 

3. A line of soldiers, an army in 
tattle array, a line of battle. 

~Acinaces and Acinaois, is (masc. 

3 decl.). A short Persian sword, 
a dagger, 

AcquIro and Adquiro, quirere, 
quisivi, quisitum (a. v. 3 conj. 
from ad and qu^sro). To ac- 
quire, to get, to procure, to obtain. 

AcRITER, ACRKJS, ACERRIME (adv.). 

Vehemently, keenly, sharply. 
"Aculeus, i (masc. 2 decl.). A 

sting. 
"Acus, us (fern. 4 decl.). A needle. 
"Acutus, I, um (adj. from acuo, to 

sharpen, and that from acus). 1 . 

Sharp-edged, pointed. 2. Acute, 

keen. 
Ad (prep, with the accusative). To, 

at, for, until, &c. 
"Adamas, antis (masc. 3 decl.). A 

diamond. 
"Adamus, i (prop. n. masc. 2 decl.). 

Ad,am, the name of our first pa- 
rent. 
Addo, ere, idi, itum (a. v. 3 conj. 

from ad and do). To add. 
w Adeo, ire, ivi or ii, itum (neut. v. 

4 conj. from ad and eo). To go 
to, to come to, to approach. 

w Adeo (adv.). So, to such a de- 
gree, so far, insomuch. 

Adhibeo, ere, ui, itum (a. v. 2 
conj. from ad and habeo). To 
adopt, to employ, to use. 

Adhortor, ari, atus sum (dep. v. 
1 conj. from ad and hortor). To 
exhort, to encourage, to animate. 

Adhuc (adv. from ad and hoc). 
Hitherto, thus far, as yet. 
280 



ADO 

"Adipiscor, adipisci, adeptus sum 
(dep. v. 3 conj. from ad and 
apiscor). To acquire, to get, to 
procure, to obtain, to arrive at. 

Aditus, us (masc. 4 decl. from 
adeo). A going to, an approach, 
access. 

Adjiceo, jicere, jeci, jectum (a. 
v. 3 conj. from ad and jacio). 
1. To apply to, to bring in con- 
tact with. 2. To add. 

Adjungo, ere, junxi, junctum (a. 
v. 3 conj. from ad and jungo). 
To join to, to annex, to add, to 
unite. 

Adjuvo, are, juvi, jutum (a. irreg. 
v. 1 conj. from ad and juvo). To 
aid, to assist. 

Administro, are, avi, atum (a. v. 
1 conj. from ad and ministro). 
1 . To act, to do one's part, to at- 
tend, to minister. 2. To per- 
form, to conduct, to administer. 

Admiror, ari, atus sum (d. v. 1 
conj. from ad and miror). To 
wonder at, to wonder greatly, to 
admire. 

Admodum (adv. from ad and mo- 
dus). 1 . Up to the measure , ful- 
ly. 2. Very, much, exceedingly. 
3. Of a truth, in good truth, just, 
exactly. 

Admoneo. ere, ui, itum (v. a. 2 
conj. from ad and moneo). To 
admonish, to advise, to remind. 

Adnuntio, also written annuntio, 

ARE, AVI, ATUM (v. a. I COnj. 

from ad and nuntio). To an- 
nounce, to proclaim, to publish. 

Adolescens, entis (masc. and 
fern. 3 decl. from adolesco). 1. 
A young man, one past the stats 
of boyhood. 2. A young woman. 

"Adolescentia, m (fern. 1 decl. 
from adolescens). Youth, ad- 
olescence, the age succeeding boy- 
hood. 

"Adolesco, escere, evi, very rarely 
ui, adultum (n. v. 3 conj. from 
ad and olesco). To grow up, 
to grow to maturity, to increase. 

"Ador, oris, and sometimes oris 
(n. 3 decl). A kind of wheat, 
wheat, grain. 



ADS 

Aboro, are, AVI, atum (a. V. 1 
conj. from ad and oro). To 
adore, to worship. 

Adpareo or Appareo, ere, ui (n. 
v. 2 conj.). To appear, to be 
visible, to come in sight. 

Adpello or Appello, ere, puli, 
pulsum (a. v. 3 conj. from ad 
and pello). 1. To drive to or 
towards, to cause to go. 2. To 
land (the word navem, classem, 
or something similar, being un- 
derstood). 

Adpello or Appello, are, avi, 
atum (v. a. 1 conj.). To call, 
to name, to term, to entitle. 

Adpeto or Appeto, ere, ivi or ii, 
itum (a. v. 3 conj. from ad and 
peto). To seek, to try to get, 
to assault, to attack. 

Adpropinquo or Appropinquo, 

ARE, AVI, ATUM (n. V. 1 COnj. 

from ad and propinquo). To 
approach, to draw near. 

Adrideo or Arrideo, ridere, ri- 
si, kisum (n. v. 2 conj. from ad 
and rideo). 1. To smile upon, 
to look pleasantly upon, to smile 
upon with approbation, to ap- 
prove. 2. To please, to prove 
satisfactory. 

Adripio or Arripio, ripere, rip- 
ui, reptum (a. v. 3 conj. from 
ad and rapio). To take by force, 
to seize upon, to catch or snatch 
at. 

Adscendo or Ascendo, scendere, 
scendi, scensum (a. v. 3 conj. 
from ad and scando). To climb 
up, to ascend, to mount. 

Adscisco or Ascisco, sciscere, 
scivi, scitum (a. v. 3 conj. from 
ad and scisco). To take, to ad- 
mit, to receive, to approve, to ac- 
knowledge. 

Adsentator or Assentator, 5ris 
(masc. 3 decl. from adsentior). 
A flatterer. 

Adsentio or Assentio (n. v. 4 
conj. from ad and sentio). To 
assent, to agree to. 

Adsentior or Assentior, senti- 
ri, sensus sum (dep. v. 4 conj.). 
To assent, to agree to. 
24* 



ADV 

Adsequor or Assequor, sequi, 
seqcjutus or secutus sum (dep. 
v. 3 conj. from ad and sequor). 
To come up with, to attain to, to 
overtake, to reach. 

Adspergo or Aspergo, spergere, 
spersi, spersum (a. v. 3 conj. 
from ad and spargo). To sprin- 
kle, to besprinkle, to bedew. 

Adspernor or Aspernor, sper- 

NARI, SPERNATUS SUM (dep. V. 1 

conj. from ad and sperno). To 
turn away from with contempt, 
to spurn, to reject, to shun. 

Adspicio or Aspioio, spicere, 
spexi, spectum (a. v. 3 conj. 
from ad and specio). To look 
at, to behold, to see. 

Adsuesco or Assuesco, suescere, 
sue vi, suetum (n. v. 3 conj. from 
ad and suesco). To accustom 
one's self, to be accustomed, to 
be in the habit of. 

Adsum, esse, fui (irreg. n. v.). 
To be present. 

Adtente or Attente (adv. from 
adtentus). Attentively, care- 
fully. 

Adtento or Attento, are, avi, 
atum (a. v. 1 conj. from ad and 
tento). To attempt, to try, to 
endeavour. 

Adtentus or Attentus, a, um 
(adj.). Attentive. 

ADTENUO Or ATTENUO, ARE, AVI, 

atum (a. v. 1 conj. from ad and 
tenuis). To lessen, to diminish, 
to make thin, to attenuate. 
Adtraho or Attraho, trahere, 

TRAXI, TRACTUM (a. V. 3 COnj. 

from ad and traho). To draw 
towards, to attract. 

"Adultus, a, um (adj. from adoles- 
co). One grown up, an adult. 

"Aduncus, a, um (adj. from ad and 
uncus). Crooked, curved. 

Adustus, a, um (part, from aduro). 
Burned. Vinum adustum, bran- 
dy. 

Advena, m (masc. or fem. 1 decl. 
from ad and venio). A stran- 
ger, a foreigner, a new comer. 

Advento, are, avi, atum (n. v. 1 
conj. from ad and venio). To 
281 



JEQU 
come frequently, to arrive, to come 
to, to approach, to draw near. 

Adversus, a, um (adj. from i.b 
and verto). 1. Opposite, over 
against, fronting. 2. Adverse, 
contrary, opposing, hostile. 

Adversus or Adversum (prep.). 
Against, over against, opposite, 
facing, towards. 

^Edepol (int.). Equivalent liter- 
ally to per cedem Pollucis, " by 
the temple of Pollux." By my 
faith, on my honour. 

^Edes or iEDis, is (fem. 3 decl.). 
1. An apartment. 2. A temple. 
3. In the plural, a house (i. e., 
consisting of many apartments). 

uEdificium, i (neut. 2 decl. from 
^edifico). A building, a dwell- 
ing, an edifice. 

^Edifico, are, avi, atum (a. v. 1 
conj. from ^des and facio). To 
build, to erect. 

^Edilis, is (masc. 3 decl. from 
^edes). An cedile, a Roman 
magistrate, whose business it 
was to superintend the repairs 
of the temples and other build- 
ings ; to regulate the markets, 
weights, public games, &c. 

^Edui, orum (prop. n. 2 decl.). The 
JEdui, a people of Gaul. 

^Eg^eus, a, um (adj.). Mgean. 
iEgaeum mare, the Mgean Sea, 
the modern Archipelago. 

iEGER, ^EGRA, NIGRUM (adj ). Sick. 

^Egis, idis or idos (fem. 3 decl.). 
1. A goatskin. 2. The Mgis, 
the fabled shield of Jove and Mi- 
nerva, covered with the skin of 
the goat that had suckled Jupiter. 
3. A storm, a tempest, lightning, 
a thunderbolt. 

^Egyptus, i (fem. 2 decl.). Egypt. 

^Emulus, i (masc. 2 decl.). A rival. 

^Emulus, a, um (adj.). Emulous, 
striving to sur- 



^Eneas, m (prop.n. masc. 1 decl.). 
Mneas, the name of a celebrated 
Trojan warrior. 

^Equitas, atis (fem. 3 decl. from 
^equus). Equality, equity, jus- 
tice. 
282 



AFF 

-<Equo, are, avi, atum (a. v. 1 
decl.). To equal, to level, to 
make smooth. 

^Equus, a, um (adj.). 1. Equal, 
level, smooth. 2. Just, fair, 
equitable, right. iEquo animo, 
willingly, patiently, contentedly. 

"Aer, aeris (masc. 3 decl.). The 
air, the atmosphere. 

JErarium, i (neut. 2 decl. from 
jes). A treasury, the place 
where the public money is kept. 

JEs, ^eris (neut. 3 decl.). 1. Cop- 
per, brass, bronze. 2. Money, 
the first money coined at Rome 
having been of copper, or rather 
bronze. 

iEscHiNEs, is (prop. n. masc. 3 
decl.). Mschines, the name of 
an eminent orator at Athens, the 
rival and opponent of Demosthe- 
nes. 

-Eschylus, i (prop. n. masc. 2 
decl.). Mschylus, the name of a 
celebrated tragic poet of Athens. 

iEsTAS, atis (fem. 3 decl.). Sum- 
mer. 

iEsTIMO, ARE, AVI, ATUM (a. V. 1 

conj.). To estimate, to value, to 
appreciate. 

./Etas, atis (fem. 3 decl.). Age, 
time of life. 

iETERNiTAs, atis (fem. 3 decl. 
from ^eternus). Eternity. 

^Eternus, a, um (adj.). Eter- 
nal. 

^Ether, eris (masc. 3 decl.). The 
ether, the sky, the upper air, as 
opposed to aer, which denotes 
the lower or atmospheric air. 

JEtna, m (prop. n. fem. 1 decl.). 
Mtna, a well-known mountain of 
Sicily. 

Affero, afferre, attuli, alla- 

TUM, Or ADFERO, ADFERRE, AD- 

tuli, adlatum (irreg. a. v. from 
ad and fero). To bring to, to 
carry, to bear unto one. 
Affinis or Adfinis, is, e (adj.). 
1. Contiguous, adjoining. 2. 
A relation (generally by mar- 
riage, and used in this sense as 
a noun of the third declension, 
common gender). 



ALA 

Africa, je (prop. n. fern. 1 decl.). 
Africa. . 

"Age (int.). Come, come on. (It 
is often passed over without be- 
ing translated, and is expressed 
merely by the tone of the voice.) 

"Ager, Igri (masc. 2 decl.). A 
field, ground, a piece of land. 

Agesilaus, i (prop. n. masc. 2 
decl.). Agesilaus, the name of 
a celebrated king of Sparta. 

Aggredior or Adgredior, aggre- 
di, aggressus sum (dep. v. 3 
conj. from ad and gradior). I. 
To advance up to, to accost. 2. 
To undertake, to take in hand, 
to enter upon. 3. To attack, to 
assail. 

"Agito, are, avi, atum (a. v. 1 
conj.). To drive, to drive to and 
fro, to agitate. 

Agmen, inis (neut. 3 decl.). An 
army on its march. 

Agnosco, noscere, novi, nitum 
(a. v. 3 conj. from ad and nos- 
co). 1. To recognise. 2. To 
acknowledge. 

"Ago, agere, egi, actum (a. v. 3 
conj.). 1. To conduct, to drive, 
to lead. 2. To do, to perform, 
to act. 

Agrestis, is, e (adj. from ager). 
Rustic, boorish, wild,, belonging 
to the country. 

Agricola, m (masc. 1 decl. from 
ager and colo). A husband- 
man, a farmer. 

Agricultura, je (fern. 1 decl. 
from ager and cultura). Agri- 
culture, husbandry, farming. 

Ah (int.). Ah ! ah me ! alas I 

Aha (int.). Same meaning as ah. 

Ahenum, i (neut. 2 decl.). A bra- 
zen vessel, a caldron. (Prop- 
erly an adjective, "brazen," vas, 
or dolium, or some equivalent 
term being understood.) 

Aio (def. verb). / say, I affirm. 

"Ajax, acis (prop. n. 3 decl.). 
Ajax, the name of a celebrated 
Grecian warrior. 

"Ala, je (fern. 1 decl.). A wing. 

"Alacer or Alacris, is, e (adj.). 
Brisk, sprightly, active, ready. 



ALP 

"Alauda, je (fern. 1 decl.). A 
lark. 

Alba, je (prop. n. fem. 1 decl.). 
Alba, the name of an ancient and 
famous city in Latium. 

Albis, is (masc. 3 decl.). The 
Elbe, a river of Germany. 

Albus, a, um (adj.). White. 

Alcibiades, is (prop. n. masc. 3 
decl.). Alcibiades, a celebrated 
Athenian. 

Alcides, je (prop. n. masc. 1 
decl.). Alcides, a name given 
to Hercules. 

"Alecto and Allecto, us (prop. n. 
fem. 3 decl. Greek n.). Alecto, 
the name of one of the furies. 

"Alexander, ri (prop. n. masc. 2 
decl.). Alexander, the name of 
a well-known monarch of Mace- 
donia. 

"Alibi (adv.). Elsewhere. 

"Alienus, a, um (adj. from alius). 
Belonging to another, another's, 
foreign. 

"Aliquandiu (adv. from aliquan- 
do). For some time. 

"Aliquando (adv.). At some time, 
sometimes, occasionally. 

"Aliquantulus, a, um (adj. from 
altquantum). A little, a very 
little. 

"Aliquis or Aliqui, aliqua, a li- 
quid or aliquod (pron. from 
alius and quis or qui). Some 
one, somebody, some. 

"Aliter, (adv.). Otherwise, in a 
different way or manner. 

"Alius, a, ud (pron.). Other, an- 
other. It differs from alter in 
that alius means one of many, 
but alter one of two. 

"Alo, ere, ui, alitum and altum 
(a. v. 3 conj.). To nourish, to 
increase, to support by feeding, 
to cherish. 

"Aloe, es (fem. 1 decl. Greek n.). 
The aloe or aloe-tree. 

Allobroges (prop. n. masc. 3 
decl. nom. plural from a singular 
Allobrox, genitive Allobro- 
gis). The Allobroges, a Gallic 
tribe. 

Alpes (prop. n. fem. 3 decl. nom. 
283 



AMP 

plural from a singular Alpis, is). 
The Alps. 

Altare, is (neut. 3 decl. from al- 
tus). An altar. 

Alter, era, erum (pron.). The 
other, another, the second. Com- 
pare the remark under alius. 

Altus, a, um (adj. from alo). 1. 
High, lofty, tall. 2. Deep, 

Alveare, is (neut. 3 decl.). A 
beehive. 

Alvus (fern. 2 decl.)- The stom- 
ach, abdomen, belly, paunch. 

"Amabilis, is, e (verbal adj. from 
amo). Worthy of being loved, 
lovely, desirable. 

"Amarus, a, um (adj.). 1. Bitter, 
biting, pungent. 2. Acrimoni- 
ous, sharp, sarcastical. 

"Amazon, onis (fern. 3 decl.). An 
Amazon, a female warrior. 

Ambo, je, o (pron.); Both. 

"Amens, tis (adj. from a and mens). 
Mad, insane, distracted. 

"America, je (prop. n. 1 decl.). 
America. 

"Amicitia, je (fem. 1 decl. from 
amicus). Friendship. 

"Amicus, a, um (adj. from amo). 
Friendly. 

"Amicus, i (masc. 2 decl.). A 
friend, a lover of. 

"Amitto, mittere, misi, missum (a. 
v. 3 conj. from a and mitto). 1. 
To send away. 2. To lose, to 
part with, to throw away. 

Ammon, onis (prop. n. masc. 3 
decl.). Aw,mon, a surname of 
Jupiter, as having a temple and 
being worshipped in the deserts 
of Africa. 

Amnis, is (masc. 3 decl.). A river. 

"Amo, are, avi, atum (a. v. 1 conj.). 
To love. 

"Amcenus, a, um (adj.). Pleasant, 
agreeable, beautiful, charming. 
(It is applied generally to the 
sight.) 

"Amor, oris (masc. 3 decl. from 
amo). Love, affection. 

Amplius (adv. of the comp. degree, 
from ample). More, farther. 

Amplus, a, um (adj.). Large, spa- 
cious, great, ample, roomy. 
284 



ANT 

"Amulius, i (prop. n. 2 decl.). 
Amulius, the brother of Numitor. 

An (adv.). 1. Whether. 2. Or. 

Anacharsis, is (prop. n. 3 decl.). 
Anacharsis, a famous Scythian 
philosopher. 

"Anas, atis (fem. 3 decl.). A duck 
or drake. 

Anceps, cipitis (adj. from am, 
" around," and capio). 1. Doubt- 
ful. 2. Dangerous. 3. Two- 
edged. 4. Double. 

Ancile, is (neut. 3 decl.). A sa- 
cred shield, an ancile. 

Anglia, je (prop. n. fem. 1 decl.). 
England. 

Anguilla, je (fem. 1 decl.). An 
eel. 

Angulus, i (masc. 2 decl.). An 
angle. 

x\ngustia, je (fem. 1 decl. from 
angustus). A narrow place, 
narrowness. 

"Anima, je (fem. 1 decl). 1. 
Breath, air, a breeze of wind. 2. 
The living principle, vital spirit, 
life. 3. The soul. 

"Animal, alis (neut. 3 decl.). An 
animal, a living creature. 

"Animus, i (masc. 2 decl.). 1. The 
mind, the soul. 2. The feelings, 
the heart, the bosom. 

"Anio, ienis (prop. n. masc. 3 
decl.). The Anio, a river of 
Italy, near Rome. Now the 
T ever one. 

Anne (adv.). Whether. 

Annon (adv.). Not? Annon est] 
is it not ? Annon hoc tibi dixi 1 
did I not tell you this ? 

Annosus, a, um (adj. from annus). 
Aged, advanced in years. 

Annus, i (masc. 2 dec!.). A year. 

Anser, eris (masc. 3 decl). A 
goose, a gander. 

Anserinus, a, um (adj. from an- 
ser). Of a goose, belonging to 
a goose. Pedibus anserinis, or 
pedes anserinos habens, vjcb- 
footed. 

Ante (prep, with accusative). Be- 
fore, &c. 

ANTEGREDIOR, EDI, ESSUS SUM 

(dep. v. 3 conj. from ante and 



AQU 
geadior). To go before, to pre- 
cede. 
Antegressus, a, um (part, from 

antegredior). That has gone 

on before, that has passed. 
Antepono, ponere, posui, posi- 

tum (a. v. 3 conj. from ante and 

pono). To place before, to pre- 
fer. 
Antequam (adv. from ante and 

quam). Before that, before. 
Anterior, oris (adj. from ante). 

Anterior, before, foremost. 
Antipater, ris (prop. n. masc. 3 

decl.). Antipater. 
Antiquus, a, um (adj.). Ancient. 
Antistes, istitis (masc. and fern. 

3 decl.). 1. A leader, one who 

presides over. 2. A chief priest, 

a high priest. 
Antoninus, i (prop. n. masc. 2 

decl.). Antoninus, the name of 

a Roman emperor. 
Antonius, i (prop. n. masc. 2 

decl.). Antony. 
Antrum, i (neut. 2 decl.). A cave. 
"Apage (int.). Begone ! away ! 
"Aperio, erire, erui, ertum (v. 

a. 4 conj.). To open. 
"Apertus, a, um (verbal adj. from 

aperio). Open, standing open, 

lying open. 
w Apis, is (fern. 3 decl.). A bee. 
"Apis, is (prop. n. 3 decl.). Apis, 

the sacred ox of Egypt. 
"Apollo, inis (prop. n. masc. 3 

decl.). Apollo, the god of music, 

poetry, and divination. 
Appareo, vid. Adpareo. 
Appello, vid. Adpello. 
Appeto, vid. Adpeto. 
Appia Via (Appius and via). The 

Appian Way, a celebrated Ro- 
man road, leading from Rome 

through Southern Italy. 
Appropinquo, vid. Adpropinquo. 
Aprilis, is (masc. 3 decl.). The 

month of April. 
"Apud (prep, with accusative). At, 

with, &c. 
"Aqua, ^e (fern. 1 decl.). Water. 
"Aquila, m (fam. 1 decl.). An 

eagle. 
"Aquitani, orum (prop. n. masc. 2 



ARE 
decl.). The Aquitani, a people 
of Gaul. 

"Ara, m (fern. 1 decl.). An altar. 

"Arabs, abis (masc. 3 decl.). An 
Arab. 

"Arabia, m (prop. n. fern. 1 decl.). 
Arabia. 

"Arabicus, a, um (adj.). Arabian. 

"Aranea, m (fern. 1 decl.). A 
spider. 

"Araneus, i (masc. 2 decl.). A 
spider. 

"Arar, aris, or "Araris, is (prop, 
n. 3 decl.). The Arar, now the 
Saone, a river of Gaul. 

"Arator, oris (masc. 3 decl. from 
aro). A ploughman, a farmer, 
a husbandman. 

"Aratrum, i (neut. 2 decl.). A 
plough. 

"Aratus, i (prop. n. 2 decl.). 
Aratus. 

x\rbiter, tri (masc. 3 decl.). An 
arbiter, umpire, mediator, mana- 
ger between two parties. 

Arbor, oris (fem. 3 decl.). A tree. 

Arbos, oris, same as Arbor. 

Arcanus, a, um (adj.). Secret. 
Arcanum, a secret. Arcana, se- 
crets. 

Arceo, cere, cui, ctum (a. v. 2 
conj.). To restrain, to keep or 
ward off, to remove or drive away. 

Archon, ontis (masc. 3 decl. 
Greek n.). An Archon, the 
name of the highest Athenian 
magistracy. The archons were 
nine in number. 

Arcus, us (masc. 4 decl.). 1. A 
bow. 2. An arch of a bridge. 
3. A triumphal arch. 4. Any- 
thing arched or curved. 

Ardeo, ardere, arsi, arsum (n. 
v. 2 conj.). To burn, to be on 
fire, to blaze. 

Arduus, a, um (adj.). High, 
lofty. 

"Arena, j& (fem. 1 decl.). Sand. 

"Arenosus, a, um (adj. from are- 
na). Sandy. 

"Areopagus, i (prop. n. masc. 2 
decl.). The Areopagus, a coun- 
cil of judges, or high court, at 
Athens, held on the Hill of Mars, 
285 



AS 

and remarkable for the impartial- 
ity of their decisions. 

"Aresco, arescere (incept, v. from 
areo). To begin to dry up, to 
grow dry, to become dry. 

Argentum, i (neut. 2 decl.). Sil- 
ver. 

Argumentum, i (neut. 2 decl.). 
An argument. 

"Aries, etis (masc. 3 decl.). 1. 
A ram. 2. A battering-ram, a 
military engine of the ancients. 

"Ariovistus, i (prop. n. 2 decl.). 
Ariovistus, the name of a king of 
the ancient Germans, in the time 
of Caesar. 

"Aristides, is (prop. n. 3 decl.). 
Aristides, the name of a celebra- 
ted Athenian. 

"Aristoteles, is (prop. n. masc. 3 
decl). Aristotle, a celebrated 
Greek philosopher. 

Arma, orum (neut. plur. 2 decl. 
singular wanting). Arms, all 
kinds of warlike arms, but more 
especially those of a defensive 
nature. Tela, on the contrary, 
denotes weapons, or arms of an 
offensive nature. 

w Aro, are, avi, atum (a. v. 1 conj.). 
To plough, to till, to cultivate. 

"Aroma, atis (neut. 3 decl.). Sea- 
soning, spices, herbs, &c. 

Arrideo, vid. Adrideo. 

Arripio, vid. Adripio. 

Ars, tis (fern. 3 decl.). Art, skill, 
faculty, method, way or means. 

Articulus, i (masc. 2 decl.). A 
joint. 

Artificiosus, a, um (adj. from ar- 
tifex). Workmanlike, artificial, 
made by art. 

Artificium, i (neut. 2 decl. from 
artifex). A piece of workman- 
ship, workmanship, artifice. 

Artus, us (masc. 4 decl.). A joint. 

Arx, arcis (fern. 3 decl.). 1. A 
lofty place, height, top of a hill. 
2. A citadel, castle, fortress. 

As, assis (masc. 3 dec].). 1. An 
as, a pound weight, or anything 
that may be divided into twelve 
parts. 2. A Roman coin, worth 
a little over a cent in our currency. 
286 



ATR 

Ascendo, vid. Adscendo. 

Ascisco, vid. Adscisco. 

w Asia, je (prop. n. fern. 1 decl.). 
Asia. 

"Asinus, i (masc. 2 decl.). An ass. 

Asparagus, i (masc. 2 decl.). As- 
paragus. 

Asper, era, erum (adj.). Rough } 
rugged, harsh. 

Aspergo, vid. Adspergo. 

Aspernor, vid. Adspernor. 

Aspicio, vid. Adspicio. 

Aspis, idis (fern. 3 decl.). An asp f 
a small venomous serpent. 

Assentator, vid. Adsentator. 

Assentio, vid. Adsentio. 

Assentior, vid. Adsentior. 

Assequor, vid. Adsequor. 

Assuesco, vid. Adsuesco. 

Assyria, je (prop. n. fern. 1 decl.). 
Assyria. 

AstrtEa, m (prop. n. fern. 1 decl.). 
Astrea, the goddess of justice. 

Astrum, i (neut. 2 decl.). A star. 

Astutia, ^e (fern. 1 decl.). Crafty 
cunning, astuteness. 

At (conjc). But, yet, &c. 

"Ater, atr a, atrum (adj.). I. 
Coal black, black. 2. Gloomy, 
dark. 3. Unlucky. 4. Deadly. 

"Athene, arum (prop. n. fern. 1 
decl.). Athens. 

Atheniensis, is, e (adj.). Athe' 
nian, of or belonging to Athens. 

Athleta, je (masc. 1 decl.). An 
athlete, a champion at the ancient 
games. The primitive meaning 
is a wrestler. 

w Athos, genitive, dative, and abla- 
tive Atho, accusative Athon 
and Atho (prop. n. masc. 2 decl. 
Greek n.). Athos, the name 
of a well-known mountain in 
Greece. Now Monte Santo. 

Atmosph^era, je (fern. 1 decl.). 
The atmosphere. 

At que (connect, conjc. from at 
and que). 1 . And. 2. As, than. 

Atqui (adv.). But, but yet, and 
yet, however. 

Atr amentum, i (neut. 2 decl.). 
Ink. 

Atrium, i (neut. 2 decl.). 1. A 
hall of a house. 2. A courtyard. 



AUG 
"Atropos, i (fern. 2 dec!.). Atro- 

pos, one of the fates. 
Atrox, ocis (adj.). 1. Raw, crude. 

2. Cruel, fierce, atrocious, sav- 
age. 
Attagen, enis (masc. 3 decl.). 

An attagen, a heathcock or wood- 
cock. 
Attamen (conjc. from at and ta- 

men). But, but yet, for all that, 

however. 
Attente, vid. Adtente. 
Attento, vid. Adtento. 
Attentus, vid. Adtentus. 
Attenuo, vid. Adtenuo. 
Attraho, vid. Adtraho. 
Atticus, a, um (adj.). Attic, of or 

belonging to Attica, Athenian. 
Au (int.). Oh my I dear me ! hold ! 

I pray you ! &c. 
Auceps, cupis (masc. 3 decl. from 

avis and capio). A fowler. 
Auctor, oris (masc. 3 decl. from 

augeo). An author, creator, 

maker, former. 
Auctoritas, atis (from auctor). 

Authority, dominion, power, ju- 



Auctumnus, i, or Autumnus, I 
(masc. 2 decl. from augeo). 
Autumn. 

Audax, acis (adj. from audeo). 
Bold, daring. 

Audeo, ere, ausus sum (neut. pass. 
v. 2 conj.). To dare, to adven- 
ture, to attempt. 

Audio, ire, ivi, itum (a. v. 4 conj.). 
To hear, to listen, to attend. 

AudItus, a, um (part, from audio). 
Heard. 

Auditus, us (masc. 4 decl. from 
audio). The faculty of hearing, 



AUFERO, AUFERRE, ABSTULI, ABLA- 

tum (irreg. a. v. from ab and 
fero). To take aivay, to bear 
away, to carry off, to remove. 

Augeo, augere, auxi, auctum (a. 
v. 2 conj.). To increase, to en- 
large. 

Augur, uris (masc. 3 decl.). An 
augur, soothsayer, diviner, one 
who professes to foretel events 
from the flying, singing, &c., of 



BAC 

birds. The primitive meaning 
has reference to foretelling from 
the singing of birds merely, the 
derivation being avis and gar- 
rio. 

Augusta Trevir5rum (prop. n. 1 
and 2 decl.). Treves, a city of 
Europe. Its ancient refers to 
its having been the capital of the 
Treviri, a Gallic tribe. 

Aula, je (fern. 1 decl). 1. A hall. 
2. A fold. 3. An open space 
around a house, a court or court- 
yard. 

Aureus, a, um (adj. from aurum). 
Of gold, golden. 

Auris, is (fem. 3 decl.). The ear. 

Aurum, i (neut. 2 decl.). Gold. 

Auster, stri (masc. 2 decl.). The 
south wind. 

Aut (disjunct, conjc). Or, either. 

Autem (conjc.) But, yet, however, 
moreover, on the other hand. 

AUXILIOR, ARI, ATUS SUM (dep. V. 

1 conj. from auxilium). To 
assist, to help, to aid, to suc- 
cour. 

Auxilium, i (neut. 2 decl. from 
augeo). Assistance, aid, help, 
succour. In the plural, auxilia, 
in a military sense, mean auxil- 
iary troops, auxiliaries. 

"Avaritia, m (fem. 1 decl. from 
a varus). Avarice, covetousness. 

"A varus, a, um (adj.). Avaricious, 
sordid, stingy, covetous. 

"Avidus, a, um (adj.). Eager after, 
desirous of. 

"Avis, is (fem. 3 decl.). A bird. 

"Avoco, are, ivi, atum (a. v. from 
a and voco). To call away, to 
call off, to withdraw. 

"AVOLO, ARE, AVI, ATUM (neut. V. 

1 decl. from a and volo, are). 
To fly away. 
"Avus, i (masc. 2 decl.). A grand- 
father, an ancestor. 

B. 

Babylon, onis (prop. n. fem. 3 

decl.). Babylon. 
Bacchus, i (prop. n. masc. 2 decl.). 

Bacchus, the god of wine. 
Baculus, i (masc), or Baculum, i 
287 



BER 

(neut. 2 decl.). A staff, a club, 
a cane. 

BXl^na, m (fem. 1 decl.)- A 
to hale, a large fish. 

Baptisma, atis (neut. 3 decl.). 
Baptism. 

BXsilea, m (prop. n. fem. 1 decl.)- 
Basle, a city of Europe. 

Basis, is (fem. 3 decl.). A base. 

Be ate, (adv. from beatus). Hap- 
pily. 

Beatus, a, um (adj.). Happy. 

Belg^e, arum (prop. n. masc. 1 
decl.). The Belga, a tribe of 
Gaul. 

Bellicosus, a, um (adj. from bel- 
lum). Warlike. 

Bello, are, avi, atum (neut. v. 1 
conj.). To war, to wage or car- 
ry on war. 

Bellua, je (fem. 1 decl.). A 
beast, a monster, any large beast 
or fish. 

Bellum, i (neut. 2 decl.). War. 

Bene (adv. from benus, an old 
form for bonus). Well, happily, 
properly. 

Benefacio, facere, feci, factum 
(a. v. 3 conj. from bene and fa- 
cio). To benefit, to do good, to 
perform an act of kindness, to 
confer a favour. 

Beneficentia, je (fem. 1 decl. 
from benefacio). Beneficence, 
kindness. 

Beneficium, i (neut. 2 decl. from 
benefacio). A kindness, fa- 
vour, benefit. 

Beneficus, a, um (adj. from bene 
and facio). Beneficent, kind, 
prone to do good, liberal, bounti- 
ful _ 

Benevolus, a, um (adj. from bene 
and volo). Benevolent, friend- 
ly, well-meaning, gracious, kind. 

Benigne (adv. from benignus). 
Kindly, amicably, courteously, 
willingly. 

Benignus, a, um (adj. from bene 
and ago). Kind, liberal, benig- 
nant, generous, disposed to oblige. 

BerSlinum, i (prop. n. neut. 2 
decl.). Berlin, the capital of! 
Prussia. 
288 



BRU 






Bestia, m (fem. 1 decl.). A beast, 
a wild beast. 

Bibliotheca, m (fem. 1 decl.). 
A library. 

Bibo, ere, bibi, bibitum (a. v. 3 
conj.). To drink, to quaff. 

Bibulus, a, um (adj. from bibo). 
Drinking in, soaking up, that 
draws or sucks in moisture. 
Charta bibula, blotting-paper. 

Bint, m, a (distrib. numeral adj. 
from bis). Two each, two by 
two. 

Bis (numeral adv.). 1. Twice. 
2. A second time. 

Blandior, iri, itus sum (dep. v. 
4 conj. from blandus). To 
sooth, to caress, to flatter, to 
fawn upon. 

Blandus, a, um (adj.). Kind, 
gentle, courteous, agreeable, flat- 
tering. 

Bceotia, je (prop. n. fem. 1 decl.). 
Bozotia, a country of Greece, 
north of the Peloponnesus, of 
which Thebes was the capital. 

Bonitas, atis (fem. 3 decl. from 
bonus). Goodness, kindness. 

Bonus, a, um (adj. from the old 
form benus, whence bene). Fa- 
vourable, good, kind, &c. 

Borealis, is, e (adj. from boreas). 
Northern. Lumen boreale, the 
northern lights or Aurora Bore- 
alis. 

Boreas, m (prop. n. masc. 1 decl.). 
The north wind. 

Borussia, m (prop. n. fem. 1 decl.). 
Prussia. 

Borussicus, a, um (adj. from Bo- 
russia). Prussian. 

Bos, bovis (masc. and fem, irreg. 
noun, 3 decl.). An ox, a cow. 

Brachium, i (neut. 2 decl.). An 
arm. 

Brevis, is, e (adj.). Short, brief. 

Brevitas, atis (fem. 3 decl.). 
Shortness, brevity. 

Breviter (adv. from brevis, com- 
parative brevius, superlative 
brevissime). Shortly, briefly. 

Brittannus, a, um (adj.). British. 

Brutus, i (prop. n. 2 decl.). Bru~ 
tus. 



CAL 

Bufo, onis (masc. 3 decl.). A 
toad. 



Cadaver, eris (neut. 3 decl.)- A 
dead body, a corpse, a carcass. 

Cado, ere, cecidi, casum (neut. v. 
3 conj.). To fall. 

Caduceus, i (masc. 2 decl.). A 
caduceus : 1. A rod or staff with 
the figures of two snakes twisted 
about it, and having small wings, 
sometimes a cap and wings, at- 
tached to the top ; the wand of 
Mercury. 2. A herald's staff. 

Cacumen, inis (neut. 3. decl.) a 
height, a summit. 

Caducus, a, um (adj. from cado). 
Ready to fall, falling. 

Cascus, a, um (adj.). Blind. 

CL-EDO, ERE, CECIDI, CiESUM (a. V. 

3 conj.). 1. To cut, to cut down, 

to lop, to fell. 2. To cut to pie- 
ces, to slaughter, to kill. 
Cesar, Iris (prop. n. 3 decl.). 

Ccesar. 
Cjespes or Cespes, itis (masc. 3 

decl. from c^edo). A turf, a sod. 
Caius, i (prop. n. masc. 2 decl.). 

Caius. 
Calamister, tri (masc. 2 decl.). 

A curling tongs, an iron with 

which to curl the hair. 
Calcar, Iris (neut. 3 decl.'). A 

spur. 
Calchas, antis (prop. n. masc. 3 

decl.). Calchas, a Grecian sooth- 
sayer. 
Calefacio, facere, feci, factum 

(a. v. 3 conj. from calere and 

facio). To make warm, to heat. 
Calidus, a, um (adj. from caleo). 

Warm, hot. 
Caligula, ^e (prop. n. masc. 1 

decl.). Caligula, a worthless 

Roman emperor. 
Callidus, a, um (adj.). Cunning, 

crafty, skilful. 
Calor, oris (masc. 3 decl.). 

Warmth, heat. 
Calx, calcis (fern, sometimes 

masc. 3 decl.). The heel. 
Calx, calcis (fern. 3 decl.). JJme- 

stone, lime, mortar. 
25 



CAP 

Camelus, i (masc. and fem. 2 
decl.). A camel. Camelus Bac- 
trianus, a Baclrian camel. 

Camillus, i (prop. n. 2 decl.). 
Camillus, a celebrated Roman. 

Caminus, i (masc. 2 decl). 1. A 
chimney, a furnace. 2. A fire- 
place, a hearth. 

Campania, je (prop. n. fem. 1 
decl.). Campania, a province 
of ancient Italy, remarkable for 
its fertility and beauty. 

Campester, stris, stre (adj. from 
campus). Of or belonging to a 
plain, flat, level. 

Campus, i (masc. 2 decl.). A 
plain. 

Cancer, cri (masc. 2 deck). A 
crab. 

Candidus, a um (adj. from can- 
deo). I. Of a shining ivhite, 
bright. 2. Clear, lucid, serene. 

Candor, oris (masc. 3 deck). Shi* 
ny whiteness, brightness, splen- 
dour. 

Canis, is (masc. and fem. 3 deck). 
A dog, a hound, a bitch. 

Canorus, a, um (adj.). Shrill, 
loud, sonorous, musical, melo- 
dious. 

Canto, are, avi, atum (a. freq. v. 
1 conj. from cano). To sing, 
to sing often, to chant. 

Cantus, us (masc. 4 deck). Sing- 
ing, a song, a chant. 

Canus, a, um (adj.). Hoary, gray, 
gray-headed. 

Capillus, i (masc. 2 deck). A 
hair, the hair of the head, hair. 

Capio, capere, cepi, captum (a. 
v.). To take, to take up, to re- 
ceive. 

Capitolinus, a, um (adj. from Cap- 
itolium). Capitoline, of or be- 
longing to the Capitol. A sur- 
name of Jupiter, from his being 
worshipped in the Roman Capi- 
tol, where he had a temple. 

Cappadox, ocis (adj.). A Cappa- 
docian. 

Capra, je (fem. 1 deck). A she- 
goat. 

Caprea, m (fem. 1 deck). A wild 
she-goat, a roe, a deer. 

289 



CAS 

Captivus, a, um (adj. from capio). 
Captive. 

Capto, are, avi, atum (a. freq. v. 
1 conj. from capio). To catch 
at, to catch, to seize, to seek ea- 
gerly. 

Capua, je (prop. n. fern. 1 decl.). 
Capua, a city of Campania. 

Caput, itis (neut. 3 decl.). A 
head. 

Carbo, onis (masc. 3 decl.)- A 
coal, charcoal. 

Carcer, eris (masc. 3 decl.). A 
prison. Carceres, in the plural, 
the barriers in the racecourse, 
whence the horses started, the 
starting-place. 

Carduus, i (masc. 2 decl.). A 
thistle. 

Carmen, inis (neut. 3 decl.). A 
song, a strain, a piece of poetry, 
a poem, a verse. 

Carmen, inis (neut 3 decl.). A 
card to card wool with. 

Carnivorus, a, um (adj. from ca- 
ro, carnis, and voro). Car- 
nivorous, feeding on flesh. 

Carnosus, a, um (adj. from caro). 
Fleshy, abounding in flesh, cor- 
pulent, gross. 

Caro, carnis (fern. 3 decl.). Flesh. 

Carolus, i (prop. n. 2 decl.). 
Charles. Carolus Magnus, 
Charlemagne. 

Carptim (adv. from carpo). In 
detached portions. 

Carthago, ginis (prop. n. fem. 3 
decl.). Carthage. 

Carus, a, um (adj.). Dear, be- 
loved. 

Cassis, idis (fem. 3 decl.). A hel- 
met. 

Cassis, is (masc. 3 decl.). A hunt- 
er's net, a net. 

Cassius, i (prop. n. masc. 2 decl.). 
Cassius. 

Castigo, are, avi, atum (a. v. 1 
conj.). To chastise, to punish. 

Castor, oris (masc. 3 decl.). The 
beaver. — Also a proper name. 

Casus, us (masc. 4 decl. from ca- 
do, supine casum). 1. A fall, a 
falling. 2. Chance, accident, 
fortune. 
290 



OEL 

Catilina, m (prop. n. 1 dec!, 
masc). Catiline, the name of 
a well-known Roman reprobate 
and conspirator. 

Cato, onis (prop. n. 3 decl. masc). 
Cato, the name of an eminent 
Roman. There were two dis- 
tinguished men with this appel- 
lation, viz. : 1. Cato the elder, 
called also the Censor. 2. Cato 
Uticensis, the descendant of the 
former, who killed himself at 
Utica. 

Catulus, i (prop. n. 2 decl. masc). 
Catulus, an eminent Roman. 

Cauda, m (fem. 1 decl.). A tail. 

Causa or Caussa, & (fem. 1 decl.). 
1. A cause, reason, motive. 2. 
In the ablative, with the genitive 
of a noun, it signifies, on account 
of, for the sake of; as, honoris 
causa, u for the sake of doing one 
honour," or " out of compliment." 

Cautes, is (fem. 3 decl.). A cliff. 

Cautus, a, um (adj. from the su- 
pine cautum of the verb caveo). 
Cautious. 

Caveo, ere, cavi, cautum (a. v, 
2 conj.). To beware of to avoid. 

Cedo, ere, cessi, cessum (a. v. 3 
conj). To yield, to give up, to 
retire from. 

Cedo (defective verb). Tell or 
give me. Second person plural 
cedite, contracted cette. 

Cedrus i (fem. 2 decl.). The ce- 
dar-tree. 

Celeber, bris, bre (adj.). Cele- 
brated, famous. 

Celebro, are, avi, atum (a. v. 1 
conj.). To celebrate. 

Celer, eris, ere (adj.). Swift, 
fleet, quick. 

Cele ritas, atis (fem. 3 decl. from 
the verb celero, and this from 
celer). Swiftness, quickness, 
speed, celerity. 

Celeriter (adv. from celer). 
Quickly, speedily, rapidly. Com- 
parative CELERIUS, positive CEL- 
ER RIME. Quam celerrime, as 
quickly as possible. 

Celsws, a, um (adj.). Lofty., tall, 
high. 



GET 

Celt^ arum (masc. 1 decl.). The 
Celtce., a people of Gaul. 

Censeo, ere, censui, censum or 
censitum (neut. v. 2 conj.). To 
think, to be of opinion, to sup- 
pose, to imagine. 

Censor, oris (masc. 3 decl.). A 
censor, the title of a Roman ma- 
gistracy. 

Centeni, m, a (distrib. numeral 
adj. from centum). A hundred 
each, a hundred. 

Centesimus, a, um (numeral adj. 
from centum). The hundredth. 

Centum (numeral adj. indeclina- 
ble). A hundred. 

Ceos, i (fern. 2 decl.). Ceos, the 
name of an island in the iEgean, 
now Zea. 

Cera, je (fern. 1 decl.). Wax. 

Cerasum, i (neut. 2 decl.). A 
cherry. 

Cerasus, i (fern. 2 decl.). A 
cherry-tree. 

Cerebrum, i (neut. 2 decL). The 
brain. 

Ceremonia, or Cjeremonia, m 
(fern. 1 decl.). A ceremony. 

Ceres, eris (prop. n. 3 decl. fern.). 
Ceres, the goddess of agriculture. 

Cerevisia or Cervisia, je (fern. 1. 
decl.). Beer, ale. 

Cerno, ere, crevi, cretum (a. v. 
3 conj.)- To see, to see clearly, 
to behold, to discern. 

Certamen, inis (neut. 3 decl. from 
certo, are). A contest. 

Certus, a, um (adj.). Certain, 
sure. Certior factus, being in- 
formed. Facere aliquem certi- 
orem, to inform one. 

Cervical, alis (neut. 3 decl. from 
cervix). A pillow. 

Cervus, i (masc. 2 decl.). A stag. 

Cespes, vid. Cjespes. 

Cesso, are, avi, atum (neut. v. 1 
conj.). To cease, give over, to 
leave off, to intermit. 

Ceterus or Cjeterus, a, um, more 
commonly Ceteri, m, a, in the 
plural number (adj.). The rest. 

Cette, contracted for cedite, from 
the defective verb cedo, which 



CIT 

Chalybs, ybis (masc. 3 decl.). 
Steel, hardened iron, 

Charta, m (fern. 1 decl.). Paper. 
Charta Pergamena, parchment. 
Charta vitulina, vellum. Charta 
bibula, blotting-paper. 

Chele, es, in the singular, and 
chelae, arum, in the plural (fern. 
1 decl.). A claw of a crab or 
other shellfish, a claw or arm of 
a scorpion. 

Cherronesus or Chersonesus, i 
fern. 2 decl.). A Chersonese, a 
peninsula. 

Christus, i (prop. n. 2 decl. masc). 
Christ, our Saviour. 

Christianus, a, um (adj.). Chris- 
tian, 

Chrystallus, vid. Crystallus. 

Cibus, i (masc. 2 decl.). Food, 
sustenance. 

Cicada, je (fern. 1 decl.). A cica- 
da, an insect that in the summer 
months sits on trees, and makes 
a shrill noise. Incorrectly trans- 
lated a grasshopper. 

Cicatrix, tricis (fern. 3 decl.). 
A scar. 

Ciconia, m (fern. 1 decl.). A stork. 

Cicur, uris (adj.). Tame. 

Cimex, icis (masc. 3 decl.). A bug. 

Cimon, onis (prop. n. 3 decl.). 
Cimon, a celebrated Athenian. 

Cinis, eris (masc. and fern. 3 
decl.). Ashes, embers, cinders. 

Circa (prep, with accusative). 
Around, about. 

Circiter (adv.). About. 

ClRCUMAGO, AGERE, EGI, ACTUM 

(a. v. 3 conj. from circum and 
ago). To drive around, to turn 
around, to lead around. 

Cis (prep, with accusative). On 
this side. 

Citer (adj.). On this side, nearer. 
It is nearly obsolete. Compara- 
tive citerior, superlative citi- 
mus. 

Citerior, vid. Citer. 

Citimus, nearest, vid. Citer. 

Cito (adv. from citus). Quickly, 
soon, shortly. 

Citra (prep, with accusative). On 
this side. Compare cis. 

291 



CGEN 

Cttus, a, um (verbal adj. from gieo, 
ciere, civi, citum). Quick. 

Civilis, is, e (adj. from civis). 
Of or belonging to a citizen, civil. 

Civis, is (masc. and fem. 3 decl.). 
A citizen. 

Ci vitas, atis (fem. 3 decl. from 
civis). A state, a community, 
a city. 

Clam (prep, with the ablative ; oc- 
casionally with the accusative in 
earlier writers). Without the 
knowledge of, privately, secretly. 

Clamor, oris (masc. 3 decl. from 
clamo, are). A clamour, loud 
noise, loud cry, shout. 

Clarus, a, um (adj.). 1. Clear, 
bright, shining. 2. Illustrious, 
renoiuned, famed. 

Claudo, ere, clausi, clausum (a. 
v. 3 conj.). To shut, to close. 

Claudus, a, um ("adj.). Lame, 
halting, limping. 

Clavis, is (fem. 3 decl.). A key. 

Clemens, extis (adj.). Placid, 
mild, clement, merciful. 

Cl5tho, us (fem. 2 decl.). Clo- 
tho, one of the fates. 

Clytemnestra, je. (prop. n. 1 decl. 
fem.). Clytemnestra, the wife 
of Agamemnon, who slew her 
husband. 

Cneius, i (prop. n. 2 decl. masc). 
Cneius. 

Cochlea, m (fem. 1 decl.). A 
snail. 

Cochlear, Iris, and Cochleare, 
is (neut. 3 decl.'). 1. A snail. 
2. A screw. 3. A small spoon. 
4. A measure of liquids. 

Coctus, a, um (verbal adj. from 
coquo). Cooked, dressed, roast- 
ed, boiled, baked. 

Codrus, i (prop. n. masc. 2 decl.). 
Codrus. 

Ccelestis, is, e (adj. from ccelum). 
Heavenly, of or belonging to 
heaven. 

Ccelum, i (neut. 2 decl. in plural 
cceli, orum, masc). Heaven. 

Cgena, jb (fem. 1 decl.). A sup- 
per, the principal meal of the 
Romans, a sort of late dinner, an 
entertainment. 
292 



COL 

CoENO, ARE, AVI, ATUM (a. V. 1 

conj.)- To sup, to sup upon. It 
sometimes appears as a mere in- 
transitive verb. 

C5eo, coire, coivi, coitum (irreg. 
neut. v. 4 conj. from con and 
eo). To go or come together, to 
assemble, to collect, to resort. 

Ccepi (preteritive verb, from the old 
present ccepio). / begin, I have 
begun, 1 began. 

CoERCEO, ERE, ERCU1, ERCITUM (a. 

v. 2 conj. from con and arceo). 
To restrain, to confine, to coerce, 
to bridle, to check. 

Cogitatio, onis (fem. 3 decl. from 
cogito). Reflection, thinking, 
deliberation, considering. 

Cogito, are, avi, atum (a. v. 1 
conj.). To revolve in mind, to 
think, to ponder, to meditate. 

Cognatus, a, um (verbal adj.). Re- 
lated, akin, closely allied, kindred. 

Cognatus, i (masc. 2 decl.). A 
relation. When opposed to ag- 
natus, it denotes a relation on 
the mother's side. 

Cognitio, onis (fem. 3 decl. from 
the supine or participle of cog- 
nosco). Knowledge, acquaint- 
ance with, skill in. 

COGNOSCO, NOSCERE, NOVJ, NITUM 

(a. v. 3 conj. from con and nos- 
co). To know, to be acquainted 
with. 

Cogo, c5gere, cSegi, coactum (a. 
v. 3 conj. from con and ago, the 
old form being coago, contract- 
ed into c5go). To compel, to 
drive. 

Cohors, ortis (fem. 3 decl.). 1. 
A pen, a coop, a small enclosure 
for sheep, poultry, &c. 2. A co- 
hort, a band of soldiers consisting 
of three maniples or six centuries, 
and forming the tenth part of a 
legion ; usually between 600 and 
700 men. 

COHORTOR, ARI, ATUS SUM (dep. V. 

1 conj. from con and hortor). 
To exhort, to encourage. 
Colchicum, i (neut. 2 decl.). Col- 
chicum or meadow- saffron, a rem- 
edy for the gout. 



COM 
Oollatinus, i (prop. n. 2 decl.). 
CoHatinus. 

CoLLAUDO, ARE, AVI, ATUM (c. V. 1 

conj. from con and laudo). To 
praise with others, to extol, to 
commend. 

CoLLIGO, IGERE, EGI, ECTUM (a. V. 

3 conj. from con and lego). To 
gather together, to collect. 
Collis, is (masc. 3 decl). A hill. 

CoLLOCO, ARE, AVI, ATUM (a. V. 1 

conj. from con and loco). To 
place, to dispose, to arrange, to 
regulate. 

Colloquium, i (neut. 2 decl. from 
colloquor). A conversation, a 
conference, a discourse. 

Colloquor, loqui, locutus sum 
(dep. v. 3 conj. from con and 
loquor). To speak together, to 
converse, to confer. 

Collum, i (neut. 2 decl.). The 
neck. 

Colo, colere, colui, cultum (a. 
v. 3 conj.). To exercise, to prac- 
tise, to study, to cultivate, to la- 
bour upon, to worship. 

Col5nia, je (fern. 1 decl.). A 
colony. 

Colonus, i (masc. 2 decl. from 
colo). A husbandman, farmer, 
rustic, cultivator. 

Color, oris (masc. 3 decl.). A 
colour, complexion, hue. 

Columba, m (fern. 1 decl.). A 
dove. 

Coma, m (fern. 1 decl.). The hair 
of the head, particularly when 
long, flowing, or dressed. 

Combustus, a, um (part, from com- 
buro). Burned, burned up. 

Comedo, edere, edi, esum (a. v. 
3 conj. from con and edo). To 
eat, to eat up. 

Comedo, onis (masc. 3 decl. from 
comedo). A prodigal, a spend- 
thrift. 

Comes, itis (masc. and fern.). A 
companion, associate, attendant. 

Cometes, m (masc. 1 decl.). A 
comet. 

Comitas, atis (fern. 3 decl. from 
comis). Courtesy, comity, affa- 
bility, mildness, kindness. 
25* 



COM 

Commendo, are, AVI, ATUM (a. V. 
from con and mando). 1. To 
commit to any one's charge, to 
consign to one's care. 2. To 
commend, to recommend. 

CoMMINUO, UERE, Ul, UTUM (a. V. 

3 conj. from con and minuo), 
1. To crush or break to small pie- 
ces. 2. To diminish, to impair. 

Committo, mittere, misi, missum 
(a. v. 3 conj. from con and mit- 
to). 1. To join together, to 
unite. 2. To commit, to give, to 
impart, to intrust, to commend. 
Commitere praelium, to join bat- 
tle. 

Commodum (adv.). 1. Convenient- 
ly, in good season. 2. Just, at 
the very moment. 

Commodus, a, um (adj.). Conve- 
nient, apt, fit, suitable. 

Commotus (verbal adj. from com- 
moveo). In agitation, agitated, 
moved, in motion, stirred. 

Commoveo, movere, movi, motum 
(a. v. 2 conj. from con and mo- 
ve o). To move together, to move 
violently, to move, to arouse, to 
shake, to agitate. 

Communis, is, e (adj.). Common, 
the same, general, public. 

COMPARO, ARE, AVI, ATUM (a. V. 1 

conj. from con and paro). 1. 
To procure, to get, to prepare, to 
furnish. 2. To compare, to li- 
ken. 3. To order, to arrange, to 
constitute, to establish. 

Complures, es, ura and URIA 
(adj. from con and plures). 
Very many, a great many, a 
considerable number. 

Compono, ponere, posui, positum 
(a. v. 3 conj. from con and po- 
no). To put or place together, 
to place in order, to arrange, to 
digest. 2 To put an end to, to 
compose. 3. To dravj up, to 
write, to compose. 

Compos, otis (masc. and fern.). 1. 
That hath obtained his purpose 
or desire. 2. Master of, having 
in one's power. Compos mentis, 
in a sane state, i. e., master of 
one's mind. 

293 



CON 

CoMPREHENDO, ENDERE, ENDI, EN- 
SUM (a. v. 3 conj. from con and 
prehendo). To seize, to grasp, 
to take or lay hold of, to catch, to 
apprehend. 

CoMPRIMO, PRIMERE, PRESSI, PRES- 

sum (a. v. 3 conj. from con and 

premo). To press, to press or 

squeeze together, to hold together. 
Compclsus, a, um (verbal adj. from 

compello). Driven, compelled, 

forced, restrained. 
Conatus, us (masc. 4 decl. from 

conor). An attempt, endeavour, 

effort, exertion. 

CoNCILIO, ARE, AVI, ATUM (a. V. 1 

conj . ). To conciliate, to procure, 
to gain oxer, to reconcile. 

Concilium, i (neat. 2 decl.)- An 
assembly, meeting, council. 

Concio, onis (fern. 3 decl.). 1. A 
meeting or assembly of people 
collected together to hear an or- 
ation. 2. An oration, harangue, 
public speech. 

Conclave, is (neat. 3 decl. from 
con and clavis, "a key"). 1. 
An apartment under lock and key. 
2. An apartment, room, chamber, 
&c, generally. 

Concordia, je (fern. 1 decl. from 
con and cor, " the heart''). Con- 
cord, harmony, union. 

Concupisco, ere (a. v. 3 conj. in- 
ceptive form, from con and cu- 
pio). To desire greatly, to de- 
sire, to long for. 

Con dime ntum, i (neut. 2 decl. from 
condio). A seasoning, a condi- 
ment, anything used for season- 
ing or pickling. 

Condio, ire, ivi, itum (a. v. 4 
conj.). 1. To season, to salt, to 
pickle. 2. To embalm,. 

Conditio, onis (fern. 3 decl.). 1. 
A condition, stipulation. 2. A 
situation, state, nature, quality. 

Conditor, oris (masc. 3 decl. from 
condo). A founder, builder, au- 
thor, maker, contriver. 

Conditor, oris (masc. 3 decl. from 
condio). 1. A scasoner. 2. An 
embalmer. 

Condo, condere, condidi, condi- 
294 



CON 

tum (a. v. 3 conj.). 1. To hile, 
to lay or treasure up, to conceal. 
2. To found, to construct, to 
make, to build. 

CoNDONO, ARE, AVI, ATUM (a. V. 1 

conj. from con and bono). 1. 
To give freely, to grant, to give 
away, to bestow. 2. To pardon, 
to forgive, to remit. 

CONFABULOR, ARI, ATUS SUM (dep. 

v. 1 conj. from con and fabu- 
lor). To talk together, to con- 
verse, to discourse, to chat. 

CoNFERO, CONFERRE, CONTULI, 

collatum (a. v. irreg. from con 
and f e r o ) . I. To bring t og ether, 
to collect, to lay together. 2. To 
contribute. 3. To confer, to con- 
sult. 4. To betake one's self to 
anything (with the pronoun se). 
5. To compare, to bring into com- 
parison. 

Confessus, a, um (part, from con- 
fiteor). Having confessed or 
acknowledged. 2. (Verbal adj.). 
Manifest , apparent, confessed, 
undoubted, evident. 

Confestim (adv.). Immediately, 
forthwith. 

CONFICIO, FICERE, FECI, FECTUM 

(a. v. 3 conj. from con and fa- 
cio). 1. To make, to effect, to 
accomplish. 2. To make away 
with, to destroy. 

CoNFITEOR, FITERI, FESSUS SUM 

(dep. v. 2 conj. from con and 
fateor). To confess, to ac- 
knowledge, to own. 

Conflagratio, onis (fern. 3 decl. 
from con and flagro, " to 
burn''). A burning, a confla- 
gration. 

Confligo, fligere, flixi, flic- 
tum (a. v. 3 conj. from con and 
fligo, "to dash"). 1. To dash 
together, to strike or dash one 
thing against another. 2. To 
engage or come into collision. 

Congelatus, a, um (verbal adj. 
from congelo). Frozen, con- 
gealed. 

CONGELO, ARE, AVI, ATUM (a. V. 1 

conj. from con and gelu). To 
freeze, to congeal. 



CON 

Conjuratio, 6nis (fern. 3 decl. 
from con and juro). A con- 
spiracy. ' 

Conjuratus, a, um (part, from 
conjuro). Having conspired, 
combined, or leagued together. 

Conjuro, are, avi. atum (neut. v. 
1 conj. from con and juro). 1. 
To swear together. 2. To com- 
bine, to conspire. 

Conjux, ugis (masc. and fem. 3 
decl. from con and jungo). A 
husband, a wife, a spouse, a con- 
sort. 

Conon, onis (prop. n. masc. 3 
decl.)- Conon, a distinguished 
Athenian. 

Conor, ari, atus sum (dep. v. 1 
conj.). To endeavour, to strive, 
to attempt, to try. 

Consequor, sequi, secutus sum 
(dep. v. 3 conj. from con and 
sequor). 1. To follow after, to 
go after. 2. To overtake, to 
reach, to accomplish. 3. To pro- 
cure, to obtain, to get possession 

of- 

Conservatrix, tricis (fem. 3 
decl, from conservo). She that 
preserves, a preserver. 

Conservo, are, avi, atum (a. v. 1 
conj. from con and servo). To 
preserve, to defend, to take care of. 

CoNSIDEO, ERE, SEDI, SESSUM 

(neut. v. 2 conj. from con and 
sedeo). 1. To sit together or 
along with another. 2. To set- 
tle down. 

Consido, ere, sedi (less frequently 
sidi), sessum (neut. v. 3 conj. 
from con and sido, " to settle"). 
To sit down along with another, 
to be in the act of taking one's 
seat. 

Consilium, i (neut. 2 decl.). 1. 
Counsel, deliberation. 2. A de- 
sign, plan, intention, purpose, 
&c. 

Consimilis, is, e (adj. from con 
and similis). Very like, like, 
similar. 

CONSOLOR, ARI, ATUS SUM (dep. V. 

1 conj.). To console, to comfort, 
to solace. 



CON 

Consortium, i (neut. 2 decl. from 
con and sors). Fellowship, in 
iercourse, partnership, communi 
ty, society. 

Conspectus, a, um (part, from 
conspicio). Beheld, looked at, 
gazed upon. 

Conspectus, us (masc. 4 decl. 
from conspicio). A sight, a 
view. 

Conspicio, spicere, spexi, spec- 
tum (a. v. 3 conj. from con and 
specio). To behold, to see, to 
look at or towards. 

Constans, antis (verbal adj. from 
consto). 1. Standing together. 
2. Firm, determined, consistent, 
fixed, constant, &c. 

Constanter (adv. from constans). 
Firmly, steadily, constantly, con- 
sistently, uniformly. 

Constantly, je (fem. 1 decl. from 
constans). Steadiness, firm- 
ness, uniformity of conduct. 

Constantinopolis, is (fem. 3 
decl.). Constantinople. 

Constituo, uere, ui, utum (a. v. 
3 conj. from con and statuo). 

1. To set up, to pla.ce, to erect. 

2. To determine, to resolve, to de- 
liberate. 3. To appoint, to con- 
stitute. 

Consuetudo, inis (fem. 3 decl. 
from consuetus). Habit, cus- 
tom, usage, use. 

Consul, ulis (masc. 3 decl.). A 
consul, a title of office for the 
two chief Roman magistrates. 

Consulatus, us (masc. 4 decl. 
from consul). The consulship, 
the office of consul. 

CONSULO, SULERE, SULUI, SULTUM 

(a. v. 3 conj.). To consult, to 
deliberate. Consulo te, I con- 
sult you, I ask your advice. 
Consulo tibi, I consult for you. 
Consulo in te, I consult against 
you, I take measures against you. 

Consumo, sumere, sumpsi, sump- 
tum (a. v. 3 conj. from con and 
sumo). To consume, to expend, 
to waste, to destroy. 

Contemno, temnere, tempsi, 
temptum (a. v. 3 conj. from con 
295 



COQ 

and temno). To contemn, to de- 
spise, to undervalue, to slight. 

OoNTEMFLOR, ARI, ATUS SUM (dep. 

v. 1 conj.). To contemplate, to 
behold, to gaze upon. 

CONTEMPTOR and CoNTEMTOR, ORIS 

(masc. 3 decl. from contemno). 

A despiser, a contemner. 
Contemptus, us (masc. 4 decl. 

from contemno). Contempt, de- 
rision, disdain. 
Contentus, a, um (part from con- 

tendo). Strained, drawn tight, 

stretched. 
Contentus, a, um (verbal adj. from 

contendo). Content, satisfied, 

well-pleased. 

CONTINGO, TINGERE, TIGI, TACTUM 

(a. v. 3 conj. from con and tan- 
go). 1. To touch. 2. To hit, 
to reach. 3. To happen (and is 
then used impersonally). 
Contra (prep, with accusative). 
Against, contrary to, in opposi- 
tion to. 

CONTRAHO, TRAHERE, TRAXI, TRAC- 

tum (a. v. 3 conj. from con and 
traho). 1. To draw together, 
to assemble, to unite together, to 
collect. 2. To contract, to draw 
into a smaller compass. 

Controversy, ^e (fern. 1 decl). 
A controversy, debate, dispute. 

Ggnverto, vertere, verti, yer- 
sum (a. v. 3 conj. from con and 
verto). 1. To turn about, to 
turn. 2. To convert, to change. 

CONVINCO, VINCERE, ¥101, VICTUM 

(a. v. 3 conj. from con and yin- 
co). To convince, to convict, 
to manifest clearly, to show 
plainly. 

ConvIva, m (masc. and fern. 1 decl. 
from con and vivo). A guest, 
a companion at a feast. 

Convivium, i (neut. 2 decl. from 
conviva). A feast, a banquet. 

Copia, m (fern. 1 decl.). Plenty, 
abundance. In the plural, forces, 
troops, a meaning which it some- 
times has in the singular also. 

Copiose (adv. from copia). Abun- 
dantly, copiously, richly. 

Coquo, coquere, coxi, coctum 
296 



CRA 

(a. v. 3 conj.). To cook, to boil, 

to roast, to bake, &c. 
Coquus and CScus, i (masc. 2 

decl.). A cook. 
Cor, cordis (neut. 3 decl.) The 

heart. 
Coram (prep, with the ablative). 

Before, in the presence of. 
Corinthus, i (prop. n. fem. 2 

decl). Corinth, a celebrated 

commercial city of Greece. 
Corneus, a, um (adj. from cornu). 

Of or like horn, hard as horn, 

horny, made of horn. 
Corniger, era, erum (adj. from 

cornu and gero). Wearing or 

bearing horns, horned. 
Cornix, icis (fem. 3 decl.). A 

crow. 
Cornu (neut. 4 decl. indeclinable 

in the singular). A horn. 
Corona, je (fem. 1 decl). A 

crown, a chaplet. 
Corpus, 5ris (neut. 3 decl.). A 

body, the human frame. 
Corrector, oris (masc. 3 decl. 

from corrigo). A corrector, an 

amender. 
Corrigo, rigere, rexi, rectum 

(a. v. from con and rego). To 

correct, to amend. 
Corsica, .as (prop. n. fem. 1 decl.). 

Corsica. 
Cortex, icis (masc. sometimes 

fem. 3 decl.). Bark, rind, cork. 
Corvus, i (masc. 2 decl.). A ra- 
ven. 
Cos, o (fem. 2 decl.). Cos, one 

of the Grecian islands, lying off 

the southwestern coast of Caria. 
Cos, cotis (fem. 3 decl.). A whet- 
stone, a hone. 
Costa, je (fem. 1 dec!.). A rib. 
Cotta, m (prop. n. masc. 1 decl.). 

Cotta. 
Coturnix, icis (fem. 3 decl.). A 

quail. 
Crambe, es (fem. I decl. Greek 

noun). Cabbage, colewort. 
Cranium, i (neut. 2 decl). The 

scull. 
Cras (adv.). To-morrow. 
Crassus, i (prop. n. masc. 2 decl.). 

Crassus. 






CRU 

Crassus, a, um (adj.)- Thick, 

coarse. 
Crastinus, a, um (adj. from cras). 
Of or belonging to to-morrow, to- 
morrow's. 
Creator, oris (masc. 3 decl.). A 

creator, a maker. 
Ceeber, crebra, crebrum (adj.). 
Frequent, repeated, thick, close. 
Crebro (adv. from creber). Fre- 
quently, often. 
Credo, credere, credidi, credi- 
tum (a. v. 3 conj.). To credit, 
to believe, to trust, to confide. 
Credulus, a, um (adj. from credo). 
Credulous, easy of belief, simple. 
Cremo, are, avi, atum (a. V. 1 
conj.). To burn, to reduce to 
ashes, to burn up. 
Creo, are, avi, atum (a. v. 1 

conj.). To create, to make. 
Crepida, m (fem. 1 decl.). A 

slipper, a sandal. 
Crepusculum, i (neut. 2 decl.). 

Twilight. 

Cresco, crescere, crevi, cretum 

(neut. v. 3 conj.). To increase, 

to grow. 

Creta, m (fem. 1 decl). Chalk. 

Creta, ^e (prop. n. fem. 1 decl.). 

Crete, a Grecian island. 
Crimen, inis (neut. 3 decl.). 1. 
A charge, an accusation. 2. A 
crime. 
Crinis, is (masc. 3 decl.). The 

hair of the head. 
Crocodilus, i (masc. 2 decl.). A 

crocodile. 
Crcesus, i (prop. n. 2 decl. masc). 
Crozsus, an ancient king of Lydia, 
famed for his riches. 
Crucio, are, avi, atum (a. v. 1 
conj. from crux). To torture, 
to torment, to rack, to agonize, to 
distress greatly. 
Crudelis, is, e (adj.). Cruel. 
Crudus, a, um (adj.). 1. Crude, 
raw, fresh, undigested. 2. Un- 
ripe, immature, sour. 
Cruentus, a, um (adj. from cru- 
or). 1. Bloody, stained with 
blood. 2. Cruel. 
Cruor, oris (masc. 3 decl.). Blood 
from a wound, gore. 



CUL 

Crus, cruris (neut. 3 decl.). The 

leg, from the knee to the ankle. 
Crux, crucis (fem. 3 decl.). A 

cross. 
Crystallum, i (neut.), and Crys- 
tallus, i (fem. and masc. 2 
decl.). Crystal. 
Cubiculum, i (neut. 2 decl. from 

cubo). A bedchamber. 
Cubile, is (neut. 3 decl. from cu- 
bo). A couch. 
Cubitus, i (masc. 2 decl. from 
cubo). 1. The arm below the 
elbow. 2. The elbow. 3. A 
cubit. 
Cubitus, us (masc. 4 decl. from 

cubo). A lying down. 
Cubo, cubare, cubui, cubitum 

(neut. 1 conj.). To lie down. 
Cubus, i (masc. 2 decl.). A cube. 
Cucumis, eris (masc. 3 deck). A 

cucumber. 
Cujas, atis (adj. pron. from quis). 
Of what country, belonging to 
whom. 
Cujus, a, um (adj. pron. from quis). 

Of whom, ichose. 
Culeus, i (masc. 2 deck). A 

leathern sack or bag. 
Culina, je (fem. 1 deck). A 

kitchen. 
Culmen, inis (neut. 3 deck). 1. 
The thatched roof of a house. 2. 
The top of a house, the summit 
of a building. 3. The top or 
summit of anything. 
Culpa, ^e (fem. 1 deck). A fault, 

failure, blame, guilt. 
Culpo, are, avi, atum (a. v. 1 
conj. from culpa). To blame, 
find fault with, to censure, to re- 
prove. 
Culter, tri (masc. 2 deck). 1. 
A knife. 2. The coulter of a 



Cultor, oris (masc. 3 decl. from 
colo). A cultivator, tiller, hus- 
bandman, farmer. 

Cultura, je (fem. 1 deck from 
colo). Cultivation, culture, til- 
lage, husbandry. 

Cultus, a, um (part, from colo). 
Cultivated, tilled. 

Cultus, us (masc 4 decl. from 
297 



CUR 

colo). 1. Cultivation, culture, 
tilling-. 2. A manner of living. 
3. Dress, clothing. 4. Worship, 
adoration, honour, service, obser- 
vance, respect. 

Cum (prep, with ablative). With, 
together with, along with. 

Cum (adv. of time). When, when- 
ever. When cum and turn fol- 
low each other in the same sen- 
tence, the first is to be rendered 
" both" and the second "and." 

Cum (conj.). Since, inasmuch as, 
when, whenever. 

Cumulus, i (masc. 2 decl.). A 
heap, a pile. 

Cunctator, oris (masc. 3 decl. 
from cunctor). A delayer, a 
lingerer, a prolong er of time. 
A surname given to Quintus Fa- 
bius Maximus, who saved the 
Roman state by delaying to come 
to a conflict with Hannibal. 

Cunctor, ari, atus sum (dep. v. 
] conj.). To delay, to linger, 
to hesitate, to be in doubt. 

Cunctus, a, um (adj.). All, all 
together, the whole. More com- 
monly found in the plural. 

Cupiditas, atis (fem. 3 decl. from 
cupidus). 1. Desire, eagerness, 
fondness. 2. Desire after gain, 
cupidity, covetousness. 

Cupido, inis (fem. sometimes 
masc. 3 decl. from cupio). 1. 
Desire, eagerness, earnestness. 
2. Will. 3. Cupidity. 

Cupido, inis (prop. n. 3 decl. 
masc). Cupid, the son of Ve- 
nus, and god of love. 

Cupidus, a, um (adj. from cupio). 
Desirous, fond, eager, earnest. 

Cupio, ere, ivi and n, itum (a. v. 
3 conj.). To desire, to wish 
for, to long for, to be willing, to 
covet. 

Cur (adv.). Why] for what rea- 
son ? whereforre 1 to what pur- 
pose 1 with what intent ? 

Cura, m (fem. 1 decl.). Care, 
concern, anxiety, solicitude, sor- 
row, trouble, affliction, grief 

Curculio, onis (masc. 3 decl.). 
A weevil, a small hard-shelled 
298 



DAM 

beetle that eats the pith of grain, 
called by some a corn-worm. 

CURO, ARE, AVI, ATUM (a. V. 1 

conj.). To take care of, to look 
to, to order, to arrange, to at- 
tend to. 

CURRO, CURRERE, CUCURRI, CUR- 
SUM (neut. v. 3 conj.). To run. 

Currus, us (masc. 4 decl. from 
curro). A chariot, car, vehicle, 
wagon. 

Cursus, us (masc. 4 decl. from 
curro). 1. A running, the act 
of running. 2. A course, a way, 
a journey. 

Curtius, ii (prop. n. 2 decl. masc). 
Curtius. 

Curvatus, a, um (verbal adj. from 
curvo). Bent, bowed, curved, 
made crooked. 

Curvo, are, avi, atum (a. v. 1 
conj.). To curve, to crook, to 
bow, to bend. 

Curvus, a, um (adj.). Crooked, 
bowed, bent, curved. 

Custodio, ire, ivi, itum (a. v. 4 
conj. from custos). To guard, 
to defend, to protect, to preserve, 
to watch. 

Custos, odis (masc and fem. 3 
decl). A guard, a keeper, a 
preserver, a watch. 

Cyclops, opis (masc. 3 decl.). A 
Cyclops, a fabled being of gigan- 
tic stature, with only one eye, 
and that placed in the centre of 
the forehead. 

Cyprus, i (fem. 2 decl.). A cy- 
press-tree. 

Cyprus, i (prop. n. 2 decl. fem.). 
Cyprus, a Grecian island, lying 
south of Cilicia, and west of 
Syria. It was sacred to Venus. 

Cyrus, i (prop. n. 2 decl. masc). 
Cyrus, the well-known monarch 
of the ancient Persians. 

D. 

Damno, are, avi, atum (a. v. 1 
conj. from damnum). To con- 
demn. 

Damnosus, a, um (adj. from dam- 
num). Hurtful, detrimental, in- 
jurious. 



DEC 

Damnum, i (neut. 2 decl.). Loss, 
hurt, harm, damage, injury. 

Danubius, i (proper n. 2 decl. 
masc). The Danube. 

Darius, i (prop. n. 2 decl. masc). 
Darius, monarch of Persia. 

Datus, a, um (part, from do). 
Given. Datum, what is given, 
a thing given. 

De (prep, with ablative). Of, from, 
concerning, &c. 

Dea, je (fern. 1 decl.). A goddess. 

Debeo, ere, ui, itum (a. v. 2 conj.). 
To owe, to be in debt. Debet, 
he ought. Deb emus, we ought, 
&c. 

Debitor, oris (masc. 3 decl. from 
debeo). A debtor. 

Decas, adis (fem. 3 decl.). A de- 
cade, the sum of ten, or number 
containing ten. 

Decedo, cedere, cessi, cessum 
(neut. v. 3 conj. from de and ce- 
do). To depart, to go away, to 
withdraw, to retire. 

Decem (numeral adj. indeclinable). 
Ten. 

December, bris (masc. 3 decl.). 
December. The root is decem, 
this month being the tenth from 
March, which was originally the 
beginning of the Roman year. 

Decennium, i (neut. 2 decl. from 
decem and annus). A period of 
ten years, a decade. 

Decerno, cernere, crevi, cre- 
tum (a. v. 3 conj. from de and 
cerno). 1. To think, to judge, 
to conclude, to determine, to de- 
cree. 

Decido, cidere, cidi (neut. v. 3 
conj. from de and cado). To 
fall from, to fall down. 

Decido, cidere, cidi, cisum (a. v. 
3 conj. from de and c^sdo). To 
cut down, to cut off, to lop. 

Decimus, a, um (numeral adj. from 
decem). The tenth. 

Decimus, i (prop. n. masc. 2 decl.). 
Decimus. 

Decipio, cipere, cepi, ceptum (a. 
v. 3 conj. from de and capio). 
To deceive. 

Decorus, a, um (adj. from decor). 



DEL 

1. Becoming, graceful, comely, 

2. Decorous, honourable. 
Decuria, m (fem. 1 decl. from 

decem). 1. Ten of anything, 
a decuria, a class of ten. 2. An 
order or class. 3. A troop of 
horse consisting of ten men. 

Decurro, currere, curri, cur- 
sum (neut. v. 3 conj. from de and 
curro). To run d,own or along. 

Decus, oris (neut. 3 decl.). Or- 
nament, grace, beauty, honour. 

Dedjgnor, ari, atus sum (dep. v. 
1 conj. from de and dignor). 
To count unworthy, to disdain? 
slight, to scorn, to spurn. 

Deditus, a, um (part, from dedo ? 
"to give up"). 1. Given over, 
given up, surrendered. 2. De- 
voted to. 

Defendo, pendere, fendi, fen- 
sum (a. v. 3 conj. from de and 
fendo, M to ward off"). To re- 
pel, to ward off, to defend, to 
protect. 

Defensio, onis (fem. 3 decl. from 
defendo). A defending, a de- 
fence. 

Defensor, oris (masc. 3 decl. 
from defendo). A defender. 

Deficio, ficere, feci, fectum (a. 
v. 3 conj. from de and facio). 
To fail, to be wanting, to be de- 
ficient. 

Deformitas, atis (fem. 3 decl. 
from d e and forma). Deformity, 
ugliness. 

Degener, era, erum (adj. from 
de and genus). Degenerate. 

Dego, degere, degi (a. v. 3 conj. 
from de and ago). To lead, to 
pass. Degere vitam, to lead or 
pass one's life. 

Deinde (adv.). Then, after that, 
thereupon, next in order. 

Dejicio, jicere, jeci, jectum (a. 
v. 3 conj. from de and jacio). 
To throw down, to cast down. 

Delecto, are, AVI, atum (a. V. 1 
conj.). To delight. 

Deleo, ere, evi, etum (a. v. 2 
conj.). 1. To blot out, to efface, 
to expunge. 2. To abolish, to 
destroy. 

299 



DEN 

Belicatus, a, um (adj.). 1. Deli- 
cate, dainty, luxurious, effemi- 
nate. 2. Tender, delicate, soft. 
Delicije, arum (singular seldom 
used, fern. 1 decl). Anything 
that delights or amuses, delights, 
pleasures. 

Deligo, ligere, legi, lectum (a. 
v. 3 conj. from de and lego). 
To choose, to select. 

Delos, i (prop. n. fern. 2 decl.). 
Delos, a well-known Grecian isl- 
and, one of the Cyclades, in the 
.<Egean Sea. Now Sdille. 

Delphi, orum (prop. n. masc. 2 
decl.). Delphi, a celebrated city 
of Phocis, on Mount Parnassus, 
where Apollo had a temple and 
famous oracle. 

Delphinus, i (2 decl.), and Del- 
phin, inis (3 decl. both masc). 
A dolphin. 

Demergo, mergere, mersi, mer- 
sum (a. v. 3 conj. from de and 
mergo). To sink, to plunge into 
the icater, to drown, to bury be- 
neath the waves. 

Demo, demere, demsi, demtum (a. 
v. 3 conj. from de and emo, " to 
take"). To take away, to take 
off, to withdraw, to remove. 

Demon ax, actis (prop. n. masc. 3 
decl.). Demdnax. 

Demosthenes, is (prop. n. 3 decl. 
masc). Demosthenes, the cele- 
brated orator. 

Penarius, ii (masc. 2 decl. proper- 
ly an adjective, with nummus un- 
derstood). A denarius, a Ro- 
man silver coin, equivalent, in 
our currency, to 15 cents, 4.74 
mills. The Latin term is derived 
from deni, because each denari- 
us, at first, was worth ten ounces 
of brass. 

Deni, je, a (distributive numeral, 
from decem). Ten each, ten 
apiece, ten by ten. 

Denique (adv.). Finally, to con- 
clude, in fine, at last, lastly. 

Dens, dentis (masc. 3 decl.). A 
tooth. 

Densus, a, um (adj.). Thick, set 
close, dense, close. 
300 



DET 

Dentatus, i (prop. n. 2 decl. 
masc). Dentatus, a distin- 
guished Roman leader. Full 
name Marcus Curius Dentatus. 
Dentatus, a, um (adj. from dens). 

Having teeth. 
Denuo (adv. from de novo). Anew, 

afresh. 
Denus, vid. Deni. 
Deorsum (adv.). Downward, down. 
Deporto, Ire, avi, atum (a. v. 1 

conj. from de and porto). 1. 

To carry down. 2. To convey 

aivay, to transfer from one place 

to another. 3. To banish to a 

particular place. 
Derideo, ridere, rist, risum (a. 

v. 2 conj. from de and rideo). 

To laugh at, to deride, to laugh 

to scorn. 
Describo, scribere, scripsi, 

scriptum (a. v. 3 conj. from de 

and scribo). To write down, to 

describe, to transcribe, to copy. 
Desero, serere, serui, sertum 

(a. v. 3 conj. from de and sero, 

serui, " to place"). To abandon, 

to leave, to forsake, to desert. 
Desertum, i (neut. 2 decl.). A 

desert. Properly the neuter of 

desertus. 
Desertus, a, um (verbal adj. from 

desero). Abandoned, deserted, 

forsaken. 
Desiderium, i (neut. 2 decl. from 

desidero). A longing for, a 

desire, love, affection, regret. 
Desino, sinere, sivi, situm (neut. 

v. 3 conj. from de and sino). 

To cease, to leave off, to desist, 

to give over. 
Despero, are, avi, atum (a. v. 1 

conj. from de and spero). To 

despair of, to be without hope, to 

despond. 
Despuo, spuere, spui, sputum (a. 

v. 3 conj. from de and spuo). 1. 

To spit down or upon. 2. To 

despise, to disdain, to reject with 

contempt. 
Desum, deesse, defui (irreg. v. 

from de and sum). To be want- 
ing, to fail. 
Detestor, aki, atus sum (dep. v. 



DIF 

1 conj. from de and testor). 1. 
To call earnestly to witness. 2. 
To imprecate a curse upon, to 
devote to destruction. 3. To de- 
test, to abominate. 
Deus, i (masc. 2 decl.). A god, a 
deity, a divinity. God. 

DeVASTO, ARE, AVI, ATUM (a. V. 1 

conj. from de and vasto). To 
lay waste, to devastate, to ravage, 
to spoil. 

Devastator, oris (masc. 3 decl. 
from devasto). A devastator. 

Devinco, vincere, vici, victum 
(a. v. 3 conj. from de and vinco). 
To conquer, to vanquish, to sub- 
due, to reduce to complete subjec- 
tion. 

Devoco, are, avi, atum (a. v. 1 
conj. from de and voco). 1. To 
call down, to fetch by calling. 2. 
To call, to invite. 

Dexter, era, erum (adj.). 1. On 
the right hand. 2. Favourable, 
propitious, prosperous. 

Diana, m (prop. n. 1 decl. fern.). 
Diana, the goddess of hunting, 
&c. 

DlCO, DICERE, DIXI, DICTUM (a. V. 

3 conj . ). To speak, to say, to tell. 

DlCO, ARE, AVI, ATUM (a. V. I COT)j.). 

To dedicate, to consecrate, to de- 
vote, to set apart, to consign to a 
particular purpose, to vow. 
Dictator, oris (masc. 3 decl. from 
dicto). A dictator, a Roman 
magistrate chosen only on extra- 
ordinary occasions, and vested, 
for the time being, with absolute 
power. He was selected by one 
of the consuls. 

DlCTO, ARE, AVI, ATUM (a. V. 1 COnj. 

frequentative from dico). To 
dictate, to command, to prescribe, 
to order. 
Dies, ei (masc. and fern, but, in 
the plural, masc. only, 5 decl.). 

1. A day. 2. The light of day. 
3. Time, length of time. 

DlFFERO, DIFFERRE, DISTULI, DTLA- 

tum (irreg. a. v. from dis and 
fero). 1. To carry hither and 
thither, to carry up and down. 

2. To scatter, to disperse, to tear 
23 



DIO 

to pieces. 3. To spread abroad, 
to divulge, to proclaim. 

Difficile (adv. from difficilis). 
With difficulty. 

Difficilis, is, e (adj. from dis and 
facilis). 1. Difficult, hard. 2. 
Hard to please, morose, churlish. 

Difficultas, atis (fem. 3 decl. 
from difficilis). Trouble, dif- 
ficulty. 

Difficulter (adv. from diffici- 
lis). With difficulty. 

DlFFITEOR, F1TERI, FESSUS SUM 

(dep. v. 2 conj. from dis and 
fateor). To deny, to disavow, 
to say to the contrary. 

Digitus, i (masc. 2 decl.). A fin- 
ger. 

Dignitas, atis (fem. 3 decl. from 
dignus). 1. Merit, desert. 2. 
Dignity, eminence, rank. 

Dignus, a, um (adj.). Worthy, de- 
serving. 

DlLACERO, ARE, AVI, ATUM (a. V. 1 

conj. from dis and lace no). To 
tear in pieces, to dilacerate, de- 
stroy, &c. 

DIlectus, a, um (verbal adj. from 
diligo). Loved, beloved. 

Dilectus, us (masc. 4 decl. from 
diligo). 1. A choosing, an elect- 
ing. 2. A levy of soldiers. 

Diligkns, entis (verbal adj. from 
diligo). Diligent, fond of exer- 
tion, observant, attentive. 

Diligenter (adv. from diligens). 
Diligently. 

Diligentia, ^e (fem. 1 decl. from 
diligens). Diligence, careful- 
ness, attention, industry. 

Diligo, ligere, lexi, lectum (a. 
v. 3 conj. from dis and lego). 
To love, to esteem highly. 

DlMICO, ARE, AVI, ATUM (a. V. 1 

conj. from dis and mico). To 
fight, to encounter, to contend. 

DlMITTO, MITTERE. MISI, MISSUM 

(a. v. 3 conj. from dis and mitto). 
1. To send different ways. 2. 
To send away, to dismiss, to de* 
spatchy to send off. 
Diogenes, is (prop. n. 3 decl. 
masc). Diogenes, the famous 
Cynic philosopher. 

m\ 



DIS 

Dionysius, i (prop. n. 2 decl.). 1. 

Dionysius. 2. Bacchus. 
Dionysius, a, um (adj.). Of or 

belonging to Bacchus. 
Dionysus, i (prop. n. 2 decL masc). 

Bacchus. 

DlRIMO, RIMERE, REMI, REMTUM 

(a. v. 3 conj. from dis and emo, 
" to take"). 1. To part, to di- 
vide, to separate. 2. To put off, 
to delay. 3. To decide, to deter- 
mine. 

Diruo, ruere, rui, rutum (a. v. 
3 conj. from dis and ruo). To 
pull down, to overthrow, to de- 
molish, to destroy. 

Dirus, a, um (adj.). 1. Dire, ill- 
omened, dreadful. 2. Savage, 
cruel, fierce. 

Dirutus, a, um (verbal adj. from 
diruo). Palled down, destroyed, 
overthrown. 

Dis (inseparable prep, denoting di- 
vision, separation, dispersion, 
scattering or acting in different 
directions). 

Dis, ditis (adj.). Rich, wealthy, 
opulent. Another form is ditis, 
is, e, which see. 

Discedo, cedere, cessi, cessum 
(neut. v. 3 conj. from dis and 
cedo). 1. To part, to open. 
2. To depart, to retire, to go 
away. 

Discessus, us (masc. 4 decl. from 
discedo). A departing, a going 
away. 

Disciplina, m (fern. 1 decl. from 
discipulus). 1. Discipline, in- 
struction, learning, education. 
2. Science, skill, an art or pro- 
fession. 3. A sect or school of 
philosophy. 4. Military disci- 
pline. 

Discipulus, i (masc. 2 decl. from 
disco). A pupil, a scholar, dis- 
ciple, learner. 

Disco, discere, didici (a. v. 3 
conj.). To learn, to acquire the 
knowledge of a thing. 

Discordia, m (fern. 1 decl. from 
discors). Discord, dissension, 
disagreement, variance. 

Discors, cordis (adj. from dis and 
302 



DIU 
cor). Discordant, jarring, dis* 
agreeing, differing, at variance. 

Discrimen, inis (neut. 3 decl. from 
dis and cerno). 1. A division, 
a separation. 2. A difference, a 
distinction. 3. Danger, hazard, 
risk. 

Dispar, aris (adj. from dis and 
par). Unlike, unequal, dissim- 
ilar, different. 

Disputo, are, avi, atum (a. v. 1 
conj. from dis and puto). To 
debate, to argue, to dispute, to 
discuss, to discourse, to treat 
of. 

Dissensio, onis (fern. 3 decl. from 
dis and sentio). A disagree- 
ment, difference of opinion, dis- 
sension, variance. 

Dissidium, i (neut. 2 decl. from 
dissideo). Dissension, discord, 
disagreement. 

Dissimilis, is, e (adj. from dis and 
similis). Unlike, different, dis- 
similar. 

DlSSOLYO, SOLVERE, SOLVI, SOLU- 

tum (a. v. 3 conj. from dis and 
solvo). To dissolve, to loosen, 
to untie, to disunite. 

Disto, are (neut. v. 1 conj. from 
dis and sto). 1. To be distant, 
to be apart from. 2. To differ 
from. 

Ditior (adj. comparative of ditis). 
Richer. 

Ditis, is, e (adj. from dis). Rich, 
wealthy, opulent. 

Ditissimus (adj. superlative of di- 
tis). Richest, very rich. 

Diu (adv.). Long, for a long time. 
Comparative diutius, superlative 
diutissime. 

Dium, i (neut. 2 decl.). The open 
air, the sky. 

Dius, a, um (adj.). Divine. From 
this, with the digamma inserted, 
comes Divus, a, um, same mean- 
ing. 

Diutius (adv. comparative of diu). 
Longer, for a longer time. 

Diutissime (adv. superlative of 
diu). A very long time, for a 
very long time. 

Diuturnus, a, um (adj. from diu). 



DOL 

Long, of long duration or con- 
tinuance. 

Diva, m (fem. 1 decl.). A god- 
dess. 

Diversus, a, um (adj. from dis and 
verto). 1. Turned another way ', 
turned different ways. 2. Dif- 
ferent. 3. Opposite, contrary. 

Dives, itis (adj.), Rich, wealthy, 
opulent. Instead of divitior and 
divitissimus, the more usual 
forms are ditior and ditissimus, 
from ditis. 

DlVIDO, VIDERE, V1SI, VISUM (a. V. 

3 conj. from dis and iduo). To 
divide, to part, to separate. 

DlVINO, ARE, AVI, A.TUM (a. V. 1 

conj. from divinus). To divine, 
to foresee, to predict, 

Divinus, a, um (adj. from divus). 
Divine, heavenly. 

DivitLe, arum (fem. 1 decl. wants 
the singular, from dives). Rich- 
es, wealth. 

Divus, i (masc. 2 decl.). A god, 
a deified person. 

Divus, a, um (adj.). Divine. 

Do, DARE, DEDI, DATUM (a. V. 1 

conj.). To give, to bestow, to 
grant. 

D5CE0, DOCERE, DOCUI, DOCTUM (a. 

v. 2 conj.). 1. To point out, to 

show. 2. To teach, to instruct, 

to inform. 
Docilis, is, e (verbal adj. from 

doceo). Docile, teachable, apt 

to learn or to be taught. 
Doctrina, m (fem. 1 decl. from 

doceo). 1. The art of teaching, 

instruction. 2. Learning, eru- 
dition. 
Doctus, a, um (part, from doceo). 

Taught. 
Doctus, a, um (verbal adj. from 

doceo). Learned, skilled. 
Dolens, entis (part, from doleo). 

Grieving, sorrowing, in pain. 
Doleo, dolere, dolui, dolitum 

(neut. v. 2 conj.). To grieve, 

to be sad, to be in pain. 
Dolor, oris (masc. 2 decl. from 

doleo). Grief, pain, distress, 

sorrow, anguish, 
Dolus, i (masc. 2 decl.). A de~ 



DUB 

vice, a trick, an artifi.ee, a strata- 
gem, a piece of treachery. 

Domesticus, a, um (adj. from do- 
mus). Domestic, familiar, pri- 
vate. 

Domicilium, i (neut. 2 decl. from 
domus and colo). A house, hab- 
itation, abode, residence, dwell- 
ing-place. 

DSminatus, us (masc. 4 decl. from 
dominor). Rule, sway, regal 
authority, reign. 

Dominor, ari, atus sum (dep. v. 1 
conj. from dominus). To rule, 
to bear sway, to reign over. 

Dominus, i (masc. 2 decl. from 
domo). 1. A master, a master 
of a house, a master of slaves, a 
lord, a ruler. 2. The Lord. 

Domitianus, i (prop. n. 2 decl. 
masc). Domitian, an infamous 
Roman emperor. 

Domo, domare, domui, domitum 
a. v. 1 conj.). To subdue, to 
overcome, to break or tame ani- 
mals. 

Domus, us, and i (fem. 4th and 2d 
decl.). A house, home, habita- 
tion, dwelling, place of abode. 
Domus, the genitive of the 4th 
decl., "of a house ;" but Domi, 
the genitive of the 2d decl., "at 
hom.e." 

DONO, ARE, AVI, ATUM (a. V. I 

conj.). To present, to bestow, 
to give liberally. 

Donum, i (neut. 2 decl.). A gift, 
a present, a free gift. 

Dormio, ire, ivi, itum (neut. V. 4 
conj.). To sleep, to be asleep. 

Dormito, are, avi, atum (frequen- 
tative neuter verb, from dormio, 
1 conj.). To nod, to sleep by 
fits and starts, to slumber, to be 



Dorsum, i (neut. 2 decl.). 1. The 

back, whether of man or beast. 

2. The ridge of a mountain. 
Dos, dotis (fern. 3 decl.). A mar- 

riage portion, a dowry, either in 

money or lands. 
Drusus, i (prop. n. 2 decl. masc). 

Drusus. 
Dubitatio, onis (fem. 3 decl. from 
303 



DUP 

bubito). A doubting, doubt, un- 
certainty, hesitation. 

DUBITO, ARE, AVI, ATUM (neut. V. 

1 conj. from dubius). To be in 
doubt, to be uncertain, to hesitate, 
to scruple. 

Dubius, a, tJM (adj.). Doubtful, 
dubious, uncertain, hesitating, 
wavering. 

Ducent, je, a (distributive numeral, 
from ducenti). Two hundred 
each. 

Ducentesimus, a, um (numeral adj. 
from ducenti). The two hun- 
dredth. 

Ducenti, je, a (numeral adj. from 
duo and centum). Two hundred. 

Duco, ducere, duxi, ductum (a. 
v. 3 conj.). 1. To dravj, to lead. 
2. To spend, to pass. 3. To 
esteem, to think, to consider, to 
regard, to deem. 

Dulcis, is, e (adj.). Sweet, pleas- 
ant, delicious. 

Dum (adv. of time). While, until. 

Dum (conj.). Provided that. 

Dummodo (conj.). Provided only, 
so that. Compounded of dum 
and modo, and sometimes separ- 
ated by an intervening word. 

Duo, je, o (numeral adj.). Two. 

Duodecimus, a, um (numeral adj. 
from duodecim). The twelfth. 

Duodeni, je, a (distributive numer- 
al, from duodecim). Twelve by 
twelve, twelve each. 

Duodequadragesimus (num. adj. 
from duo, de, and quadragesi- 
mus). Thirty- eighth. 

Duodetricesimus, a, um (numeral 
adj. from duo, de, and tricesi- 
mus). The twenty-eighth. 

Duodetricies (numeral adv. from 
duo, de, and tricies). Twenty- 
eight times. 

Duodetriginta (numeral adj. from 
duo, de, and triginta). Twenty- 
eight. 

Duodevicies (numeral adv. from 
duo, de, and vicies). Eighteen 
times. 

Duplex, plicis (adj. from duo and 
plica, " a fold"). Twice as 
much, twofold, double. 
304 



EDI 

DUPLICO, ARE, AVI, ATUM (a. V. 1 

conj. from duplex). To make 
twice as many or great, to 

double. 

Duplo (proportional numeral, from 
duplus). Twice as much. Du- 
plo major, twice as large. 

Duplus, a, um (proportional nu- 
meral). Twice as much. Used 
chiefly in the neuter, duplum or 
duplo, the latter being the abla- 
tive of measure. 

Duritia, je (1 decl.), and Duri- 
ties, ei (5 decl. both fem. from 
durus). Hardness, callousness. 

Durities, vid. Duritia. 

Durus, a, um (adj.). Hard, solid, 
firm. 

Duumvir, viri (masc. 2 decl. from 
duo and vir). A duumvir, the 
title of a Roman magistracy. 

Dux, ducis (masc. and fem. 3 decl.). 
A leader, a guide, a conductor, a 
general, a commander. 

E. 

E, before a vowel Ex (prep, with 
ablative). Out, out of, from, &c. 
In composition it implies from, 
away, out of, and carries with it 
the force of greatly, earnestly, 
negation, &c. 

Eboracum (commonly, but less cor- 
rectly given with a long penult ; 
prop. n. 2 decl. masc). York. 
Novum Eboracum, New-York. 

Ebrius, a, um (adj.). Intoxicated, 
inebriated. 

"Ebur, oris (neut. 3 decl.). Ivory. 

Ecce (interj.). hoi behold! 

Ecclesia, ^e (fem. 1 decl.). A 
church. 

ECQUIS, ECQUuE, ECQUOD Or ECQUID 

(interrog. pron.). 1. Any ? who ? 
what? 2. Whether? In this 
latter sense ecquid alone is oc- 
casionally employed. Sometimes 
in the nominative, ecqui and ec- 
qua are used for ecquis and ec- 
qucB respectively. 

~Edax, acis (adj. from edo). Vo- 
racious, gluttonous, eating much, 
ravenous, rapacious. 

"Edictum, i (neut. 2 decl. from 



EFF 
edico). An edict, proclamation, 
ordinance, decree. 

"Edisco, discere, didici (a. v. 3 
conj. from e and disco). To 
learn thoroughly, to learn by 
heart. 

w Edo, edere or esse, edi, esum 
(irreg. a. v. 3 conj.)- To eat, to 
consume, to waste away, to prey 
upon, to corrode. 

"Edo, edere, edidi, editum (a. v. 
3 conj.). To utter, to put forth, 
to publish, to declare, to show, to 
tell, to relate, to make known. 

"Edoceo, docere, docui, doctum 
(a, v. 2 conj. from e and doceo). 
To teach, to instruct carefully, 
to show. 

"Educatio, onis (fern. 3 decl. from 
educo, are). 1. A bringing up, 
a nurturing, a rearing. 2. Ed- 
ucation, instruction. 

"Educo, are, avi, atum (a. v. 1 
conj. from e and duco). To ed- 
ucate, to bring up, to instruct, to 
form. 

"Educo, ducere, duxi, ductum (a. 
v. 3 conj. from e and duco). To 
draw forth, to lead forth. 

Effeminatus, a, um (verbal adj. 
from effemino), Delicate, ef- 
feminate. 

Effemino, are, avi, atum (a. v. 1 
conj. from ex and femina). To 
make effeminate, to enervate. 

Effero, efferre, extuli, ela- 
tum (irreg. a. v. 3 conj. from ex 
and fero). 1. To bring forth, 
to carry forth or out. 2. To pro- 
duce, to yield. 3. To publish, to 
spread abroad. 

Efficio, ficere, feci, fectum (a. 
v. 3 conj. from ex and facio). 
To effect, to accomplish, to bring 
to pass, to fulfil. 

Effigies, ei (fern. 5 decl. from ef- 
fingo). An image, representa- 
tion, resemblance, likeness, por- 
trait. 

Effingo, fingere, finxi, fictum 
(a. v. 3 conj. from ex and fingo). 
To fashion, to form, to represent, 
to portray, to describe, to express. 

Effugio, fugere, fugi (neut. v. 
26* 



EMI 

from ex and fugio). To flee or 

escape from. 
Effundo, fundere, fudi, fusum 

(a. v. 3 conj. from ex and fun- 
do). To pour forth or out, to 

shed, to spill. 
Effutio, ire, ivi, itum (v. a. 4 

conj. from ex and futio). To 

prate, to speak foolishly ', to babble. 
TEgens, entis (verbal adj. from 

egeo). Needy, in want. 
"Egenus, a, um (adj. from egeo). 

In want, needy, destitute. 
w Ego (personal pronoun). I. 
"Egomet (personal pron. from ego 

with the suffix met). I myself. 
"Egredior, egredt, egressus sum 

(dep. v. 3 conj. from e and gra- 

dior). To go out ox forth. 
"Egregius, a, um (adj. from e and 

grex). 1. Out of the common 

herd. 2. Excellent, remarkable, 

eminent, surpassing. 
"Ehem (interj.). Hah ! ahah ! 
"Eheu (interj.). Ah! alas! 
Ehodum (interj.). Hoa ! soho ! 
Eia (interj.). On! come! 
"Elegans, antis (adj.). Elegant. 
"Eleganter (adv. from elegans). 

Elegantly, choicely. 
"Elegantia, m (fern. 1 decl. from 

elegans). Elegance. 
"Elephantus, i (masc. and fern. 2 

decl.). An elephant. 
~Elephas, antis (masc. 3 decl.). 

An elephant. 
"Eliacus, a, um (adj.). Elian, of 

or belonging to Elis, in Greece. 
"Eligo, ligere, legi, lectum (a. 

v. 3 conj. from e and lego). To 

choose, to select, to pick out. 
"Eloquentia, j& (fern. 1 decl. from 

eloquor). Eloquence. 
"Emendo, are, avi, atum (a. v. 1 

conj. from e and mendum, " a 

fault," " a blunder"). To amend, 

to correct, to improve, to reform. 
"Emineo, minere, minui (neut. v. 

2 conj.). To rise or grow up, 

to be raised above, to stand out, 

to project. 
"Eminus (adv. from e and manus). 

From a distance, at a distance, 

far off, aloof. 

305 



EQU 

"ExvTO, EMERE, EMI, EMPTUM (a. V. 

3 conj.). 1. To take. 2. To 
buy, to purchase. 

En (interj.). Lo ! behold ! see ! 

"Enarro, are, avi, Itum (a. v. 1 
conj. from e and narro). To 
tell at length, to tell from begin- 
ning to end, to relate fully, to 
particularize, to narrate. 

"Eneco, are, ui, ctum (a. v. 1 conj. 
from e and neco). To kill, to 
slay, to destroy. 

"Enim (conj.). For. 

"Enitor, niti, nisus and nixus 
sum (dep. v. 3 conj. from e and 
nitor). To strive vigorously, 
to struggle, to endeavour, to try 
hard. 

Ensis, is (masc. 3decl.). A sword. 

~Eo, ire, ivi, itum (irreg. v.). To 

g°- 

w Eo (adv.). 1. Thither, to that 
place or quarter. 2. So far, to 
such a degree, to such a pitch. 

Epaminondas, je (prop. n. 1 decl. 
masc). Epaminondas, a cele- 
brated Theban commander. 

"Ephesus, i (prop. n. 2 decl. fern.). 
Ephesus, a famous city of Ionia, 
in Asia Minor. 

"Ephesius, a, um (adj. from Ephe- 
sus). Ephesian, of or belonging 
to Ephesus. 

"Epicureus, a, um (adj. from Epi- 
curus). Epicurean, of or be- 
longing to Epicurus. 

"Epistola, m (fern. 1 decl.). A 
letter, an epistle. 

"Epui.^e, arum (fern. 1 decl.). A 
feast, a banquet. In the singu- 
lar, epulum, i, a feast connected 
with a sacrifice, a sacred banquet. 

v Epulor, ari, atus sum (dep. v. 1 
conj. from epulis). To feast, 
to banquet. 

"Eques, itis (masc. and fern. 3 
decl. from equus). A mounted 
person, a horseman. 

"Equester, this, tre (adj. from 
eques). Equestrian, pertaining 
to a horseman. 

"Equito, are, avi, Itum (neut. v. 
1 conj. from eques). To ride. 

w Equus, i (masc. 2 decl.). A horse. 
306 



EU 

"Erectus, a, um (verbal adj. from 
erigo). Erect, upright, eleva- 
ted, raised on high. 

Erga (prep, with the accusative). 
Towards. 

Ergo (conj.). Therefore. 

"Eripio, ripere, ripui, reptum 
(a. v. 3 conj. from e and rapio). 
To take ojway by force, to snatch 
away, to take away, to rescue. 

"Eris, idis (prop. n. fern. 3 decl.). 
The goddess of discord, Eris. 

Erro, are, Ivi, Itum (neut. v. 1 
conj.). To wander, to stray. 

Erro, onis (masc. 3 decl.). A 
wanderer, a vagabond. 

Error, 5ris (masc. 3 decl.). Er- 
ror, wandering, going out of the 
way. 

"Eruca, m (fern. 1 decl.). The 
palmer-worm, the canker-worm. 

'Erudio, ire, ivi, itum (a. v. 4 
conj. from e and rudis). To 
bring out of a rude state, to in- 
struct, to teach, to educate. 

"Eruditio, onis (fern. 3 decl. from 
erudio). 1. Teaching, instruc- 
tion. 2. Erudition, knowledge, 
learning. 

"Eruditus, a, um (part, from eru- 
dio). Having been instructed, 
&c 

"Eruditus, a, um (verbal adj. from 
erudio). Learned, erudite. 

Esca, m (fern. 1 decl.). Food, 
meat, victuals. 

Esculentus, a, um (adj. from es- 
ca). Eatable, thai may be eaten, 
fit for eating, good for food, es- 
culent. 

Esurio, ire, ivi, itum (neut. desid. 
v. 4 conj. from edo). To desire 
to eat, to be hungry. 

"Esurio, onis (masc. 3 decl. from 
esurio). A hungry person. 

Et (conjc). And, both, also, even, 

Etenim (conjc). For, because that, 
truly. 

Etiam (conjc). Also, likewise, be- 
sides. 

Eti amsi (conjc. from etiam and si). 
Although, even though. 

Etsi (conjc). Although, though. 

Eu (interj.). Well done I bravo ! 



EXC 

Eose (interj.). Good ! fine ! well 

done ! bravo ! 
Euripides, is (prop. n. 3 decl. 

masc). Euripides, a celebrated 

Athenian tragic poet. 
Europa, m (prop. n. 1 decl. fern.). 

Europe. 

"EviDO, VADERE, VASI, VASUM (a. 

v. 3 conj. from e and vado). 1. 
To go forth, to go out, to depart, 
to escape. 2. To turn out, to 
become. 
"E vax (interj.). Hurra! huzza! 

"EVERTO, VERTERE, VERTI, VERSUM 

(a. v. 3 conj. from e and verto). 
To overturn, to turn upside down, 
to overthrow. 

INVITO, ARE, AVI, ATUM (a. V. 1 

conj. from e and vito). To 
avoid, to shun, to elude. 

"Evoe (interj.). Hurra ! huzza ! 

"Evolo, are, avi, atum (neut. v. 
1 conj. from e and volo). 1. 
To fly forth, to fly away. 2. 
To sally forth. 

"Evolvo, volvere, volvi, volu- 
tum (a. v. 3 conj. from e and 
volvo). To roll forth or out, to 
roll away, to unfold, to evolve. 

Ex, vid. E. 

Exactus, a, um (part, from exigo). 
Driven out or away, expelled, 
banished. 

Exactus, a, um (verbal adj. from 
exigo). Finished, exact f com- 
plete. 

Excedo, cedere, cessi, cessum 
(neut. v. 3 conj. from ex and ce- 
do). To depart, to go forth, to 
retire, to withdraw. 

Excellens, entis (part, from ex- 
cello). Excelling. 

Excellens, entis (verbal adj. from 
excello). Excellent. 

Excello, cellere, cellui (neut. 
v. 3 conj.). To excel, to outdo. 

Excidium, i (neut. 2 decl. from 
excido). Destruction, ruin. 

Excido, cidere, cidi (neut. v. 3 
conj. from ex and cado). 1. To 
fall out or from. 2. To fail, to 
perish, to be destroyed, to be for- 
gotten. 

Excido, cidere, cidi, cisum (a. v. 



EXI 

3 conj. from ex and c^edo). 1. 
To cut out or away. 2. To over- 
throw, to destroy, to raze. 

EXCITO, ARE, AVI, ATUM (a. V. 1 

conj. frequentative from excieo). 
To excite, to arouse, to summon 
forth. 

EXCOGITO, ARE, AVI, ATUM (a. V. I 

conj. from ex and cogito). To 
consider thoroughly, to devise, to 
contrive. 

EXCUSO, ARE, AVI, ATUM (a. V. 1 

conj. from ex and causa). To 
excuse, to allege in excuse. 

EXCUTIO, CUTERE, CUSSI, CUSSUM 

(a. v. 3 conj. from ex and qua- 
tio). I. To shake off or out, to 
strike or dash out. 2. To exam- 
ine. 

Exemplar and Exemplare, is 
(neut. 3 decl.). An example, a 
precedent, a pattern, a copy. 

Exemplum, i (neut. 2 decl.). An 
example, a pattern, a transcript, 
a copy. 

Exeo, ire, ivi or ii, itum (neut. v. 
irreg. from ex and eo). To go 
forth, to go out,, to leave, to de- 
part. 

Exerceo, cere, cui, citum (a. v. 
2 conj. from ex and arceo). To 
exercise, to train. 

Exercitatio, onis (fem. 3 decl. 
from exercito). Exercise. 

Exercito, are, avi, atum (fre- 
quentative a. v. 1 conj. from ex- 
erceo). To exercise often, to 
exercise. 

Exercitus, us (masc. 4 decl. from 
exerceo). An army. 

Exhalatio, onis (fem. 3 decl. from 
ex halo). An exhalation, a va- 
pour, a fume. 

Exigo, igere, egi, actum (a. v. 1 
conj. from ex and ago). To 
lead out or forth. 2. To drive 
out. 3. To exact, to demand, to 
require. 

Exiguus, a, um (adj. from ex and 
egeo). Scanty, slender, small. 

Exilium, vid. Exsilium. 

Exitiosus, a, um (adj. from exiti- 
um). Destructive, pernicious, 
hurtful. 

307 



EXP 

Exitium, n (neut. 2 decl. from ex- 
eo). Destruction, ruin. 

Exitus, us (masc. 4 decl. from 
exeo). 1. A going out, an exit. 
2. Death, an end of life, an end 
or termination generally, an is- 
sue. 

Exoptatus, a, um (verbal adj. from 
exopto). Earnestly wished or 
longed for, greatly desired. 

Exopto, are, avi, atum (a. v. ] 
conj. from ex and opto). To 
wish or desire earnestly, to long 
for greatly. 

Expello, pellere, puli, pulsum 
(a. v. 3 conj. from ex and pello). 
To drive out or away, to expel. 

ExPERIOR, PERIRI, PERTUS SUM 

(dep. v. 4 conj.). To try, to at- 
tempt, to prove, to experience. 

Expertus, a, um (part, from ex- 
perior). Having tried or ex- 
perienced. 

Expertus, a, um (verbal adj. from 
experior). Tried, experienced, 
proved. 

EXPETO, PETERE, PETIVI and PETII, 

petitum (a. v. 3 conj. from ex 
and peto). To seek or desire 
earnestly, to long for, to covet. 

EXPLICO, ARE, AVI, ATUM (a. V. 1 

conj. from ex and flico). To 
unfold, to open, to spread out, to 
develop, to explain. 

EXPLODO, PLODERE, PL5SI, PLOSUM 

(a. v. 3 conj. from ex and plau- 
do). 1. To throw out forcibly 
and with a loud noise. 2. To 
hiss an actor or piece off the 
stage, to manifest disapprobation 
of one by hissing. 

ExPONO, PONERE, POSUI, POSITUM 

(a. v. 3 conj. from ex and pono). 
To place or put out, to set forth, 
to expose, to relate, to tell. 

Expressus, a, um (verbal adj. from 
exprimo). 1. Expressed, press- 
ed or squeezed out. 2. Evident, 
express, manifest, clear. 

Expugnatio, ONis (fem. 3 decl. 
from expugno). A taking by 
assault, a carrying by storm. 

Expugno, are, avc, atum (a. v. 1 
conj. from ex and pugno). To 
308 



FAB 

take by storm, to conquer, van' 
quish, subdue. 

Expungo, pungere, punxi, punc- 
tum (a. v. 3 conj. from ex and 
pungo). To blot out, to efface, 
to expunge. 

Expurgatio, onis (fem. 3 decl. 
from expurgo). A cleansing, a 
purifying, a clearing, an expur- 
gating. 

Expurgo, are, avi, atum (a. v. 1 
conj. from ex and purgo). To 
cleanse, to purify. 

Exsilium, ii (neut. 2 decl.). Exile. 

EXSPECTO, ARE, AVI, ATUM (a. V. 1 

conj. from ex and specto). To 

look for, to wait for, to expect. 
Exspiro, are, avi, atum (a. V. 1 

conj. from ex and spiro). To 

breathe out, to expire. 
Exstinguo, stinguere, stinxi, 

stinctum (a. v. 3 conj. from ex 

and stinguo). To put out, to 

extinguish, to destroy. 

ExSTRUO, STRUERE, STRUXI, STRUC- 

tum (a. v. 3 conj. from ex and 
struo). To build up, to raise, 
to rear, to pile up, to erect. 

Exsul, ulis (masc. 3 decl.). An 
exile. 

Exter, era, erum, and Exterus, 
a, um (adj.). Of another coun- 
try, foreign, external. 

Externum, a, um (adj. from ex- 
ter). Outward, external, for- 
eign. 

Extimus, a, um (adj. from exter, 
in the superlative). The outer- 
most, the last. 

Extra (prep, with accusative). 
Without, outside of. 

Extremus, a, um (adj. superl. de- 
gree, from exter). Extreme, 
last, final. 

Exuo, uere, ui, utum (a. v. 3 
conj.). 1. To strip off, to take 
off, to put off. 2. To deprive, to 
strip. 

F. 

Faber, bri (masc 2 decl.). 1. A 

workman, one who works in iron, 

wood, brass, marble, or other 

hard materials. 2. A smith, an 



FAM 
artificer, a handicraftsman. 3. 
Faber ferrarius, a blacksmith. 
Faber argeritarius, a goldsmith, 
&c. 

Fabius, i (prop. n. 2 decl. masc). 
Fabius. 

Fabricatio, onis (fern. 3 decl. 
from fabrico). A making, con- 
structing, forming, fabricating. 

Fabula, je (fern. 1 decl. from fa- 
ri). 1. A report or saying, the 
subject of common talk, a rumour. 
2. A fable, tale, story. 3. The 
subject of a drama. 

Facies, ei (fern. 5 decl. from fa- 
cio). 1. The face, countenance, 
features, visage. 2. A look, an 
aspect, an appearance generally. 

Facile (adv. from facilis). Ea- 
sily, readily, without difficulty. 

Facilis, is, e (adj. from facio). 

1 . Easy, ready. 2. Prosperous, 
successful. 

Facinus, oris (neut. 3 decl. from 
facio). 1. A bold or daring ac- 
tion, an exploit (either good or 
bad). 2. (More frequently) Wick- 
edness, guilt, crime. 

Facio, facere, feci, factum (a. v. 
3 conj.). 1. To make, to do, to 
act. 2. To esteem, to value. 

Factum, i (neut. 2 decl. from fa- 
cio). An action, a deed, any- 
thing done. 

Facultas, atis (fern. 3 decl. from 
facilitas, contracted facul- 
tas). 1. Power, ability, faculty. 

2. Occasion, opportunity. In the 
plural, means, resources, &c. 

Tjex, f^cis (fern. 3 decl.). 1. 
The dregs, either of wine or other 
things, sediment. 2. Pickle, brine. 

3. A kind of savxe. 

Fagus, i (fern. 2 decl.). A beech- 
tree. 

Falco, onis (masc. 3 decl.). A 
falcon. 

Falsus, a, um (adj. from fallo). 
False, untrue, treacherous, pre- 
tended. 

Falsus, a, um (part, from fallo). 
Mistaken, deceived. 

Fama, m (fern. 1 decl.). Fame, 
report, rumour. 



FEL 

Famelicus, a, um (adj. from fa- 
mes). Hungry, starved, fam- 
ished. 

Fames, is (fern. 3 decl.). Hunger, 
famine. 

Familia, m (fem. 1 decl. from fam- 
ulus). A family, a household. 
The literal and primitive mean- 
ing is, the slaves belonging to one 
master. 

Famula, je (fem. 1 decl.). A fe- 
male slave, a maid-servant, a 
handmaid. 

Famulus, i (masc. 2 decl.). A 
slave, servant, attendant. 

Fannius, ii (prop. n. masc. 2 decl.). 
Fannius. 

Fanum, i (neut. 2 decl.). 1. A 
piece of ground consecrated for a 
temple. 2. A temple, a fane, a 
sacred place, a church. 

Far, farris (neut. 3 decl.). 1. 
Spelt, a species of wheat. 2. 
Grain generally, corn. 

Fastidium, ii (neut. 2 decl. from 
fast us, us). Loathing, fastidi- 
ousness, disgust, disdain, con- 
tempt, pride, haughtiness. 

Fastus, us (masc. 4 decl). Pride, 
haughtiness, disdain, arrogance. 

Fateor, fateri, fassus sum (dep. 
v. 2 conj.). To confess, to own, 
to acknowledge. 

Fauces, ium (fem. 3 decl. plural 
number, the singular faux, Fau- 
cis, being not in use). 1. The 
larynx, the top of the gullet, the 
weasand. 2. More commonly 
rendered the jaws, the throat. 

Faveo, favere, favi, fautum 
(neut. v. 2 conj.). To favour, 
to countenance, to befriend. 

Favor, oris (masc. 3 decl. from 
faveo). Favour, support. 

Favus, i (masc. 2 decl.). A hon- 
eycomb. 

Fax, facis (fem. 3 decl.). A torch. 

Februarius (masc. 2 decl.). Feb- 
ruary. 

Fecundus or Fcecundus, a, um 
(adj . ). Fruitful, fertile, abound- 
ing. 

Fel, fellis (neut. 3 decl.). The 
gall, gall. 

309 



FIG 

FelIcitas, atis (fern. 3 decl. from 
f e l i x ) . Happiness, felicity. 

Felis or Feles, is (fern. 3 decl.)- 
A cat. 

Felix, icis (adj.)- 1. Happy, fe- 
licitous. 2. Fortunate, prosper- 
ous, auspicious. 

Femina, m (fem. 1 decl.). A wo- 
man, a female. 

Fenestra, je (fem. 1 decl.). A 
window. 

Fera, je (fem. 1 decl.). A wild 
beast, a wild creature. 

Fere (adv.). Almost, nearly. 

Fero, ferre, tuli, latum (irreg. 
v.). 1. To bear, to carry, to 
bring. 2. To shoiv, to offer, to 
exhibit. 3. To carry off, to ob- 
tain, to bear off, to gain. 

Ferox, ocis (adj. from fera). In- 
solent, fierce, ferocious, bold, 
cruel. 

Ferrarius (adj. from ferrum). 
Of or belonging to iron. Faber 
ferrarius, a blacksmith. Vid. 
Faber. 

Ferreus, a, um (adj. from fer- 
rum). 1. Of iron. 2. Cruel, 
hard-hearted. 

Ferrum, i (neut. 2 decl.). Iron. 

Fertilis, is, e (adj. from fero). 
Fertile, fruitful, abundant, pro- 
lific, rich. 

Ferus, a, um (adj.). Savage, wild, 
fierce, cruel. 

Festus, a, um (adj.). 1. Festal, 
festive, joyful. 2. Festus dies, 
a holy day, a festival. 

Fictilis, is, e (adj. from fingo). 
Made of earth or clay, earthen, 
fictile. 

Fictus, a, um (verbal adj. from 
fin go). 1. Made, formed, fash- 
ioned. 2. False, feigned, coun- 
terfeit, made up for the occasion. 

Ficus, us and i (fem. 4 and 2 decl.). 
I. A fig-tree. 2. A fig. 

Fidelis, is, e (adj. from fides). 
Faithful, trusty, sure, sincere. 

Fides, ei (fem. 5 decl.). Faith, 

truth, honesty, veracity. 
Fidus, a, um (adj.). Faithful, to 

be relied upon, trusty. 
Figura, je (fem. 1 decl. from fin- 
310 



FON 

go). A figure, form, shape, im- 
age, likeness. 

Filia, je (fem. 1 decl.). A daugh- 
ter. 

Filius, i (masc. 2 decl.). A son. 

Filum, i (neut. 2 decl ). A thread. 

Finis, is (masc. and fem. 3 decl.). 
An end, a termination. 

Finitimus, a, um (adj.). Neigh- 
bouring, bordering upon, adjoin- 
ing. It applies literally to those 
whose boundaries (fines) touch. 

Firmus, a, um (adj.). Firm, stable, 
steady, constant, sure, solid. 

Flagitium, i (neut. 2 decl.). A 
disgraceful crime, an act of in- 
famy, profligacy, flagitiousness. 

Flamma, je (fem. 1 decl.). A 
flame. 

Flavus, a, um (adj.). Yellow, of 
the colour of gold. 

Florens, entis (verbal adj. from 
floreo). Flourishing, bloom- 
ing, blossoming. 

Floreo, ere, ui (neut. 2 conj. from 
flos). To flourish, to bloom, to 
blossom, to flower. 

Flos, floris (masc. 3 decl.). A 
flower. 

Fluctus, us (masc. 4 decl. from 
fluo). A wave, surge, billow. 

F lumen, inis (neut. 3 decl. from 
fluo). A stream, a river. 

Fluo, fluere, fluxi, fluxum 
(neut. v. 3 conj.). To flow. 

Fluvialis, is, e (adj. from flu- 
vius). Of or belonging to rivers, 
living in rivers. 

Fluvius, i (masc. 2 decl. from 
fluo). A river. 

Fcecundus, vid. Fecundus. 

Fcederatus, a, um (adj.). Con- 
federate, united. Civitates Fee- 
deratas, the United States. 

Fcedus, eris (neut. 3 decl.). A 
league, covenant, treaty. 

Fcedus, a, um (adj.). Foul, ugly, 
deformed, loathsome. 

Fgenum, i (neut. 2 decl.). Hay. 

Folium, i (neut. 2 decl). A leaf. 

Follis, is (masc. 3 decl.). A pair 
of bellows. 

Fons, fontis (masc. 3 decl.). 1 
A fountain, spring, source. 2, 



FRA 

The principal head or origin of 
anything. 

Foramen, inis (neut. 3 decl.). -4 
hole, a small aperture, an open- 
ing. 

Foras (adv.). Out of doors, out, 
forth. It differs from foris in 
denoting motion" from one place 
to another; as, exi foras, "get 
out of doors ;" but esse foris, " to 
be out of doors." 

Fore (fut. infin. of the defective 
verb forem). To be about to be. 

Forem (defective verb). / should 
be. 

Fores, ium (fern. 3 decl. plural 
number. The singular foris, is, 
is seldom found). A door, doors, 
a gate, gates. 

Forma, m (fern. 1 decl.). A form, 
shape, figure. 

Formica, m (fern. 1 decl.). An 
ant, an emmet. 

Formosus, a, dm (adj. from for- 
ma). Beautiful, handsome. 

Fornax, acis (fem. 3 decl.). A 
stove, a furnace. 

Fors, fortis (fem. 3 decl.). 
Chance. 

Fortasse (adv.). Perhaps. 

Forte (adv.). By chance. Prop- 
erly the ablative of fors. When 
joined to a verb, it is best ren- 
dered by some part of the Eng- 
lish verbs " to chance" or " to 
happen ;" as, forte ibam, I chan- 
ced to be going ; forte veniam, I 
may chance to come, &c. 

Fortis, is, e (adj.). Brave, gal- 
lant, valiant. 

Fortiter (adv. from fortis). Val- 
iantly, bravely, courageously. 

Fortitudo, inis (fem. 3 decl. from 
fortis). Fortitude, resolution, 
bravery, courage, firmness. 

Fortuna, je (fem. 1 decl. from 
fors). Fortune, chance, adven- 
ture. 

Fr actus, a, um (verbal adj. from 
frango). Broken. 

Fragilis, is, e (adj. from frango). 
Frail, brittle, weak. 

Fragum, i (neut. 2 decl.). A straw- 
berry. 



FRU 
Franco-Gallia (prop. n. 1 decl. 

fem.). France. 
Franco-Gallicus (adj.). French 
Franco-Galli (prop. n. 2 decl. 

masc). The French. 
Frango, frangere, fregi, frac- 

tum (a. v. 3 conj.). To break, 

to break in pieces. 
Frater, tris (masc. 3 decl.). A 

brother. 
Fraus, fraudis (fem. 3 decl.). 

Fraud, deceit, guile, treachery, 

imposition, dishonesty. 
Fraxinus, i (fem. 2 decl.). An 

ash. 
Frequens, entis (adj.). 1. Fre- 
quent, constant. 2. Numerous, 

many. 
Frequento, are, avi, atum (a. v. 

1 conj. from frequens). To 

frequent, to go often to, to resort 

much to. 
Frico, fricare, fricui, frictum 

(a. v. 1 conj.). To rub, to anoint. 
Fridericus, i (prop. n. 2 decl. 

masc). Frederic. 
Frigidus, a, um (adj. from frigus). 

Cold. 
Frigus, oris (neut. 3 decl.). Cold. 
Frivolus, a, um (adj.). Frivolous, 

trifling, empty, vain. 
Frons, frondis (fem. 3 decl.). A 

leaf. 
Frons, frontis (fem. 3 decl.). 

The forehead, the brow. 
Fructus, us (masc. 4 decl. from 

fruor). Fruit, the fruits ox pro- 
ductions of the earth. 
Frugalis, is, e (adj. from fruges). 

Frugal, thrifty, careful, saving. 
Frugalitas, atis (fem. from fru- 
galis). Frugality. 
Fruges, um (fem. 3 decl. plural 

number. Nominative singular 

frux, not in use). 1. The fruits 

or productions of the earth, grain. 

2. The fruit of trees. 
Frugifer, era, erum (adj. from 

fruges and fero). Fruitful, 

fertile, bearing fruit. 
Frumentum, i (neut. 2 decl.). 

Corn, grain of all kinds, more 

particularly wheat and barley. 
Fruor, frui, fruitus, and fruc- 
311 



FUN 

tus sum (dep. v. 3 conj.). To 

enjoy, to reap the fruits of. 
Frustra, (adv.). In vain, to no 

purpose. 
Frustratus, a, um (verbal adj. 

from frustror). Frustrated, 

disappointed. 
Frustratus, us (masc. 4 decl. from 

frustror). A disappointing, a 

deceiving. 
Frutex, icis (masc. 3 decl.). A 

shrub, a plant, a young tree. 

FuGIO, FUGERE, FUGI, FUGITUM (a. 

v. -3 conj.). 1. To flee, to run 
away, to escape. 2. To shun, 
to avoid. 

FlJGO, ARE, AVI, ATUM (a. V. 1 COnj.). 

To put to flight, to rout, to dis- 
comfit. 

Fulgens, entis (verbal adj. from 
fulgeo). Shining, bright, reful- 
gent, resplendent. 

Fulgeo, fulgere, fulsi (neut. v. 
2 conj.). To shine, to be bright, 
to glitter, to be refulgent. 

Fulgur, uris (neut. 3 decl. from 
fulgeo). A flash of lightning, 
lightning. 

Fuligo, iNis (fern. 3 decl.). Soot. 

Fulmen, inis (neut. 3 decl ). A 
stroke of lightning, a thunder- 
bolt. 

Fulvia, m (prop. n. 1 decl. fem.). 
Fulvia. 

FUMO, ARE, AVI, ATUM (neut. V. 1 

conj.). To emit smoke, to smoke. 

Fumus, i (masc. 2 decl.). Smoke. 

Fundamentum, i (neut. 2 decl. 
from fundo, are). A founda- 
tion, groundwork, basis. 

Funditus (adv.). From the very 
bottom, from the very foundation, 
utterly. 

Fundo, fundere, fudi, fusum (a. 
v. 3 conj.). To pour out, to 
fuse, to melt. 

Fundo, are, avi, atum (a. v. 1 
conj.). To found, to lay the 
foundations of. 

Fundum, i (neut. 2 decl.). A bot- 
tom of a vessel or vase, the bot- 
tom of anything. 

Fundus, i (masc. 2 decl.). An es- 
tate, a farm. 
312 



GER 

Fur, fur is (masc. and fem. 3 
decl.). A thief. 

Furax, acis (adj. from fur). Ad- 
dicted to stealing, thievish. 

Furca, m (fem. 1 decl.). A fork. 

Futurus, a, um (future part, from 
sum). About to be, that shall or 
will be. 

G. 

Galba, & (prop. n. 1 decl. masc). 

Galba. 

Galenus, i (prop. n. 2 decl. masc). 
Galen, a celebrated physician. 

Gallus, i (masc. 2 decl.). A cock. 

Gallus, i (prop. n. 2 decl. masc). 
A Gaul. 

Ganges, is (masc 3 decl.). The 
Ganges. 

Gaudeo, gaudere, gavisus sum 
(neuter passive v. 2 conj.). To 
be glad, to feel pleasure, to rejoice. 

Gaudium, ii (neut. 2 decl. from 
gaudeo). Joy, gladness, mirth. 

Gelu (neut. indeclinable). Frost, 
ice, cold. 

Gemma, je (fem. 1 decl.). A gem, 
a precious stone, a jewel. 

Gena, m (fem. 1 decl. more com- 
monly gen^33, arum, in the plu- 
ral). The cheek, the cheeks. 

Gener, eri (masc. 2 decl). A 
son-in-law. 

Geneva, m (prop. n. 1 decl. fem.). 
Geneva. 

Genius, i (masc. 2 decl.). A ge- 
nius, an immaterial being, that 
was supposed to attend every 
person from his birth to his death. 

Gens, gentis (fem. 3 decl.). A 
nation, a race. 

Genu (neut. indeclinable in the 
singular ; in the plural, genua, 

GENUUM, GENIBUS, &C.). A 

knee, the knees. 
Genus, eris (neut. 3 decl.). 1. 

A race, descent, family. 2. A 

kind, sort, quality, description. 
Georgius, ii (prop. n. 2 decl.). 

George. 
Germania, m (prop. n. 1 decl. 

fem.). Germany. 
Germanus, i (masc. 2 decl.). A 

German. 



GRA 

Gero, gerere, gessi, gestum (a. 
v. 3 conj.). 1. To bear, carry. 
2. To display, to show. 3. To 
represent, to support. Gerere 
morem, to comply with, to hu- 
mour, to gratify. 

Gesto, are, avi, atum (frequenta- 
tive a. v. 1 conj. from gero). 
To carry, to bear frequently, to 
carry about, to report. 

Gestus, a, um (part, from gero). 
Done, performed. Res gestae, 
exploits, operations. 

Geta, m (masc. 1 decl.). One of 
the Geta, a Scythian tribe. 

Geta, m (prop. n. 1 decl. masc). 
Geta. 

Glacies, ei (fem. 5 decl.). Ice. 

Gladius, i (masc. 2 decl.). A 
sword. 

Glans, glandis i/em. 3 decl.). An 
acorn. 

Glis, gliris (masc. 3 decl.). A 
dormouse. 

Globus, i (masc. 2 decl.). A ball, 
a globe, a round body. 

Gloria, m (fem. 1 decl). Glory. 

Gnomon, onis (masc. 3 decl.). 1. 
The pin of a dial. 2. A dial, a 
gnomon. 

Gracilis, is, e (adj.). Slender, 
thin, weak. 

Gradus, us (masc. 4 decl.). A 
step, a pace, a degree, condition, 
rank. 

Gr^ecia, m (prop. n. 1 decl. fem.). 
Greece. 

Gr^ecus, a, um (adj. from Gr^e- 
cia). Grecian, Greek. 

Gr^ecus, i (prop. n. 2 decl. masc). 
A Greek. 

Gramen, inis (neut. 3 decl). Fod- 
der, grass. 

Grando, inis (fem. 3 decl. ). Hail. 

Gratia, m (fem. 1 decl.). An act 
of kindness, a favour ; in the plu- 
ral commonly " thanks" Agere 
gratias, to return thanks, to ren- 
der thanks, to thank. 

Gratia, je (prop. n. 1 decl. fem.). 
A grace. In the plural, the Gra- 
ces, who were three in number. 

Gratus, a, um (adj.). 1. Pleasing, 
acceptable. 2. Grateful, thankful. 
27 



HAN 

Gravis, is, e (adj.). 1. Heavy, 

weighty, ponderous. 2. Impor- 
tant. 3. Difficult. 4. Acute, 
violent, severe. 

Grex, gregis (masc. 3 decl.). A 
flock, a herd. 

Grus, gruis (fem. and masc. 3 
decl.). A crane. 

Gueernator, oris (masc. 3 decl. 
from guberno). 1. A pilot. 2. 
A governor, a ruler, a director, 
a controller. 

Guberno, are, avi, atum (a. v. 1 
conj.). 1. To pilot. 2. To di- 
rect, to govern, to control. 

Gurges, itis (masc. 3 decl.). 1. 
A whirlpool, a gulf or ingulfing 
abyss. 2. A rapid, eddying 
stream. 

Gusto, are, avi, atum (a. v. 1 
conj.). To taste. 

Gustus, us (masc. 4 decl.). The 
sense of tasting, taste. 

Gutta, m (fem. 1 decl.). A 
drop. 

Gyges, is (prop. n. 3 decl. masc). 
Gyges. 

H. 

Ha (interj.) ! Ha ! ahah ! 

Habeo, ere, ui, itum (a. v. 2 
conj.). To have, to hold, to pos- 
sess, to keep. 

Habito, are, avi, atum (a. v. 1 
conj.). To inhabit, to occupy. 
It frequently appears without a 
case, as a species of intransitive 
verb. 

H^eres, edis, or Heres, edis 
(masc and fem. 3 decl.). An 
heir, an heiress. 

Halo, onis (fem. 3 decl.). A halo, 
a circle round the sun or moon. 

Halo, are, avi, atum (a. v. 1 
conj.). To breathe, to exhale, to 
emit an odour. 

Halys, ys (prop. n. 3 decl. masc). 
The Halys, a river of lower Asia, 
forming the eastern boundary of 
the dominions of Croesus. 

Hamilcar, Iris (prop. n. 3 decl. 
masc). Hamilcar, a Carthagin- 
ian name. 

Hannibal, alis (prop. n. 3 decl. 
313 



HES 

masc). Hannibal, a celebrated 
Carthaginian general. 

Hasdrubal, alis (prop. n. 3 decl. 
masc). Hasdrubal, a Cartha- 
ginian leader, the brother of Han- 
nibal. 

Hasta, je (fern. 1 decl.). A spear, 
a javelin, a lance. 

Haud (adv.). Not. 

Hebdomas, adis (fern. 3 decl.). A 
week. 

Hebes, etis (adj.). Blunt, dull, 
obtuse. 

Hebr^cs, a, um (adj.). Hebrew, 
appertaining to the Hebrew na- 
tion. 

Hector, oris (prop. n. 3 decl. 
masc). ■ Hector, a celebrated 
Trojan warrior. 

Helena, je (prop. n. 1 decl. fern.). 
Helen. 

Helicon, onis (prop. n. 3 decl. 
masc.) Helicon, a celebrated 
mountain of Boeotia, sacred to 
Apollo and the muses. 

Hellespontus, i (prop. n. 2 decl. 
masc). The Hellespont, now 
the Dardanelles. 

Helvetia, je (prop. n. 1 decl. 
fem.). Helvetia, corresponding, 
in some degree, to modern Swit- 
zerland. 

Helvetii, orum (prop. n. 2 decl. 
masc). The Helvetii, the peo- 
ple of Helvetia, a Gallic race. 

Henricus, i (prop. n. 2 decl. 
masc). Henry. Henricus Au- 
ceps, Henry the Fowler, an em- 
peror of Germany. 

Hepar, atis (neut. 3 decl.). The 
liver. 

Heph^stion, onis (prop. n. 3 decl. 
masc). H ephcestion, a favourite 
of Alexander the Great. 

Heraclitus, i (prop. n. 2 decl. 
masc). Heraclitus, the crying 
philosopher. 

Herba, je (fem. 1 decl.). An herb, 
herbage, grass. 

Hercules, is (prop. n. 3 decl. 
masc). Hercules. 

Heres, edis, vid. Hjsres. 

Heri (adv.). Yesterday. 

Hesiodus, i (prop. it. 2 decl. 
314 



HON 

masc). Hesiod, a celebrated 
Greek poet. 

Hesperus, i (prop. n. 2 decl. 
masc). The evening star, Hes- 
perus, Vesper. 

Heu (interj.) ! Alas ! 

Hie, h^c, hoc (demonstrative 
pron.). This. 

Hie (adv.). Here. 

Hiems, emis (fem. 3 decl.). Win- 
ter. 

Hierosolyma, orum (prop. n. 2 
decl. neut.). Jerusalem. It is 
also found of the first declension, 
feminine, singular number, Hie- 
rosolyma, a. 

Hilaritas, atis (fem. 3 decl. from 
hilaris). Cheerfulness, mirth, 
g ay ety, hilarity. 

Hinnitus, us (masc 4 decl. from 
hinnio). A neighing. 

Hippocrates, is (prop. n. 3 decl. 
masc). Hippocrates, a celebra- 
ted Greek physician. 

Hippopotamus, i (masc. 2 decl.). 
A hippopotamus, a river-horse. 

Hirundo, inis (fem. 3 decl.). A 
swalloiv. 

Hispania, ^e (prop. n. 1 decl. fem.). 
Spain. 

Historia, je (fem. 1 decl.). His- 
tory, a history. 

Histrio, onis (masc 3 decl.). An 
actor, a play-actor. 

Hodie (adv.). To-day. 

Hodiernus, a, um (adj. from ho- 
die). Of this day, this day's, 
hodiernal, daily. 

Homerus, i (prop. n. 2 decl. masc). 
Homer, the celebrated Grecian 
poet. 

Homo, inis (masc and fem.). A 
man, a woman. 

Honestus, a, um (adj. from honor). 
Honourable, noble, becoming. 
Honestum, what is becoming in 
its nature, honour, virtue, moral 
excellence. 

Honor, oris (masc 3 decl.). Re- 
spect, honour, reverence, regard. 

Honorificus, a, um (adj, from 
honor and facio). Honourable, 
causing or bringing honour. 

Honoro, are, avi, atum (v. a. 1 



JAC 

conj. from honor). To honour, 

to respect, to reverence. 
Hora, m (fern. 1 decl.). An hour, 
Hor^s, arum (prop. n. 1 decl. fern.). 

The Hours. 
Horatius, ii (prop. n. 2 decl. 

masc). Horace, a celebrated 

Roman poet. 
Hordeum, i (neut. 2 decl.). Barley. 
Horreum, i (neut. 2 decl.). A 

barn, a granary. 

HORTOR, ARI, ATUS SUM (dep. V. 1 

conj.). To exhort, to encourage, 
to cheer, to imbolden. 

Hortus, i (masc. 2 decl.). A gar- 
den. 

Hospes, itis (masc. and fern. 3 
decl.). 1. A guest. 2. A host. 
3. A stranger. 

Hospitalitas, atis (fern. 3 decl. 
from hospitalis). Hospitality. 

Hostia, m (fem. 1 decl.). A vic- 
tim. 

Hostilius, ii (prop. n. 2 decl. 
masc). Hostilius. 

Hostis, is (masc. and fem.). An 
enemy. 

Hue (adv.). Hither, to this place 
or quarter. 

Hucusque (adv.). So far, hitherto. 

Humanitas, atis (fem. 3 decl. 
from human us). Humanity. 

Humanus, a, um (adj. from homo). 
Human, of or belonging to man. 

Humilis, is, e (adj. from humus). 
Low, near the earth, humble, 
lowly, mean, poor. 

Humus, i (fem. 2 decl.). The soil, 
ground, earth. It wants the plu- 
ral. 

Hyaena, m (fem. 1 decl.). A hyena. 

Hyrcani, orum (prop. n. 2 decl. 
masc). The Hyrcani, a people 
dwelling to the southeast of the 
Caspian Sea. Their country an- 
swers now to Tabaristan and 
Georgia. 

Hystrix, icis (fem. 3 decl). A 
porcupine. 

L, J. 

Jaceo, ere, ui (neut. v. 2 conj.). 
To lie, to lie at full length or 
prostrate, to Ik down. 



IGN 

Jacio, jacere, jeci, jactttm (a. v. 
3 conj.). To cast, to fling, to 
throw, to hurl. 

Jaculum, i (neut. 2 decl. from ja- 
cio). A javelin, dart, any mis- 
sile. 

Jam (adv.). Now, already, imme- 
diately, presently. 

Janua, je (fem. 1 decl. from Ja- 
nus). A gate, door, entrance. 

Janus, i (prop. n. 2 decl. masc). 
Janus, a deity with double vis- 
age, presiding over the year, 
over gates of houses, &c. 

Ibi (adv.). There, in that place. 

"Ibis, is (fem. 3 decl.). An ibis, 
a sacred Egyptian bird, like a 
stork, said to destroy serpents. 

Ichneumon, onis (masc. 3 decl.). 
The ichneumon or Egyptian 
rat. 

Idcirco (conje. from id and circa). 
Therefore, on that account, for 
that reason. 

"Idem, eadem, idem (adj.). The 
same. 

w Ideo (conjc). Therefore, for that 
reason. 

"Idomeneus, eos (prop. n. 3 decl. 
masc). Idomeneus, a Cretan 
monarch and chieftain present at 
the siege of Troy. 

Td5neus, a, um (adj.). Fit, suit- 
able, meet, proper. 

Tdus, uum (fem. 4 decl. used only 
in the plural). The Ides, one of 
the divisions of the Roman 
month. They fell on the 15th 
of March, May, July, and Octo- 
ber, and the 13th of the other 
months. 

Jecur, jecoris and jecinoris 
(neut. 3 deck). The liver. 

Tgitur (conjc). Therefore, (hen. 

Ignarus, a, um (adj. from in and 
gnarus). Ignorant, unacquaint- 
ed with. 

Ignavus, a, um (adj. from in and 
gnavus). Inactive, slothful, re- 
miss, sluggish, cowardly. 

Igneus, a, um (adj. from ignis). 
Fiery, of fire, on fire, burning. 

Ignis, is (masc. 3 deck). Fire, 

Ignominia, m (fem. 1 decl. from 
315 



IMM 

in and nomen). Ignominy, dis- 
grace, reproach, dishonour. 

Ignominiosus, a, um (adj. from ig- 
nominia). Ignominious, shame- 
ful, disgraceful. 

Ignoro, are, AVI, atum (a. V. 1 
conj. from ignarus). To he ig- 
norant of, not to know. 

Ignosco, noscere, novi, notum 
(a. y. 3 conj. from in and nos- 
co). To overlook, to forgive, to 
pardon. 

Ignotus, a, um (verbal adj. from in 
and notus). Not known, un- 
known. 

"Ile, is (neut. 3 decl. more fre- 
quently used in the plural, ilia, 
ium). The flank, the flanks. 

"Ilex, icis (fern. 3 decl.). A holm 
oak, an oak. 

"Ilias, adis (fem. 3 decl.)- The 
Iliad, Homer's poem on the siege 
of Troy. 

"Ilion, ii (neut. 2 decl.), and Ilios, 
ii (fem. 2 decl.). Ilium, Troy. 

Ille, illa, illud (demonstrative 
pron.). He, she, that. 

Illustris, is, e (adj. from in and 
lustro). 1. Clear, bright, shi- 
ning. 2. Illustrious, famous, 
celebrated. 

ILLUSTRO, ARE, ATI, ATUM (a. V. 1 

conj. from in and lustro). 1. 
To illustrate, to illuminate. 2. 
To make clear, to explain. 

"Imago, inis (fem. 3 decl). An 
image, a figure, a likeness, a rep- 
resentation of a thing. 

Imbecillitas, atis (fem. 3 decl. 
from imbecillis). Weakness, 
feebleness, imbecility. 

Imbek, bris (masc. 3 decl.). A fall 
of rain, a shower. 

"Imitatio, onis (fem. 3 decl. from 
imitor). An imitation. 

"Imitor, ari, atus sum (dep. v. 1 
conj.). To imitate, to copy after. 

Immitto, mittere, misi, missum 
(a. v. 3 conj. from in and mit- 
to). To send in, to let in, to 
cast or throw. 

Immobilis, is, e (adj. from in and 
mobilis). Immoveable, stead- 
fast. 
316 



IMF 

Immolo, are, avi, atum (a. v. fjom 
in and mola). To sacrifice, to 
immolate. 
Immortalis, is, e (adj. from in and 

mortalis). Immortal. 
Immortalitas, atis (fem. 3 decl. 
from immortalis). Immortality. 
Impar, Iris (adj. from in and par). 

Unequal, unlike. 
Impatientia, m (fem. 1 decl. from 
in and patientia). Impatience, 
inability to bear. 
Impavidus, a, um (adj. from in and 
pavidus). Undismayed, bold, 
unalarmed, intrepid. 
Impedio, Ire, ivi, itum (a. v. 4 
conj. from in and pes). To im- 
pede, to entangle, to fetter, to 
hinder, to prevent. 
Imperator, oris (masc. 3 decl. 
from impero). 1. A commander, 
a leader, a general. 2. An em- 
peror. 
Imperitus, a, um (adj. from in and 
peritus). Inexperienced, igno- 
rant, unskilful. 
Imperium, ii (neut. 2 decl. from 
impero). 1. Command, author- 
ity, power. 2. Government, em- 
pire, rule. 
Impero, are, avi, atum (a. v. 1 
conj. from in and paro). 1. To 
command, to order. 2. To rule 
over. 
Impetus, us (masc. 4 decl.). 1. 
An attack, assault, onset. 2. 
Impetuosity, violence. 
Impie (adv. from impius). Impi- 
ously, wickedly. 
Impietas, atis (fem. 3 decl. from 

impius). Imp le ty. 
Impiger, gra, grum (adj. from in 
and piger). Quick, active, dili- 
gent. 
Impigre (adv. from impiger). 

Quickly, readily, promptly. 
Imprimis (adv. from in and pri- 
mus). In the first place, first. 
Improbitas, atis (fem. 3 decl. from 
improbus). Worthlessness, dis- 
honesty, wickedness, knavery. 
Improbus, a, um (adj. from in and 
probus). Worthless, wicked, dis- 
honest. 



IND 

Improviso (adv. from improvisus). 
Unexpectedly, suddenly. 

"Imus, a, t jm (adj. superlative of in- 
ferus). Lowest, deepest. 

In (prep, with the accusative and 
ablative). 1. When governing 
the accusative, it signifies into, 
against, towards, &c. 2. When 
governing the ablative, it denotes 
in, among, &c. In composition, 
it denotes in, into, upon, against, 
and is intensive in some words, 
and privative in others. 

Inanis, is, e (adj.). Empty, 
void. 

Incendium, ii (neut. 2 decl. from 
incendo). A conflagration, fire, 
burning. 

Incertus, a, um (adj. from in and 
certus). Uncertain, doubtful, 
dubious. 

Incognitus, a, um (verbal adj. from 
in and cognitus). 1. Unknown. 
2. Without trial, without a hear- 
ing. 

Incola, m (masc. and fern, from 
in and colo). An inhabitant. 

Incolo, colere, colui. cultum 
(a. v. 3 conj. from in and colo). 
To inhabit, to abide, to dwell in 
a place. 

Incommodum, i (neut. 2 decl. from 
in and commodum). An incon- 
venience, a disadvantage. 

Incommodus, a, um (adj.). Unfa- 
vourable, disadvantageous , hurt- 
ful, inconvenient. 

Incorruptus, a, um (adj. from in 
and corruptus). Incorrupt, in- 
corruptible, entire, perfect, whole. 

Incredibilis, is, e (adj. from in 
and credibilis). Not to be be- 
lieved, incredible, wonderful. 

Incredibi liter (adv. from incre- 
dibilis). Incredibly, in a man- 
ner beyond belief. 

Incus, udis (fern. 3 decl. from in 
and cudo). An anvil. 

Inde (adv.). 1. Thence, from that 
place. 2. Thenceforth, from that 
time. 

Index, icis (masc. and fern. 3 
decl.). 1. A discoverer, disclo- 
ser, informer. 2. An index to a 
27* 



INF 

book. 3. Digitus index, the fore- 
finger. 

India, je (prop. n. 1 decl. fern.). 
India. 

Indicium, ii (neut. 2 decl. from in- 
dex). A discovery, proof, infor- 
mation against any one, evidence. 

Indico, are, avi, atum (a. v. 1 
conj. from index). To show, 
to point out, to disclose, to indi- 
cate. 

Indico, dicere, dixi, dictum (a. 
v. 3 conj. from in and Dico). 
To proclaim, to publish, to de- 
clare, to denounce. 

Induco, ducere, duxi, ductum (a. 
v. 3 conj. from in and duco). 1. 
To lead or bring in, to lead into, 
to introduce. 2. To lead along, 
to besmear, to blot out. 3. To 
induce, to persuade, to prevail 
upon. 

Indulgeo, ere, ulsi (neut. v. 2 
conj.). To indulge, to gratify. 

In du stria, je (fern. 1 decl.). In- 
dustry, persevering energy, dili- 
gence. 

Industrius, a, um (adj.). Indus- 
trious, prompt, diligent, active. 

Indus, i (prop. n. masc. 2 decl.). 
The Indus. 

Ineo, ire, ivi and it, itum (a. v. 4 
conj. irreg. from in and eo). To 
go into, to enter, to enter upon, to 
engage in. Inire gratiam, to get 
into favour with one. Inire fce- 
dus, to enter into a league. In- 
ire prselium, to engage in battle. 

Inermis, is, e (adj. from in and 
arma). Unarmed, weaponless, 
defenceless-. 

Iners, ertis (adj. from in and 
ars). 1. Without art or skill. 

2. Inert, lazy, sluggish. 
Inertia, je (fem. 1 decl. from in- 
ers). 1. Want of skill. 2. In- 
dolence, inertness, sluggishness. 

3. Cowardice. 

Infamis, is, e (adj. from in and fa- 
ma). Infamous, ill-famed, ill 
spoken of, ignominious, disgrace- 
ful. 

Infans, antis (adj. from in and 
fari). That cannot speak. 
317 



ING 

Infans, antis (masc. and fern. 3 
decl.)- An infant. 

Infecundus, a, um (adj. from in 
and fecundus). Unfruitful, not 
fertile or productive. 

Infelix, icis (adj. from in and fe- 
lix). 1. Unhappy, unfortunate, 
wretched. 2. Inauspicious, ill- 
omened. 

Inferior, oris (adj. comparative 
of inferus). Lower. 

Infero, inferre, intuli, inlatum 
or illatum (irreg. a. v. from in 
and fero). 1 . To bring or carry 
into, to introduce. 2. To bring 
upon, to offer (inferre injuriam, to 
offer an injury). 3. To infer. 

Inferus, a, um (adj. comparative 
inferior, superlative infimus 
or imus). Low, below. Mare 
inferum, the lower sea or sea be- 
low, i. e., the Tuscan. 

Infimus, a, um (adj. superlative of 
inferus. Another form is imus). 

Informis, is, e (adj. from in and 
forma). 1. Without form or 
shape, shapeless. 2. Ill-formed, 
deformed, misshapen, ugly. 

Infra (prep, with the accusative). 
Beneath, below. 

Infringo, frixgere, fregi, frac- 
tum (a. v. 3 conj. from in and 
fraxgo). 1. To break, to break 
in pieces. 2. To weaken, to dis- 
courage. 3. To lessen, to check, 
to infringe upon. 

Ingenero, are, avi, Itum (a. v. 1 
conj. from ix and gexero). To 
beget, to generate, to implant, to 
produce. 

Ixgenium, ii (neut. 2 decl. from ix 
and geno, old form of gigno). 
1. Genius, natural talents. 2. 
Disposition, temper, manners. 

Ixgexs, entis (adj.). Vast, huge, 
immense. 

Ingenuus, a, um (adj. from in and 
geno). 1. Native, natural. 2. 
Freeborn, born of free parents, 
who had never been slaves. 3. 
Ingenuous, liberal, becoming a 
freeman. 

Ingluvies, ei (fern. 5 decl ). The 
craw, crop, or gorge of a bird. 
318 



INS 

Ingratus, a, um (adj. from in and 
gratus). 1. Unpleasant, disa- 
greeable, unacceptable. 2. Un- 
grateful, thankless. 

Ingredior, gredi, gressus sum 
(dep. v. 3 conj. from in and gra- 
dior). 1. To enter, to go into. 
2. To move along, to advance, to 
proceed. 

Inhumane (adv. from inhumanus). 
Inhumanly, savagely, cruelly. 

Inhumaniter (adv. from inhuma- 
nus). Inhumanly, cruelly, sav- 
agely. 

Inhumanus, a, um (adj. from in 
and humanus). Inhuman, sav- 
age, cruel. 

Inhumatus, a, um (adj. from in 
and humus). Unburied. 

Inimicus, a, um (adj. from in and 
amicus). Unfriendly, at enmity 
with, inimical, hostile. 

Inimicus, i (masc. 2 decl.). A 
private foe, a bitter enemy, an en- 
emy. Hostis is a public enemy ; 
inimicus a private and personal 
one. 

Initium, ii (neut. 2 decl. from 
ineo). A commencement, a be- 
ginning. 

Injuria, je (fern. 1 decl. from in 
and jus). An injury, a wrong. 

In Justus, a, um (adj. from in and 
Justus). Unjust, wrongful, in- 
iquitous. 

Innocentia, je (fern. 1 decl. from 
in and nocens). Innocence. 

Inxocuus, a, um (adj. from in and 
noceo). Inoffensive, innocuous, 
doing no hurt, innocent, harmless. 

Ixxoxius, a, um (adj. from in and 
noxius). That has done no harm, 
not guilty, inoffensive, blameless. 

Inxumerus, a, um (adj. from in 
and numerus). Numberless, in- 
numerable, countless. 

Inops, opis (adj. from in and ops). 
Poor, needy, indigent, destitute 
of, necessitous. 

Inquam (defective verb). / say. 

Insaluber, bris, bre (adj. from 
in and saluber). Unhealthy, 
unwholesome, insalubrious. 

Insatiabilis, is, e (adj. from in 



INT 

and satio). Insatiable, that can- 
not be satiated. 

Insectum, i. (neut. 2 decl. from in- 
seco). An insect. 

Insepultus, a, um (adj. from in 
and sepultus), Unburied, un- 
entombed, uninterred. 

Inservio, ire, ivi, itum (neut. v. 
4 conj. from in and servio). 
1. To serve. 2. To turn one's 
attention to, to attend to, to 
strive to obtain, to be intent 



InsidLe, arum (fern. 1 decl. wants 
the singular). 1. An ambush, 
an ambuscade. 2. Snares, a 
snare, treachery, 

Insidior, ari, atus sum (dep. v. 1 
conj. from insidi^e). To lie in 
wait, to lay snares for, to plot 
against. 

Instauro, are, avi, atum (a. V. 1 
conj.). To renew, to repeat. 

Instituo, UERE, Ul, utum (a. V. 3 
conj. from in and statuo). 1. 
To establish, to appoint. 2. To 
fabricate, to construct. 3. To 
begin, to commence. 4. To in- 
struct, to teach, to train up. 

Institutum, i (neut. 2 decl. from 
instituo). 1. A purpose, an 
object, resolve, determination. 2. 
A custom, way, practice. 

Instructus, a, um (verbal adj. from 
instruo). Set in order, put in 
array, drawn up, arranged. 

Instrumentum, i (neut. 2 decl. 
from instruo). Aninstrument, 
an implement. 

Instruo, struere, struxi, struc- 
tum (a. v. 3 conj. from in and 
struo). To arrange, to set in 
order, to dispose. 

Insula, m (fern. 1 decl.). An isl- 
and. 

Insum, esse, fui (irreg. v. from in 
and sum). To be in. 

Insuo, uere, ui, utum (a. v. 3 
conj. from in and suo). To sew 
into, to sew up. 

Integer, gra, grum (adj.). En- 
tire, untouched, whole. 

Intelligo, ligere, lexi, lectum 
(a. v. 3 conj.). To understand, 



INT 

to comprehend, to know, to be 
aware. 

Inter (prep, with accusative). 
Between, among, &c. 

Intercalaris, is, e (adj. from in- 
tercalo). 1. Inserted between, 
interposed. 2. Intercalary, in- 
tercalar. Intercalaris annus, 
leap-year. 

Interdum (adv.). I. Sometimes, 
at times, occasionally, now and 
then. 2. Meanwhile. 

Interea (adv.). Meanwhile, in 
the mean time. 

Intereo, ire, ivi or n, itum (neut. 
v. 4 conj. from inter and eo). 
To perish, to go to ruin, to cease 
to exist. 

Interfector, oris (masc. 3 decl. 
from interficio). One who 
slays or kills, a slayer, slaugh- 
terer, killer, destroyer. 

Interficio, ficere, feci, fectum 
(a. v. 3 conj. from inter and fa- 
cio). To kill, to slay, to mur- 
der, to put to death. 

Interitus, us (masc. 4 decl. from 
intereo). Destruction, extinc- 
tion, ruin, death. 

Interpres, etis (masc. and fern.). 
An interpreter, expounder. 

Interrogo, are, avi, atum (a. v. 
1 conj. from inter and rogo). 
To interrogate, to ask, to ques- 
tion. 

Intersum, esse, fui (irreg. v. from 
inter and sum). To be in the 
midst, to be between, to come be- 
tween. 

Intestinum, i (neut. 2 decl. from 
intestinus). An intestine. 

Intestinus, a, um (adj. from in- 
tus). Internal, inward, intes- 
tine. 

Intolerabilis, is, e (adj. from in 
and tolerabilis). Not to be 
borne, intolerable. 

Intra (prep, with accusative). 
Within. 

Intro (adv.). Within. 

Intro, are, avi, atum (a. v. 1 
conj.). To enter, to go into, to 
penetrate. 

Intueor, tueri, tuitus sum (dep. 
319 



IRA 

v. 2 conj. from in and ttjeor). 
To gaze upon, to behold, to look 
steadfastly at. 

Inutilis, is, e (adj. from in and 
utilis). Useless, unprofitable, 
unserviceable. 

Invalidus, a, um (adj. from in and 
validuS). Weak, feeble, sick, 
infirm. 

Invenio, venire, veni, ventum 
(a. v. 4 conj. from in and venio). 
To find, to find out, to meet with, 
to discover. 

Inventor, oris (masc. 3 decl. from 
invenio). One who finds out, an 
inventor, a discoverer. 

Inventrix, icis (fem. 3 decl. from 
inventor). An inventress. 

Inventum, i (neut. 2 decl. from 
invenio). An invention, discov- 
ery, contrivance. 

Inventus, a, um (part, from inve- 
nio). Found, discovered, in- 
vented. 

Invidia, je (fem. 1 decl.). Envy, 
hatred, ill-will. 

Invidus, a, um (adj.). Envious, 
invidious, malignant. 

Invisus, a, um (verbal adj. from 
invideo). Envied, hated. 

Invisus, a, um (verbal adj. from 
in and video). Not seen, un- 
seen. 

Invius, a, um (adj. from in and 
via). Not to be passed, impass- 
able. 

Invoco, are, avi, atum (a. v. 1 
conj. from in and voco). To in- 
voke, to call upon, to call to, to 
invite. 

Jocus, i (masc. 2 decl. and, in the 
plural, joci and joca, the latter 
being neuter). A joke, jest, hu- 
morous saying ; mirth, wit. 

Ionia, je (prop. n. fem. 1 decl.). 
Ionia, in Asia Minor. 

Ipse, a, um (pron.). Himself, her- 
self, itself. 

"Ira, je (fem. 1 decl.). Anger, 
wrath. 

Iracundia, je (fem. 1 decl. from 
iracundus). Hastiness of tem- 
per, irascibility, anger. 

Iracundus, a, um (adj. from ira). 
320 



JUD 

Irascible, passionate, quick tem- 
pered, choleric. 
"Irascor, irasci, iratus sum (dep. 

v. 3 conj. from ira). To be en- 
raged, to be angry. 
"Iris, is and idis (prop. n. fem. 3 

decl ). Iris, the goddess of the 

rainbow. 
Iris, is and idis (fem. 3 decl.). 

The rainbow. 
Irrideo, ere, si, sum (a. v. 2 conj.- 

from in and rideo). To laugh 

at, to deride. 
Irrisus, a, um (verbal adj. from 

irrideo). Laughed at, mocked, 

scoffed, derided. 
Irritus, a, um (adj. from in and 

ratus). Not ratified, of no ef- 
fect, fruitless, useless, idle, vain. 
Is, ea, id (pron.). He, she, it. 

Such, when used for talis. 
Isocrates, is (prop. n. masc. 3 

decl.). Isocrates, a celebrated 

Grecian rhetorician and writer. 
Israelita, je (masc. and fem. 1 

decl.). An Israelite. 
Istic (adv. from iste). There, in 

that place. 
"Ita (adv.). So, even so, thus. 
Italia, je (prop. n. 1 decl. fem.). 

Italy. 
~Itaque (conjunction). Therefore. 

Equivalent sometimes to et ita, 

" and so," " and thus." 
"Iter, itineris (neut. 3 decl.). 

A route, a journey, a way. 
w Iterum (adv.). Again, a second 

time, anew. 
Juba, je (prop. n. masc. 1 decl.). 

Jul a, prince of Numidia and 

Mauritania in Africa. 
Juba, je (fem. 1 decl.). The mane 

of a horse or other beast. 
Jubeo, jubere, jussi, jussum (a. 

v. 2 conj.). To order, to bid, to 

command, to charge, to enjoin. 
Jucundus, a, um (adj.). Pleasing, 



JuDiEus, a, um (adj.). Jewish. 

Judex, icis (masc. 3 decl.). A 
judge. 

Judicium, ii (neut. 2 decl. from ju- 
dex). A judgment, trial, sen- 
tence. 



LAB 

JUDICO, ARE, AVI, ATUM (a*. V. 1 

conj. from judex). To judge, 

to decide, to determine, to pass 

sentence. 
Juglans, andis (fem. 3 decl.). A 

walnut, a walnut-tree. 
Jugulum, i (neut. 2 decl.). The 

throat or neck. 
Julius, ii (prop. n. 2 decl.). Julius. 

JUNGO, JUNGERE, JUNXI, JUNCTUM 

(a. v. 3 conj.). To join, to yoke, 

to couple. 
Junior, oris (adj. comparative of 

juvenis). Younger. 
Jupiter, Jovis (prop. n. 3 decl.). 

Jupiter. 

JURO, ARE, AVI, ATUM (a. V. 1 COnj. 

from jus). To swear. 

Jus, juris (neut. 3 decl.). Right, 
law, justice. 

Justitia, je (fem. 1 decl. from Jus- 
tus). Justice. 

Justus, a, um (adj. from jus). 
Just, upright, virtuous. 

Juvenilis, is (prop. n. 3 decl. 
masc). Juvenal, a celebrated 
Roman satirist. 

Juvenilis, is, e (adj. from juve- 
nis). Youthful, juvenile. 

Juvenis, is, e (adj.). 1. Young. 
2. Often taken as a noun of the 
third declension masculine, a 
youth. 3. Frequently applied to 
persons up to 45 years of age, 
i. e., as long as they are able to 
assist the state, the term being 
derived from juvo, to assist. 

Juventus, utis (fem. 3 decl. from 
juvenis). Youth, the season of 
youth. 

Juxta (adv.). 1. Near, nigh, hard 
by. 2. Next. 3. Alike, equally. 

K. 

Karthago 7 inis, vid. Carthago. 



Labefacio, facere, feci, factum 
(a. v. 3 conj. from labo and fa- 
cio). To make to totter, to weak- 
en, to shake. Passive voice, La- 
befio, fieri, factus sum. 

Labium, ii (neut. 2 decl). A lip. 

Labor, labi, lapsus sum (dep. v. 



LAP 

3 conj.). To glide, to slip, to 

fall gently, to descend. 
Labor, oris (masc. 3 decl.). La- 
bour, toil, fatigue. 
Laboro, are, Ivi, atum (neut. v. 

1 conj. from labor). To labour, 

to be in pain, to suffer. 
Labrum, i (neut. 2 decl.). A lip. 
Lac, lactis (neut. 3 decl.)- Milk, 
Laced^emon, onis (prop. n. fem. 3 

decl.). Lacedcemon or Sparta. 
Laced^emonius, a, um (adj. from 

Laced^emon). Lacedcemonian. 
Lacer, era, erum (adj.). Torn, 

lacerated, maimed, mangled, dis- 
membered. 
Lacertus, i (masc. 2 decl.). The 

arm. Properly, the sinewy part 

of the arm, between the shoulder 

and elbow. Hence, figuratively, 

strength, force, vigour. 
LIcHEsis,is(prop. n. fem. 3 decl.). 

Lachesis, one of the Fates. The 

other two were Clotho and Alro- 

pos. 
Llco, onis (adj.). Laconian, Spar- 

tan. Often used as a noun, a 

Laconian, a Spartan. 
Lac i lyma or Lachryma, and also 

Lacrima, je (fem. 1 decl.). A 

tear. 
Lacrymo or Lachrymo, are, Ivi, 

atum (a. v. 1 conj). To weep. 

More frequently a deponent verb, 

Lacrymor, ari, atus sum. 
Lactuca, je (fem. 1 decl.). Let- 
tuce. 
Lacus, us (masc. 4 decl.). A lake. 
Laertius, ii (prop. n. 2 decl.). 

Laertius. 
Ljetus, a, um (adj.). Joyful, glad, 

delighted. Showing joy by one's 

actions. 
L^evus, a, um (adj.). Left, on the 

left side. 
Lana, m (fem. 1 decl.). Wool. 
Laniger, era, erum (adj. from 

lana and gero). Bearing wool, 

fleecy. 
Laodicea, je (prop. n. fem. 1 decl.). 

Laodicea, a city of Syria. 
Lapponia, je (prop. n. fem. 1 

decl.). Lapland. 
Lapponicus, a, um (adj. from Lap* 
321 



LEC 

ponia). Of or belonging to Lap- 
land, Lappish. 

Lapideds, a, um (adj. from lapis). 
Of stone, hard as stone. 

Lapis, idis (masc. 3 decl.). 1. A 
stone. 2. A milestone. Ad ter- 
tium lapidem, at the third mile- 
stone. 

Lar, laris (masc. 3 decl.). A 
household god, a Lar. More fre- 
quent in the plural, Lares, ium 
and um. 

Larix, icis (masc. and fern. 3 
decl.). The larch-tree. 

Latebra, je (fern. 1 decl. from la- 
teo). A lurking-place, a hiding- 
place, a den, a retreat. 

Later, eris (masc. 3 decl.). A 
brick. 

Latona, je (prop. n. 1 decl. fem.). 
Latona, the mother of Apollo and 
Diana. 

Latro, are, avi, atum (neut. v. 1 
conj.). To bark, to bark at, to 
bay. 

Latro, onis (masc. 3 decl.). A 
robber. 

Latus, a, um (adj.). Broad, wide, 
spacious, ample, large. 

Latus, eris (neut. 3 decl.). The 
side, flank. 

Laudabilis, is, e (adj. from lau- 
do). Praiseworthy, commenda- 
ble, laudable, deserving of praise. 

Laudatus, a, UxM (part, from lau- 
do). Praised, commended. 

Laudo, are, avi, atum (a. v. 1 
conj. from laus). To praise, to 
commend. 

Laurus, i (2 decl.), and Laurus, 
us (4 decl. both fem.). A laurel, 
a bay. 

Laus, laudis (fem. 3 decl.). Com- 
mendation, praise. 

Lavo, lavare and lavere, lava- 
vi and lavi, lavatum, lautum, 
and lotum (a. v. 1 and 3 conj.). 
To wash, to lave, to bathe. 

Le^ena, m (fem. 1 decl. from leo). 
A lioness. 

Lebes, etis (masc. 3 decl.). A 
caldron, a kettle. 

Lectica, je (fem. 1 decl.). A lit- 
ter, a sedan. 
322 



LIB 

Lecticula, je (fem. 1 decl. dimh> 
utive from lectica). A small 
litter. 

Lectus, a, um (part, from lego). 
Read. 

Lectus, i (masc. 2 decl.). A couch. 

Legatus, i (masc. 2 decl. from le- 
go). 1. A person deputed. 2. 
An ambassador. 3. A lieuten- 
ant. 

Legio, onis (fem. 3 decl.). A le- 
gion, a division of Roman troops. 

Lego, are, avi, atum (a. v. 1 
conj.). To depute, to despatch, 
to commission, to send as an am- 
bassador. 

Lego, legere, legi, lectum (a. 
v. 3 conj.). 1. To collect to- 
gether, to cull. 2. To read, to 
peruse. 

Lenio, ire, ivi, itum (a. v. 4 conj. 
from lexis). To soften, to mit- 
igate, to allay, to appease. 

Leo, onis (masc. 3 decl.). A lion. 

Leonidas, je (prop. n. 1 decl. 
masc). Leonidas, a celebrated 
Spartan king and warrior. 

Leopardus, i (masc. 2 decl.). A 
leopard. 

Lepidus, i (prop. n. 2 decl masc). 
Lepidus. 

Lepidus, a, um (adj.). Humorous, 
pretty, smart, witty, gay, pleas- 
ant. 

Lepor or Lepos, 5ris (masc. 3 
decl.). Mirth, humour, graceful 
and easy pleasantry, wit. 

Lepus, oris (masc 3 decl.). A 
hare. 

Levis, is, e (adj.). 1. Light, easy 
to carry. 2. Trifling, trivial, of 
little esteem. 

Levis or LiEvis, is, e (adj.). Pol- 
ished, smooth. 

Levitas, atis (fem. 3 decl. from 
levis). 1. Lightness. 2. Lev- 
ity, frivolity. 

Lex, legis (fem. 3 decl.). A law. 

Libellus, i (masc. 2 decl. diminu- 
tive from liber). A little book, 
a small ivork, a short treatise. 

Libenter (adv. from libens). 
Willingly, cheerfully. 

Liber, bri (masc. 2 decl.). A book. 



LIQ 

Liber, era, erum (adj.). Free. 

Liber, eri (prop. n. 2 decl.). 
Bacchus, so called, it is said, be- 
cause he frees the mind from 
care. ( 1 ) 

LlBERALIS, IS, E (adj. from LIBERO). 

Liberal, becoming a freeman. 
Liberi, orum (masc. 2 decl. sin- 
gular not used). Children, in- 
cluding both sexes, and implying 
children that are free born, not 
slaves, the adjective liber being 
the root. Or, more correctly, 
the word itself is the plural of 
liber, with a noun understood. 

LlBERO, ARE, AVI, ATUM (a. V. 1 

conj. from liber). To free, to 
deliver. 

Libertas, atis (fern. 3 decl. from 
liber). Liberty, freedom. 

Libet, libebat, libuit, &c (im- 
personal verb, 2 conj.). It is 
agreeable, it pleases. 

Libido, inis (fem. 3 decl. from 
libet). 1. Will, inclination, ca- 
price, fancy, whim. 2. Passion, 
desire, lust, cupidity. 

LlCEOR, LICERI, LICITUS SUM (dep. 

v. 2 conj.). To bid money for, 
to bid, to offer a price. 

Licet, licebat, licuit, &c. (im- 
personal verb, 2 conj.). It is 
lawful, it is permitted. 

Lictor, oris (masc. 3 decl.). A 
lictor, an attendant on the con- 
sul, and on many of the other 
magistrates. Each consul had 
twelve. The dictator had twice 
as many. 

Ligneus, a, um (adj. from lignum). 
Of wood, wooden. 

Lignum, i (neut. 2 decl.). Wood. 

Ligo, onis (masc. 3 decl.). A 
spade, a shovel, a mattock. 

Limes, itis (masc. 3 decl.). A 
limit, a boundary. 

LInea, m (fem. 1 decl.). A line. 

Lingua, m (fem. 1 decl.). 1. The 
tongue. 2. A language. 

Linteum, ei (neut. 2 decl.). A 
linen cloth, a towel, a napkin. 

LlQUEFACIO, FACERE, FECI, FAC- 
TUM (a. v. 3 conj. from liqueo 
and facio). To melt, to make 



LUC 

fluid, to dissolve. Passive voice, 

LIQUEFIO, FIERI, FACTUS SUM. 

Lis, litis (fem. 3 decl.). Strife, 
wrangling, quarrelling. 

Litera or Littera, m (fem. ] 
decl.). 1. A letter of the alpha- 
bet. 2. In the plural, a letter, 
an epistle. 

Litus, oris (neut. 3 decl.). A 
shore, a strand. 

Loco, are, avi, atum (a. v. 1 conj. 
from locus). To place, to set, 
to lay. 

Locus, i (masc. 2 decl.). A place, . 
a spot, a quarter. In the plural, 
loci and loca, with this distinc- 
tion : loca, places ; but loci, 
passages in a book, or topics in 
a discourse or speech. 

Lodix, icis (fem. 3 decl.). 1. A 
cover for a bed, a blanket, a quilt, 
a sheet. 2. A down-bed, stuffed 
with down, and used as a cover- 
ing in cold northern climates. 

Londinum and Londinium, i (prop, 
n. neut. 2 decl.). London. 

Longe (adv. from longus). Far 
off, afar, at a great distance, far. 

Longus, a, um (adj.). Long. 

Loquax, icis (adj. from loquor). 
Loquacious, talkative. 

Loquor, loqui, locutus sum (dep. 
v. 3 conj.). To speak, to dis- 
course, to talk. 

Lorica, m (fem. 1 decl.). A coat 
of mail, a corslet. 

Lucifer, era, erum (adj. from 
lux and fero). Bearing or 
bringing light. 

Lucifer, eri (prop. n. 2 decl. 
masc). Lucifer, the morning 
star, the star of day. 

Lucilius, ii (prop. n. 2 decl. 
masc. ). Lucilius. 

Lucius, ii (prop. n. 2 decl. masc). 
Lucius. 

Lucretius, ii (prop. n. 2 decl. 
masc). Lucretius. 

Luctuosus, a, um (adj. from luc- 
tus). Mournful, sorrowful. 

Luctus, us (masc. 4 decl.). Sor- 
row, grief. 

Lucullus, i (prop. n. 2 decL 
masc). Lucullus. 

323 



LYD 

Ludovicus, i (prop. n. 2 decl. 
masc). Louis. 

Ludus, i (masc. 2 decl.)- 1. Di- 
version, play, sport. 2. Public 
games. 3. A school (literarius 
being understood, i. e., a place 
for exercise in literary pursuits). 

LuGEO, LUGERE, LUXI, LUCTUM (a. 

v. 3 conj.). To mourn, to la- 
ment. 

Lumen, inis (neut. 3 decl. for lu- 
cimen, from luceo). Light. 
Strictly speaking, lux is the light 
itself, and lumen is the body that 
imparts the light. It is often, 
however, used in the same sense 
as lux. 

Luna, je (fern. 1 decl. for lucina, 
from luceo). The moon. 

Lupa, je (fern. 1 decl). A she- 
wolf. 

Lupus, i (masc. 2 decl.)- A he- 
wolf, a wolf. 

Luscinia, m (fern. 1 decl.). A 
nightingale. 

Lustrum, i (neut. 2 decl.). A lus- 
trum, a period, among the Ro- 
mans, of 5 years, marked by a 
general purification and solemn 
sacrifices. 

LustrUxM, i (neut. 2 decl.). A 
den, a haunt of wild beasts. In 
the plural, it sometimes means 
groves, forests, solitary places in 
woods. 

Lusus, us (masc. 4 decl. from lu- 
do). Sport, play, diversion. 

Lutum, i (neut. 2 decl.). Clay, 
mire. 

Luteus, a, um (adj. from lutum). 
1. Clayey, of clay. 2. Yellow- 
ish, the colour of clay. 

Lux, lucis (fern. 3 decl.). Light. 
(Consult remarks under lumen). 

Luxuria, je (fern. 1 decl.). Lux- 
ury. 

Luxuries, ei (fem. 5 decl.). Lux- 
ury. 

Lycurgus, i (prop. n. 2 decl. 
masc). Lycurgus, the famous 
Spartan lawgiver. 

Lydi, orum (plural, masc. 2 decl.). 
The Lydians, inhabitants of 
Lydia. 
324 



MAJ 
Lynx, lyncis (masc. and fem. 3 

decl.). A lynx. 
Lysander, dri (prop. n. 2 decl. 

masc). Lysander. 

M. 

Macedo, onis (prop. n. 3 decl. 
masc). A Macedonian. 

Macedonia, je (prop. n. 1 decl. 
fem.). Macedonia. 

Macedonicus, a, um (adj.). Ma- 
cedonian. 

Macer, cra, crum (adj.). Lean, 
thin, meager, poor. 

Macies, ei (fem. 5 decl.). Lean- 
ness, thinness, meagerness. 

Macula, je (fem. 1 decl.). A spot, 
a stain, a blot, a blemish. 

MlGis(adv.). I. More. 2. Rather, 

Magister, tri (masc. 2 decl.). 1. 
A master. 2. A teacher, a pre- 
ceptor. 

Magistra, je (fem. 1 decl. from 
magister). A mistress. 

Magistratus, us (masc 4 decl. 
from magister). 1. A magis- 
tracy. 2. A magistrate. 

Ma gn animus, a, um (adj. from 
magnus and animus). Magnan- 
imous, great of mind, great of 
spirit. 

Magnes, etis (masc 3 decl.). A 
loadstone, a magnet. 

Magnesia, ^e (prop. n. 1 decl. 
fem . ) . Magnesia. 

Magnificentia, je (fem. 1 decl. 
from magnificus). Splendour, 
magnificence. 

Magnificus, a, um (adj. from mag- 
nus and facio). Magnificent, 
splendid. 

Magnitudo, inis (fem. 3 decl. 
from magnus). Greatness, mag- 



Magnus, a, um (adj.). Great, 

large. 
Maia, je (prop. n. 1 decl. fem.). 

Maia, the mother of Mercury. 
Majestas, atis (fem. 3 decl. from 

the old adjective majus, "great"). 

Majesty, grandeur, dignity. 
Major, or, us (adj. comparative of 

magnus). Greater, larger. 
Majores, um (properly an adj. and 



MAR 

the plural of major, but used as 
a noun, natu being understood). 
Ancestors. 

Male (adv. from malus). Badly, 
ill, wrongly, amiss, wickedly. 

Maledicus, a, um (adj. from male 
and dioo). Slanderous, abusive, 
scurrilous. Comparative male- 
dicentior, superlative maledi- 

CENTISSIMUS. 

Malleus, i (masc. 2 decl.). A 
mallet, a hammer. 

Malo, malle, malui (irreg. v. from 
mavolo, and that from magis and 
volo). To wish rather, to prefer. 

Malum, i (neut. 2 decl. from ma- 
lus). Evil, mischief, misfortune. 

Malum, i (neut. 2 decl. from ma- 
lus). An apple. 

Malus, a, um (adj.)- Evil, wicked. 

Malus, i (fern. 2 decl.). An apple- 
tree. 

Mando, are, avi, atum (a. v. 1 
conj.). To consign, to commit to 
one's charge, to enjoin, to hid, to 
order. 

Mane (indeclinable neuter adj. with 
tempus understood, and taken as 
an adverb). In the morning. It 
sometimes appears as a noun, and 
then signifies the morning; as, 
ad ipsum mane, " to the very 
morning." 

Maneo, manere, mansi, mansum 
(neut. v. 2 conj.). To remain, 
to tarry, to abide, to wait. 

Mansuefacio, facere, &c (a. v. 
3. conj.). To tame. 

Mantinea, je (prop. n. 1 decl. 
fem.). Mantinea, a city of Ar- 
cadia. 

Mantua, je (prop. n. 1 decl. fem.). 
Mantua. 

Manubrium, ii (neut. 2 decl. from 
manus). A handle, a haft, a 
hilt. 

Manus, us (fem. 4 decl.). 1. A 
hand. 2. A body or band of 
men, a band of soldiers. 

Marcus, i (prop. n. 2 decl. masc). 
Marcus. 

Mard5nius, ii (prop. n. 2 decl. 
masc). Mardonius. 

Mare, is (neut. 3 decl.). The sea. 
28 



MED 

Margarita, je (fem. 1 decl.). A 

pearl. 

Marinus, a, um (adj. from mare). 
Marine, of the sea, belonging to 
the sea. 

Maritimus, a, um (adj. from mare). 
Maritime, of the sea, lying near 
the sea. 

Marius, ii (prop. n. 2 decl. masc). 
Marius. 

Marmor, oris (neut. 3 decl.). 
Marble. 

Mars, Martis (prop. n. 3 decl. 
masc). Mars, the god of war. 

Marsus, i (adj.). A Marsian. 

Martius, ii (masc. 2 decl.). March, 
one of the months, so called from 
Mars, to whom it was consecra- 
ted. The Latin term is properly 
an adjective, with mensis under- 
stood, and means " the month of 
Mars." 

Martius, a, um (adj. from Mars). 
Of or belonging to Mars, mar- 
tial 9 warlike. 

Mas, maris (masc 3 decl.). A 
male, the male of any creature. 

Massilia, je (prop. n. 1 decl. fem.). 
Marseilles. 

Mater, tris (fem. 3 decl.). A 
mother. 

Matricida, je (masc. and fem. 1 
decl. from mater and c^do). 
A matricide. 

Maturus, a, um (adj.). 1. Ripe, 
mature. 2. Seasonable, oppor- 
tune. 

Matutinus, a, um (adj.). Of or 
belonging to the morning, in the 
morning, early. 

Mauritania, je (prop. n. 1 decl. 
fem.). Mauritania, now Fez 
and Morocco. 

Maxime (adv. superlative of magis). 
Very greatly, especially, chiefly. 

Maximus, a, um (adj. superlative of 
magnus). Very great, greatest, 
very large, largest. 

Medi, orum (prop. n. 2 decl. 
masc). The Medes. 

Medicina, je (fem. 1 decl.). Med- 
icine. 

Medicus, i (masc. 2 decl.). A 
physician. 

325 



MER 

Medius, a, um (adj.)- Middle, in 
the middle or midst. 

Medusa, m (prop. n. 1 decl. fern.). 
Medusa. 

Megarenses, ium (prop. n. 3 decl. 
masc. properly an adjective). 
The Megarensians, a people of 
Megaris. 

Mel, mellis (neut. 3 decl.). Hon- 
ey. 

Melior, or, us (adj. comparative 
of bonus). Better, more favour- 
able, &c. 

Melliscga, je (masc. and fern. 1 
decl.). The humming-bird or 
honey sucker. 

Membrum, bri (neut. 2 decl.). A 
member, a limb. 

Memini (preteritive verb). I have 
remembered, I remember, 1 re- 
membered. 

Memor, oris (adj.). Mindful. 

Mem5ria, m (fern. 1 deck from 
memor). 1. Memory. 2. Re- 
membrance. 

Memoro, are, avi, atum (a. v. 1 
conj. from memor). To mention, 
to recount, to relate, to tell. 

Mendacium, ii (neut. 2 decl. from 
mendax). A falsehood, an un- 
truth, a lie. 

Mendax, acis (adj. fromMENTiOR). 
Lying, false, untrue, menda- 
cious, deceitful. 

Menceceus, eos (prop. n. 3 decl. 
masc. Greek n.). Menceceus. 

Mens, mentis (fern. 3 decl.). The 
mind, the understanding, the 
reasoning faculty. 

Mensa, m (fern. 1 decl.). A table. 
Mensae secundse, a dessert, the 
second course. 

Mensis, is (masc. 3 decl.). A 
month. 

Mentior, mentiri, mentitus sum 
(dep. v. 4 conj.). To utter a 
falsehood, to lie. 

Mercator, oris (masc. 3 decl. 
from mercor). A merchant, a 
tradxr. 

Mercatura, m (fern. 1 decl. from 
mercor). Trade, traffic, com- 
merce. 

Mercatus, us (masc. 4 decl. from 
326 



MET 

mercor). 1 . A buying and sell' 
ing. 2. A fair. 

Mercenaries, a, um (adj. from 
merces). Hired, mercenary. 

Merces, edis (fern. 3 decl. from 
mercor\ 1. Hire, wages, pay, 
a reward for labour. 2. Rent. 

Mercurius, ii (prop. n. 2 decl. 
masc). Mercury. 

Mereo, ere, ui, itum (a. v. 2 
conj.). 1. To deserve, to mer- 
it. 2. To earn, to gain, to ac- 
quire. 

Mereor, eri, itus sum (dep. v. 2 
conj.). Same signification as 

MEREO. 

Merges, itis (fem. 3 decl.). A 
sheaf of corn. 

Meridianus, a, um (adj. from me- 
ridies). 1. Of or belonging to 
midday, done at midday, midday. 
2. Southern, south. 

Meridies, ei (fem. 5 decl. from 
medius and dies). 1. Midday, 
noon. 2. The south. 

Merito (adv. properly, however, 
the ablative of meritus). De- 
servedly, with reason. 

Meritus, a, um (part, from mere- 
or). Having deserved, having 
merited. 

Meritus, a, um (verbal adj.). De- 
served, merited. 

Merula, m (fem. 1 decl.). An 
ousel, a blackbird. 

Merx, mercis (fem. 3 decl.). 
Wares, merchandise, commodi- 
ties, goods. More commonly 
found in the plural, merces, with 
same meaning. 

Messis, is (fem. 3 decl. from me- 
to). A harvest, a crop of ripe 
corn. 

Messor, oris (masc. 3 decl. from 
meto). A reaper, a mower, a 
harvest man. 

Metallum, i (neut. 2 decl.). 
Metal. 

Metior, metiri, mensus, rarely 
metitus sum (dep. v. 4 conj.). 
To measure. 

Metuo, uere, ui (a. v. 3 conj.). 
To fear. 

Metus, us (masc, 4 decl.). Fear. 



MIN 
Meus, a, um (possessive pron.). 

My, mine. 
Midas, iE (prop. n. 1 decl.). 

Midas. 
Migratio, onis (fern. 3 decl. from 

migro). A removal, a migration, 

a departure from one place for 

another. 

MlGRO, ARE, AVI, ATUM (neut. V. 1 

conj.). To remove, to migrate, 
to depart from one place for an- 
other. 

Miles, itis (masc. and* fern. 3 
decl.). A soldier. 

Milesius, a, um (adj.). Of or be- 
longing to Miletus, Milesian. 

Miletus, i (prop. n. 2 decl. fem.). 
Miletus, a city of Asia Minor. 

Militia, m (fem. 1 decl. from mi- 
les). 1. Military service, war- 
fare. 2. Soldiers. 

Mille (num. adj. indeclinable). A 
thousand. 

Mille (substantive, neuter gender, 
indeclinable in singular, and fol- 
lowed by a genitive ; as, mille 
hominum. In plural, millia, mil- 
lium, &c. Found more frequent- 
ly in the plural). A thousand. 

Millesimus, a, um (num. adj. from 
mille). The thousandth. 

Minerva, m (prop. n. 1 decl. fem.). 
Minerva. 

Minime (adv. superlative, common- 
ly assigned to parum, but derived 
from minimus). 

Minimus, a, um (adj. superlative of 
parvus). Least, smallest, very 
small. 

Minister, tri (masc. 2 decl. from 
minus). 1 . A servant, an attend- 
ant. 2. An agent, a manager. 
3. A tool. (Some derive it from 

MANUS.) 

Ministerium, ii (neut. 2 decl. 
from minister). Service, min- 
istry, attendance, office. 

Minos, ois (prop.n. 3 decl. masc). 
Minos, the celebrated lawgiver 
of Crete. 

Minus (neut. of minor, adj. com- 
parative degree of parvus). 
Less. 

Minus (adv. comparative of par- 



MOD 
um). Less, in a less degree, in 
a smaller degree. 

Mirabilis, is, e (verbal adj. from 
miror). Wonderful, to be won- 
dered at, admirable, worthy to be 
admired, marvellous, strange. 

Miror, ari, atus sum (dep. v. 1 
conj.). To wonder at, to admire, 
to be surprised. 

Mirus, a, um (adj.). Wonderful, 
surprising, strange. 

MlSCEO, M1SCERE, MISCUI, MISTUM 

or mixtum (a. v. 2 conj.). To 
mix, to blend, to intermingle. 

Miser, era, erum (adj.). Miser- 
able, wretched. 

Miser abilis, is, e (verbal adj. from 
miseror). To be pitied, deser- 
ving of compassion, pitiable, de- 
plorable, miserable, lamentable, 
wretched. 

Misere (adv. from miser). Mis- 
erably, wretchedly, unhappily. 

MlSEREOR, MISERERI, MISERITUS 

sum (dep. v. 2 conj. from miser). 
To pity, to commiserate, to have 
compassion on. 

Miseria, m (fem. 1 decl. from mi- 
ser). Wretchedness, misery. 

Misericordia, ^b (fem. 1 decl. from 
miser and cor). Mercy, com- 
passion, pity. 

Mitis, is, e (adj.). 1. Mild, soft, 
tender, ripe, mellow. 2. Kind- 
hearted, compassionate. 3. Tol- 
erable, light, easy. 

Mitto, mittere, mist, missum (a. 
v. 3 conj.). To send, to despatch. 

Mobilis, is, e (verbal adj. from 
moveo). Easy to be moved, 
moveable. 

Modero, are, avi, atum (a. v. 1 
conj. from modus). To moder- 
ate, to regulate, to govern. 

MODEROR, ARI, ATUS SUM (dep. V. 

1 conj.). To moderate, to regu- 
late, to set limits to, to govern. 
It is more frequently used than 
the form modero. 

Modestia, m (fem. 1 decl. from 
modestus). I. Moderation, self- 
control. 2. Modesty, bashful- 
ness. 

Modestus, a, um (adj. from modus). 
327 



MOR 

1. Moderate, temperate, discreet. 

2. Modest, reserved. 

Modius, ii (masc. 2 decl). A mod- 
ius, the principal Roman measure 
for things dry. Often translated 
by our term bushel, but incor- 
rectly. It is somewhat more than 
a peck, English measure. 

Modo (adv.). 1. Just now, a little 
while ago, lately, but this mo- 
ment. 2. Now. 3. Sometimes. 
4. Only. 

Modus, i (masc. 2 decl.). 1. A 
measure, a manner, way, method, 
fashion. 2. Measure, quantity. 

3. A boundary, a limit. 
Mcenia, ium (neut. 3 decl.). The 

walls of a city, ramparts. More 
commonly, however, taken for 
the whole fortifications, and to be 
so rendered. 

Mceror, oris (masc. 3 decl.). Sor- 
row, deep affliction, grief. 

Mola, m (fern. 1 decl.). 1. A 
mill. 2. A millstone. 3. A 
cake made of meal and salt, and 
used at the Roman sacrifices. 

MSlestia, m (fern. 1 decl. from 
molestus). Uneasiness, vexa- 
tion, trouble. 

Molestus, a, um (adj. from moles). 
Troublesome, offensive, importu- 
nate, teasing, unreasonable. 

Mollio, ire, ivi, itum (a. v. 4 conj. 
from mollis). 1. To soften, to 
make tender, to appease, to miti- 
gate. 2. To civilize, to domes- 
ticate, to tame. 

Mollis, is, e (adj.). Soft, tender. 

Moneo, monere, monui, monitum 
(v. a. 2 conj.). To warn, to re- 
mind, to admonish. 

Mons, montis (masc. 3 decl.). A 
mountain. 

MoNSTRO, ARE, AVI, ATUM (a. V. 1 

conj.). To point out, to show, to 
tell, to inform, to declare. 

Monstrum, i (neut. 2 decl.). A 
monster, a prodigy. 

Mon omentum, i (neut. 2 decl. from 
moneo). A monument, a memo- 
rial. 

Morbus, i (masc. 2 decl.). A dis- 
ease, a malady. 
32S 



MUL 

Mordeo, mordere, momordi, mor- 
sum (a. v. 2 conj.). To gnaw, 
to bite, to champ. 

MORIOR, MORI, MORTUUS SUM (dep. 

v. 3 conj.). To die, to expire. 

Moror, ari, atus sum (dep. v. 1 
conj.). To delay, to tarry, to 
linger, to loiter. 

Morosus, a, um (adj.). Hard to 
please, morose, peevish, fretful, 
testy. 

Mors, mortis (fem. 3 decl.). 
Death. 

Mortalis, is, e (adj. from mors). 
Mortal, subject to death. 

Mortalitas, atis (fem. 3 decl. 
from mortalis). Mortality, sub- 
jection to death. 

Mortifer, era, erum (adj. from 
mors and fero). Deadly, mor- 
tal, causing death. 

Mortuus, a, um (adj. from morior). 
DeoA, defunct. 

Mos, moris (masc. 3 decl.). A 
manner, custom, way, fashion. 

Mosella, je (masc. and fem. 1 
decl). The Moselle, a river of 
France. 

Moses, is (prop. n. 3 decl. masc). 
Moses. A genitive, Mosi, is fre- 
quently employed. 

Motio, onis (fem. 3 decl. from 
moveo). A moving, a motion. 

Motus, us (masc. 4 decl. from mo- 
veo). A motion, a movement, a 
commotion. 

Motus, a, um (part, from moveo). 
Moved, put in motion, aroused, 
agitated, impelled. 

Moveo, movere, movi, motum (a. 
v. 2 conj.). To move, to stir, to 
rouse. 

Mox (adv.). Presently, by-and-by, 
soon. 

Mulier, eris (fem. 3 decl.). A 
female, a woman. 

Multitudo, inis (fem. 3 decl. from 
multus). A multitude. 

Multo and Mulcto, are, avi, 
atum (a. v. 1 conj.). To fine, 
to mulct, to amerce. 

Multo (adv. from multus, proper- 
ly an ablative neuter). Much, by 
much, by far, a great deal. 



MYC 

Multum (adv. properly the neuter 
ofMULTUs). Much, greatly, far. 

Multus, a, um (adj.). Many, nu- 
merous, much. 

Mummius, ii (prop. n. 2 decl.). 
Mummius. 

Munditia, m (fem. 1 decl. from 
mundus, a, um). Cleanliness, 
neatness. 

Mundities, ei (fem. 5 decl. from 
mundus, a, um). Same signifi- 
cation as MUNDITIA. 

Mundus, a, um (adj.). Clean, neat, 
plain, cleanly. 

Mundus, i (masc. 2 decl.). The 
universe, the world. 

Munia, ium (neut. plural, 3 decl. 
sing, wanting). 1. Public offices, 
places of trust. 2. The duties 
of a public or private station. 

Munificentia, je (fem. 1 decl. 
from munus and facio). Munif- 
icence, liberality, generosity. 

Munificus, a, um (adj. from munus 
and facio). Munificent, liberal, 
bountiful, generous. Compara- 
tive munificentior, superlative 
munificentissimus. 

Munio, ire, ivi, itum (a. v. 4 
conj.). To fortify, to secure with 
walls, to defend, to protect. 

Munus, eris (neut. 3 decl.). A 
gift, present, reward, favour. 

Muria, m (fem. 1 decl). Brine, 
pickle. 

Murmur, uris (neut. 3 decl.). A 
murmur. 

Murus, i (masc. 2 decl.). A wall 
of a city, a wall of defence. 

Mus, muris (masc. and fem. 3 
decl.). A mouse. 

Musa, m (fem. 1 decl.). A muse. 

Musca, je (fem. 1 decl.). A fly. 

Mutabilis, is, e (verbal adj. from 
muto). Changeable, subject to 
change, inconstant, fickle. 

Muto, are, avi, atum (a. v. 1 
conj.). To change, to alter. 

Mutuor, ari, atus sum (dep. v. 1 
conj.). To borrow. 

Mutus, a, um (adj.). Dumb, mute, 
silent. 

Mycale, es (prop. n. 1 decl. fem.). 
Mycdle, a promontory of Asia 
38* 



NAV 
Minor, opposite Samos, where 
the Persians were defeated by 
the Greeks the same day with 
the battle of Platea. 
Mysterium, ii (neut. 2 decl). A 
mystery. 

N. 

Nam (conjc). For. 

Namque (conjc. from nam and que) 
For. 

Naris, is (fem. 3 decl.). A nostril. 

Nar ratio, onis (fem. 3 decl. from 
narro). A relation, a narrative, 
a narrating, a relating. 

Narro, are, avi, atum (a. v. 1 
conj.). To relate, to narrate, to 
recount, to tell. 

Nascor, nasci, natus sum (dep. v. 
3 conj.). To be born. 

Nasus, i (masc. 2 decl.). A nose. 

Natalis, is, e (adj. from natus). 
Natal, appertaining to a man's 
birth. Used also as a noun, a 
birthday, and, in the plural, birth, 
parentage, extraction, lineage. 

Nato, are, avi, atum (neut. v. I 
conj.). To swim. 

Natrix, icis (masc. and fem. 3 
decl.). A water-serpent. 

Natu, vid. Natus. 

Natura, je (fem. 1 decl. from nas- 
cor). Nature. 

Naturalis, is, e (adj. from natu- 
ra). Natural. 

Natus, us (masc. 4 decl. from 
nascor). 1. Birth. 2. Age. 
Maximus natu, the eldest. Minor 
natu, younger, &c. 

Nauta, je (masc. 1 decl. contract- 
ed from navita, which last is 
from navis). A seaman, a sailor^ 
a mariner. 

Navalis, is, e (adj. from navis). 
Naval, of or belonging to ships. 

Navigatio, onis (fem. 3 decl. from 
navigo). A sailing, a naviga- 
ting, navigation, a voyage. 

Navigator, oris (masc. 3 decl, 
from navigo). A mariner, a 
navigator, a sailor. 

Navigo, are, avi, atum (a. v. 1 
conj. from navis and ago). To 
navigate. 

329 



NER 

Navis, is (fern. 3 decl.). A ship. 

Ne (adv.). Not that, not, lest. 

Ne (enclitic interrogative particle). 
Whether. It is most commonly 
expressed, however, in transla- 
ting, merely by the tone of the 
voice ; as, jamne vides, " do you 
now see V* 

Neapolis, is (prop. n. fern. 3 decl.). 
Naples. 

Nebula, m (fern. 1 decl.). A fog, 
mist, vapour. 

Nec (adv.). Neither, nor, and not. 

Necessarius, a, um (adj. from ne- 
cesse). Necessary. 

Necesse (indeclinable adjective, 
neuter gender). Necessary, of 
necessity. 

Necessitas, atis (fern. 3 decl. from 
necesse). Necessity. 

Necne (adv. from nec and ne). 
Or not, or no. 

Neco, are, avi, atum (a. v. 1 conj. 
from nex). To kill, to put to 
death, to slay, to assassinate. 

Nectar, aris (neut. 3 decl.). Nec- 
tar, the fabled drink of the gods. 

Nefas (indeclinable adj. neut. from 
nec and fas). Unholy, wicked, 
unlawful, impious. 

Negotium, ii (neut. 2 decl. from 
nec and otium). 1. A business, 
an o^ice, an employment, transac- 
tion, an affair. 2. A matter, a 
thing. 

Nemo, inis (masc. and fern. 3 decl. 
from ne and homo). No one, 
nobody, no man. 

Nepos, otis (masc. 3 decl.). 1. 
A grandson. 2. A spendthrift, 
a prodigal. In the plural, nepo- 
tes, posterity, descendants. 

Neptunus, i (prop. n. 2 decl. 
masc). Neptune, the god of 
the sea. 

Nequam (indeclinable adj. masc. 
and fern.). Worthless, profligate, 
wicked. Comparative nequior, 
superlative nequissimus. 

Nequaquam (adv.). By no means. 

Neque (conjc). Neither, nor, and 
not. 

Nero, onis (prop. n. 3 decl. masc). 
Nero. 
330 



NOB 

Nescio, ire, ivi and ii, Itum (a. 
v. 4 conj. from ne and scio). To 
be ignorant of, not to know. 

Neu (conjc. contracted from neve). 
Nor, neither. 

Neuter, tra, trum (adj. from ne 
and uter). Neither. 

Neve (conjc). Nor, neither, and 
not. 

Nex, necis (fern. 3 decl.). A vio- 
lent death, death, assassination, 
killing, slaying, murder. 

Ni (conjc contracted from nisi). 
If not, unless. 

Nidulor, ari, atus sum (dep. v. 1 
conj. from nidus). To build or 
construct a nest. 

Nidus, i (masc. 2 decl.). A nest. 

Niger, gra, grum (adj.). Black, 
sable, dusky, dark. 

Nihil (indeclinable neuter noun, 
contracted from nihilum) No- 
thing. 

Nihilominus (adv. from nihilo 
and minus). Nevertheless, not- 
withstanding. It is often writ- 
ten separately, nihilo minus. 

Nihilo, vid. Nihilominus. 

Nihilum, i (neut. 2 decl.). iVb- 
thing. 

Nimbus, i (masc. 2 decl.). 1. A 
storm-cloud. 2. A storm, a vio- 
lent storm. 3. A bright cloud 
or light accompanying the appear- 
ance of the gods. 4. A halo or 
luminous circle around the head 
of a divinity. 

Nimis (adv.). Too, very, too much, 
extremely, exceedingly, beyond 
measure. 

Nimium (adv. from nimis). Too, 
too much, very much, greatly, 

Nimius, a, um (adj. from nimis). 
Too much, too great, excessive, 
immoderate, above measure, su- 
perfluous. 

Nisi (conjc. from ne and si). Un- 
less, if not. 

Niveus, a, um (adj. from nix). 1. 
Snowy, of snow. 2. Snow-white. 

Nix, nivis (fern. 3 decl.). Snow. 

Nobilis, is, e (adj. contracted from 
noscibilis). Well-known, illus- 
trious, noble. 



NOT 

Noceo, ere, in, itum (neut. V. 2 
conj.). To hurt, to injure. 

Noctu (ablative of noctus, us). 
By night, in the nighttime. 

Noctua, je (fem. 1 decl.). An 
owl. 

Nocturnus, a, um (adj. from noc- 
tus). Nocturnal, of night. 

Nodus, i (masc. 2 decl.). A knot, 
tie, bond. 

Nolo, nolle, nolui (irreg. v. from 
non and volo). To be unwilling. 

Nomades, um (prop. n. 3 decl. 
masc). Nomades, a pastoral 
race or people. The nominative 
singular, Nomas, adis or ados, 
is not much used. 

Nomas, adis, vid. Nomades. 

Nomen, inis (neut. 3 decl. contract- 
ed from noscimen, which comes 
from nosco). A name, an ap- 
pellation. 

NOMINO, ARE, AVI, ATUM (a. V. 1 

conj. from nomen). To name, 

to call by name. 
Non (adv.). Not, no. 
Nonaginta (numeral adj.). Ninety. 
Nongenti, Mi a (numeral adj.). 

Nine hundred. 
Nonne (interrogative adv. from 

non and ne). Not ? whether or 

not. 
Nonnullus, a, um (adj. from non 

and nullus). Some. 
Nonnunquam (adv. from non and 

nunquam). Sometimes, occa- 
sionally. 
Nonus, a, um (numeral adj. con- 
tracted from novenus, which 

comes from novem). The ninth, 

a ninth. 
Noster, tra, trum (possessive 

pronoun, from nos). Our, ours, 

our own. 
Nostras, atis (patrial pron.). Of 

our country or nation, of our sect 

or party. 
Not a, m (fem. 1 decl.). A mark, 

a sign, a note. 
Noto, are, avi, atum (a. v. 1 conj. 

from nota). To mark, to note, 

to distinguish by a mark or note. 
Notus, a, um (verbal adj. from 

nosco). Known. 



NUM 

Novacula, m (fem. 1 decl.). A 
razor, any sharp knife. 

Novem (indeclinable numeral adj.). 
Nine. 

November, bris (masc. 3 decl.). 
November, the ninth month from 
March, which latter originally 
commenced the Roman year. 

No vi (preteritive verb, the perfect 
of nosco). / know, I knew. 

No vies (numeral adverb, from no- 
vem). Nine times. 

Novus, a, um (adj.). New. Com- 
parative novior, superlative no- 
vissimus. Novum Eboracum, 
New- York. 

Noxius, a, um (adj. from noxia). 
Hurtful, harmful, injurious. 

Nubes, is (fem. 3 decl.). A cloud. 

Nucleus, i (masc. 2 decl.). 1. 
The kernel of a nut. 2. The pit 
of an olive, plum, peach, or other 
fruit. 

Nudus, a, um (adj.). Naked, un- 
covered, bare. 

Nullus, a, um (adj. from ne and 
ullus). None, not any one, no 
one, nobody. 

NuM(adv.). Whether? Often ren- 
dered into English by the mere 
tone of the voice. 

Numa, m (prop. n. masc. 3 decl.). 
Numa, the successor of Romu- 
lus. 

Numantia, je. (prop. n. fem. 1 
decl.). Numantia, a city of 
Spain, famed for withstanding 
the Romans many years. 

Numantinus, a, um (adj. from Nu- 
mantia). Numantine, of or be- 
longing- to Numantia. 

Numen, inis (neut. 3 decl. con- 
tracted from nuimen, which 
comes from nuo). 1. A nod. 
2. The will of a deity expressed 
by a nod. 3. The will of Heav- 
en, the power of the gods. 4. 
Deity, divinity, Divine power. 

NUMERO, ARE, AVI, ATUM (a. V. 1 

conj. from numerus). To count, 

to number, to reckon. 
Numerus, i (masc. 2 decl.). A 

number, number, quantity. 
Numidia, & (prop. n. 1 decl. fem.). 
331 



OBN 

Numidia, answering nearly to the 

modern country of Algiers. 
Numitor, oris (prop. n. 3 decl. 

masc). Numitor. 
Nummus, i (masc. 2 decl.). 1. A 

piece of money. 2. Money. 
Nunc (adv.). Now, at present, at 

this time. 
Nunquam (adv.). Never. 
Nuntius, ii (masc. 2 decl.). 1. A 

messenger. 2. News, tidings, 

intelligence. 
Nuper (adv.). Lately, not long 

ago. 
Nurus, us (fem. 4 decl.). A 

daughter-in-law. 
Nusquam (adv.). Nowhere. 

NuTRIO, IRE, IVI, ITUM (a. V. 4 

conj.). To nourish, to cherish, 
to foster, to bring up, to rear. 
Nux, nucis (fem. 3 decl). A nut. 

0. 

0(interj.)! Oh! 

Ob (prep, with the accusative). On 
account of, for. 

(Deduct us, a, um (part, from ob- 
duco). Drawn over, laid over, 
drawn across. 

Obduro, are, avi, atum (a. V. 1 
conj. from ob and duro). To 
harden, to make hard. 

"Obediens, entis (verbal adj. from 
obedio). Obedient. 

Obedio,. ire, ivi, itum (neut. v. 4 
conj. from ob and audio). To 
obey, to comply with. 

Obeo, Ire, ivi and ii, itum (neut. 
v. 4 conj. from ob and eo). 1. 
To come in contact with. 2. To 
engage in, to go through, to pass 
or travel over. 3. To execute, 
to fulfil. 4. To move up and 
down. Obire diem supremum, 
to die (i. e., to come in contact 
with one's last day). Obire mor- 
tem, to die. The adjective su- 
premum is often, however, un- 
derstood. 

Obliviscor, oblivisci, oblitus 
sum (dep. v. 3 conj.). To for- 
get. 

Oblongus, a, um (adj.). Oblong. 

Obxoxius, a, um (adj. from ob and 
332 



OCE 

noxius). Liable, subject, obnox- 
ious, exposed to. 

Obscuro, are, avi, atum (a. v. 1 
conj. from obscurus). To ob- 
scure, to darken. 

Obscurus, a, um (adj.). Obscure, 
dark. 

Obsequor, sequi, secutus sum 
(dep. v. 3 conj. from ob and se- 
quor). To comply with, to obey, 
to humour, to oblige, to gratify. 

Obses, idis (masc. and fem.). A 
hostage. 

Ob sum, esse, fui (irreg. neut. v. 
from ob and sum). To hinder, to 
hurt, to p-ove prejudicial to. 

Obtempero, are, avi, atum (neut. 
v. 1 conj.). To obey, to comply 
with, to submit to. 

Obtineo, ere, ui, entum (a. v. 2 
conj. from ob and teneo). 1. 
To hold against another, to have 
possession, to hold, to possess. 
2. To obtain. 

Obtrunco, are, avi, atum (a. v. 
1 conj.). To behead, to put to 
death, to cut off the limbs, to lop 
off- 

Occa, m (fem. 1 decl.). A harrow, 
a rake. 

Occasio, 5nis (fem. 3 decl.). An 
occasion, an opportunity, a fit or 
convenient season. 

OCCIDO, CIDERE, CIDI, CASUM (neut. 

v. 3 conj. from ob and c ado). To 

fall, to fall down. 

OCCIDO, CIDERE, CIDI, CISUM (a. V. 

v. 3 conj. from ob and c^edo). 

To kill, to slay, to murder, to 

cut off. 
Occiduus, a, um (adj. from occido). 

1. Setting, going d,own. 2. 

Western. 
Occisus, a, um (part, from occido). 

Slain. 

OCCULTO, ARE, AVI, ATUM (a. V. 1 

conj. frequentative from occulo). 
To conceal, to hide. 

OCCUPO, ARE, AVI, ATUM (a. V. 1 

conj. from ob and capio). To 
seize, to take possession of, to oc- 
cupy. 
"Oceanus, i (masc 2 decl.). The 
ocean. 



OFF 

Octavianus, i (prop. n. 2 decl. 
masc). Octavianus. 

Octavus, a, um (numeral adjective 
from ogto). The eighth. 

Octies (numeral adverb, from oc- 
to). Eight times. 

Octingentesimus, a, um (numeral 
adjective from octingenti). The 
eight hundredth. 

Octingenti (numeral adj.). Eight 
hundred. 

Octingenties (numeral adv. from 
octingenti). Eight hundred 
times. 

Octo (numeral adj.). Eight. 

October, bris (masc. 3 decl. from 
octo). October, the eighth 
month from March, which latter 
was originally the beginning of 
the Roman year. 

Octogeni, je, a (distributive nu- 
meral). Eighty each, eighty at 
a time. 

Octogesimus, a, um (numeral adj. 
from octoginta). The eightieth. 

Octoginta (numeral adj.). Eighty. 

Octoni, je, a (distributive numer- 
al). Eight each, eight by eight. 

"Ocularis, is, e (adj. fromocuLus). 
Of or belonging to the eye. Vitra 
ocularia, spectacles. 

"Ocularium, ii (neut. 2 decl. from 
oculus). An eyeglass. Proper- 
ly an adj. with vitrum understood. 

"Oculus, i (masc. 2 decl.). The 
eye. 

"Odi (preteritive verb, from the old 
present odio). I hate, I hated, 
1 have hated. 

"Odiosus, a, um (adj. from odium). 
Hateful, odious. 

"Odium, ii (neut. 2 decl.). Hatred, 
hate, ill-will, odium. 

w Odor, oris (masc. 3 decl.). A 
scent, a smell, an odour, a per- 
fume. 

"Odoriferus, a, um (adj. from odor 
andFERo). Producing an odour, 
odoriferous, siveet- smelling. 
Offendo, fendere, fendi, fen- 
sum (a. v. 3 conj.). 1. To hit, 
to strike, to run against. 2. To 
offend, to displease. 
Offero, offeere, obtuli, obla- 



OPE 

tum (irreg. v. from ob and fero). 

To present, to bring before, to 

offer. 
Officina, je (fem. 1 decl.). 1. A 

workshop, a place where anything 

is made or constructed. 2. A 

generating-place. 
'OH(interj.)! Oh! 0! ah! 
"Ohs (interj.) ! What ho, there ! 

hold ! 
"Oleum, i (neut. 2 decl.). Oil. 
Olfacio, facere, feci, factum 

(a. v. 3 conj. from oleo and fa- 

cio). To smell, to smell at, to 

scent. Passive voice, Olfio, 

FIERI, FACTUS SUM. 

Olfactus, us (masc. 4 decl. from 
olfacio). The sense of smell, 
smell, a smelling. 

"Olim (adv.). Formerly, ago, once 
upon a time, a while ago. 

Olla, je (fem. 1 decl.). A pot, an 
earthen vessel, a jar. 

"Olus, eris (neut. 3 decl.). Vege- 
tables, greens, potherbs. 

"Olympias, adis (fem. 3 decl.). An 
Olympiad, a period of four years, 
from one celebration of the Olym- 
pic games to another. 

"Olympic us, a, um (adj.). Olympic. 

"Olympius, a, um (adj.). Olympic. 
Olympii (ludi), the Olympic 
games. 

"Olympus, i (masc. 2 decl.). Olym- 
pus, a celebrated mountain of 
Thessaly, the fabled residence of 
the gods. 

Omnino (adv.). Altogether, wholly. 

Omnipotens, entis (adj. from om- 
nis and potens). Omnipotent, 
all-powerful. 

Omnis, is, e (adj.). All, every. 

"Onus, eris (neut. 3 decl.). A 
burden, a load. 

"Opera, je (fem. 1 decl.). Assist- 
ance, work, labour. 

"Operio, operire, operui, oper- 
tum (a. v. 4 conj.). To shut up. 

"Operosus, a, um (adj. from ope- 
ra). Laborious, industrious, ac- 
tive, busy. 

w Opes, um (fem. 3 decl. plural num- 
ber, from ops). Riches, wealth, 
resources. 

333 



ORA 

"Opifex, ficis (masc. and fern. 3 
decl. from opus and facio). An 
artist, an artificer, a toorkman, a 
maker. 
"Opificium, ii (neut. 2 decl. from 
opifex). Workmanship, handi- 
work. 
"Opimus, a, um (adj.). 1. Fat, 
well-grown. 2. Rich, wealthy, 
abundant, 'plentiful, fertile, pro- 
ductive. 
"Opinio, onis (fern. 3 decl.). Opin- 
ion, supposition. 
Opinor, ari, atus sum (dep. v. 1 
conj.). To have an opinion, to 
be of opinion, to think. 
"Opitulor, ari, atus sum (dep. v. 
1 conj.). To help, to aid, to as- 
sist, to succour. 
Opperior, opperiri, oppertus 
sum (dep. v. 4 conj.). To wait 
for, to expect. 
Oppidum, i (neut. 2 decl.). A 

town, generally a walled one. 
Ops, opis (fern. 3 decl.). Means, 
resources, assistance (vid. Opes). 
The genitive, accusative, and ab- 
lative are alone used in the sin- 
gular. 
Optabilis, is, e (verbal adj. from 
opto). Desirable, to be wished 
for. 
Optime (adv. superlative of bene). 

Very well, best, excellently. 
Optimo s, a, um (adj. superlative of 
bonus). Very good, best, excel- 
lent. 
Opto, are, avi, atum (a. v. 1 conj.). 

To wish, to choose, to prefer. 
v Opulenter (adv.). Abundantly, 
richly. The form opulente is 
also in use. 
"Opulentus, a, um (adj. from opes). 

Rich, toealthy, opulent. 
"Opus, eris (neut. 3 decl.). Work, 

labour, performance, task. 
"Opus (indeclinable). Need, neces- 
sity. 
"Ora, m (fern. 1 decl). 1. The 
extremity or margin of anything, 
a border. 2. A coast, seacoast, 
shore. 3. A region, a territory. 
"Oraculum, i (neut. 2 decl.). An 
oracle. 
334 



OS 

"Oratio, onis (fern. 3 decl. from 
oro). 1. A speech, discourse, 
oration. 2. A prayer. Oratio 
Dominica, the LoraVs prayer. 

"Orator, oris (masc. 3 decl. from 
oro). An orator, a public 
speaker. 

Orbator, oris (masc. 3 decl.). A 
olepriver, a bereaver. 

Orbis, is (masc. 3 decl.). 1. An 
orb, a globe. 2. The earth, the 
world (t err drum being here un- 
derstood). 

Ordior, ordiri, orsus sum (dep. 
v. 4 conj.). To begin. 

Ordo, inis (masc. 3 decl.). Order, 
arrangement, rank, a rank in 
military language. 

"Orestes, m (masc. 1 decl.), and 
is (masc. 3 decl. prop. n.). 
Orestes. 

Orgetorix, igis (prop. n. 3 decl. 
masc). Orgetorix. 

"Oriens, entis (verbal adj. from 
orior). Rising. Often used 
as a noun, with sol understood, 
and then meaning the east. 

"Origo, inis (fern. 3 decl. from 
orior). An origin, a source. 

"Orior, ori and oriri, ortus sum 
(dep. v. 3 conj.). To arise, to 
grow up, to spring. 

Ornamentum, i (neut. 2 decl. from 
orno). An ornament. 

Orno, are, avi, atum (a. v. 1 
conj.). To adorn, to ornament. 

Ornus, i (fern. 2 decl.). A wild 
ash, a mountain ash. 

"Oro, are, avi, atum (a. v. 1 conj. 
from os, oris). 1. To speak, to 
utter. 2. To entreat, to pray, 
to beseech, to beg. 

Orpheus, eos (prop. n. 3 decl. 
masc. Greek noun), and Orphe- 
us, ei (2 decl.). Orpheus. 
Ortus, us (masc. 4 decl. from 
orior). 1. A rising, springing 
up. 2. A birth. 3. A begin- 
ning, origin. 
"Oryza, m (fern. 1 decl.). Rice. 
Os, oris (neut. 3 decl.). 1. The 
mouth. 2. The countenance, the 
face. 

. Os, ossis (neut. 3 decl). A bone. 



PAL 

Osgen, inis (masc. 3 decl.). A 
bird that forebodes by its note or 
cry, an oscen. 

OSTENDO, TENDERE, TENDI, TEN- 
SUM or tentum (a. v. 3 conj.). 
To show, to signify, to intimate. 

Ostium, ii (neut. 2 decl.)- A door, 
a gate, a mouth of a harbour. 

Ostrum, i (neut. 2 decl.)- 1. The 
juice of a shellfish which produces 
purple. %. Purple, scarlet, crim- 
son. 

"Otiosus, a, um (adj. from otium). 
I . At leisure, unoccupied. 2. In- 
dolent, lazy. 3. Secure, quiet, 
calm. 

Otto, onis (prop. n. 3 decl.). 
Otho. 

"Ovile, is (neut. 3 decl. from ovis). 
A sheepfold, a fold. 

"Ovis, is (fern. 3 decl.). A sheep. 

"Ovum, i (neut. 2 decl). An egg. 

P. 

Pabulum, i (neut. 2 decl. from pas- 

co). Fodder, pasture, food for 

cattle, &c. 
Padus, i (prop. n. masc. 2 decl.). 

The Po. 
Pal^epolis, is (prop. n. fern. 3 

decl.). Palapolis. 
Pal am (adv.). Openly, publicly, 

before all. 
Palatum, i (neut. 2 decl.). The 

palate. 
Pallas, adis and ados (prop. n. 

fern. 3 decl.). Pallas, one of 

the names of Minerva. 
Palleo, ere, m (neut. v. 2 conj.). 

To turn pale, to be pale. 
Palliolum, i (neut. 2 decl. dimin- 
utive from pallium). A little 

cloak or mantle. 
Pallium, ii (neut. 2 decl.). A 

cloak, a mantle. Properly the 

outer robe of the Greeks. 
Pallor, 5ris (masc. 3 decl.). 

Paleness. 
Palpebra, ^e (fern. 1 decl.). An 



Palus, i (masc. 2 decl.). A stake. 
Palus, udis (fern. 3 decl.). A fen, 

a marsh. 
Paluster, tris, tre (adj. from 



PAR 

palus). Marshy, belonging to 

a marsh. 
Pampinus, i (masc. and fem. 2 

decl.). 1. A vine-shoot. 2. A 

vine- leaf. 
Pandora, je (prop. n. 1 decl. fem.). 

Pandora, the name of the female 

made by Prometheus. 
Panis, is (masc. 3 decl.). Bread, 

a loaf of bread. 
Papaver, eris (masc. and neut. 

3 decl.). The poppy. 
Papilio, onis (masc. 3 decl.). A 

butterfly. 
Par, paris (adj.). 1. Equal, even 

in number, alike. 2. Fit, meet, 

suitable. It often appears in the 

neuter as a kind of noun. 
Paratus, a, um (part, from paro). 

Prepared. 
Paratus, a, um (verbal adj. from 

paro). Prepared, ready, provi- 
ded, furnished. 
Parco, parcere, peperci, parci- 

tum and parsum (neut. v. 3 

conj.). To spare. 
Parcus, a, um (adj.). * Sparing, 

frugal, penurious, stingy. 
Pardus, i (masc. 2 decl.). A male 

panther, a pard. 
Parens, tis (masc. and fem. 3 

decl.). A parent. 
Pareo, ere, ui (neut. v. 2 conj.). 

To obey. 
Paries, etis (masc. 3 decl.). A 

wall of a house. 
Paris, idis or idos (prop. n. 3 

decl. masc). Paris. 
Parish, orum (prop. n. 2 decl. 

masc). Paris, the capital of 

France. Vid. Lutetia. 
Pariter (adv. from par). In like 

manner, equally, at the same time. 
Paro, are, avi, atum (a. v. 1 

conj . ). To get ready, to prepare, 

to furnish, to equip. 
Parricida and Paricida, je (masc. 

and fem. 1 decl. from parens 

and c^edo). A parricide. 
Paros, i (prop. n. fem. 2 decl.). 

Paros, a Greek island, one of the 
Cyclades. 
Pars, partis (fem. 3 decl.). A 

part, a portion. 

335 



PAT 

Parsimonia, je (fe,m. 1 decl. from 
parous). 1. Frugality. 2. Par- 
simony, stinginess. 

Partim (adv. properly old accusa- 
tive of pars). Partly, in part. 

Partio, ire, ivi, itum (a. v. 4 
conj.). To divide, to parcel out, 
to part. 

Parum (adv.). Little, but little, 
not enough. Comparative minus, 
superlative minime. 

Parvulus, a, um (adj. diminutive 
from parvus). Very little, very 
small, very diminutive. 

Parvus, a, um (adj.). Small, little. 
Comparative minor, superlative 

MINIMUS. 

Pasco, pascere, pavi, pastum (a. 

v. 3 conj.). To feed, to graze, 

to pasture. 
Passer, eris (masc. 3 decl.). A 

sparrow. 
Passim (adv.). Everywhere. 
Pastor, oris (masc. 3 decl. from 

pasco). A shepherd, a feeder. 
Patefacio, facere, feci, factum 

(a. v. 3 conj. from pateo and fa- 

cio). To open, to lay open, to 

throw open. Passive voice, pa- 

TEFIO, FIERI, FACTUS SUM. 

Pateo, ere, ui (neut. v. 2 conj.). 
To be open, to lie open. 

Pater, tris (masc. 3 decl.). A 
father. 

Paterfamilias, (masc. 1 decl. 
from pater and familias, the 
old genitive of the first declen- 
sion, for family). A father of 
a family. 

Patina, je (fern. 1 decl. from pa- 
teo). A dish, a plate, a pan. 

Patior, pati, passus sum (dep. v. 
3 conj.). To suffer, to undergo, 
to endure. 

Patria, je (fern. 1 decl. from pa- 
ter). A fatherland, a native 
country. Properly the feminine 
adjective patria, with terra un- 
derstood. 

Patrius, a, um (adj. from pater). 
Of or belonging to a father, a 
father's. 

Patulus, a, um (adj. from pateo). 
Open, large, wide-spreading. 
336 



PEL 

Pauci, je, a (adj. singular seldom 
used). A few, few. 

Paulo or Paullo (adv.). By a 
little, a little, somewhat. 

Paulum or Paullum (adv.). A 
little, somewhat. 

Pauper, eris (adj.). Poor. Often 
taken as a noun. 

Paupertas, atis (fern. 3 decl. from 
pauper). Poverty. 

Pausanias, je (prop. n. I decl. 
masc). Pausanias . 

Pivo, onis (masc. 3 decl.). A 
peacock. 

Pax, pacis (fern. 3 decl.). Peace, 
quiet, tranquillity. 

Peccatum, i (neut. 2 decl. from 
pecco). A fault, an offence, a 
sin, an error. 

Pecco, are, avi, atum (neut. v. 1 
conj.). To do wrong, to commit 
a fault, to offend, to err, to sin, 
to transgress. 

Pectus, oris (neut. 3 decl.). The 
breast, the chest. 

Pecunia, je (fern. 1 decl.). A sum 
of money, money. 

Pecus, oris (neut. 3 decl.). Cat- 
tle, a flock, animals of any kind, 
large of size, such as horses, 
sheep, goats, oxen, &c. 

Pecus, udis (fern. 3 decl). 1. A 
brute, beast, an animal. 2. A 
sheep. 3. A flock. The strict 
difference between this noun and 
pecus, oris, is, that the latter 
means, properly, an entire flock 
or herd, whereas pecus, udis, 
refers rather to the individual 
animals composing that flock or 
herd. 

Pedes, itis (adj. from pes). On 
foot. It is most frequently taken 
as a noun, a person on foot, a pe- 
destrian, a foot-soldier. 

Pedester, tris, tre (adj. from 
pedes). Going on foot, pedes- 
trian. 

Pejor, oris (adj. comparative of 
malus). Worse. 

Pelagus, i (neut. 2 decl. Greek n.). 
The deep sea, the deep, the sea. 

Peleus, eos (prop. n. 3 decl. 
masc). Peleus. 



PER 

Pellis, is (fern. 3 decl.). The skin, 

a hide. 
Pelopidas, je (prop. n. 1 decl. 

masc). Pelopidas. 
Peloponnesus, i (prop. n. fem. 2 

decl.). The Peloponnesus, now 

the Morea. 
Pelops, opis (prop. n. 3 decl. 

masc). Pelops. 
Pelusium, ii (prop. n. 2 decl. 

neut.). Pelusium, a strong city 

of Egypt, on the Syrian frontier. 
Pendeo, pendere, pependi (neut. 

v. 2 conj.). To hang from, to 

hang, to be suspended. 
Penelope, es (prop. n. fem. 1 

decl.). Penelope, the wife of 

Ulysses. 
Penes (prep, with accusative). In 

the power of, under the control of. 
Peninsula or Peninsula, m (fem. 

1 decl. from p^ne and insula). 

A peninsula. 
Penitus (adv.). 1. Far within, 

inward, inmost, at the bottom. 

2. Thoroughly. 
Penna, ^e (fem. 1 decl.). 1. A 

feather, a wing, a quill. 2. A 

pen. Used in this sense by later 

writers. 
Pennatus, a, um (verbal adj.). 

Winged, feathered. 
Per (prep, with accusative). 1. 

Through, through the midst of. 

2. By, by means of. 3. During, 

&c. In composition it signifies 

through, entirely, very much. 
Percussor, oris (masc. 3 decl. 

from percutio). A striker, a 

slayer. 
Percutio, cutere, cussi, cussum 

(a. v. 3 conj. from per and qua- 

tio). To strike, to smite, to hit. 
Perditus, a, um (verbal adj. from 

perdo). Ruined, lost, aban- 
doned. 
Perdiu (adv.). Very long, for a 

great while. 
Perdix, icis (masc. and fem. 3 

decl.). A partridge. 
Perdo, perdere, perdidi, perdi- 

tum (a. v. 3 conj). To destroy, 

to ruin, to lose, to squander. 
Perduco, ducere, duxi, puctum 
20 



PER 

(a. v. 3 conj. from per and du- 
co). 1 . To lead through, to lead, 
to bring through, to conduct, to 
convey. 2. To lengthen, to draw 
out, to prolong. 3. To besmear, 
to cover over. 

Peregre (adv.). Abroad, from 
abroad. 

Peregrinus, a, um (adj. from per- 
egre). Foreign, coming from 
foreign parts. Sometimes taken 
as a noun, a foreigner, a stran- 
ger. 

Perendie (adv.). The day after 
to-morrow, the third day hence. 

Pereo, ire, ivi or n (neut. v. 4 
conj.). To perish, to be destroy- 
ed, to be lost. 

Perfectus, a, um (verbal adj. from 
perficio). Finished, completed, 
perfect, excellent, exquisite. 

Pergo, pergere, perrexi, per- 
rectum (neut. v. 3 conj.). To 
proceed, to move onward, to go. 

,Pergratus, a, um (adj. from per 
and gratus). Very pleasing, 
very agreeable. 

Periculosus, a, um (adj. from per- 
iculum). Dangerous, perilous, 
hazardous. 

Periculum, i (neut. 2 decl.). 1. 
Trial, proof 2. Danger, risk, 
peril. 

Peritus, a, um (adj.). Skilled, 
experienced, expert. 

Permagnus, a, um (adj. from per 
and magnus). Very large, very 
great. 

Permoveo, movere, m5vi, motum 
(a. v. 2 conj. from per and mo- 
veo). To move greatly, to stir 
up, to arouse. 

Permultus, a, um (adj. from per 
and multus). Very much, very 
many. 

Pernecessarius, a, um (adj. from 
per and necessarius). Very 
necessary. 

Pernicies, ei (fem. 5 decl. from 
per and nex). Destruction, ex- 
termination, ruin. 

Perniciosus, a, um (adj. from 
pernicies). Destructive, ruin- 
ous, pernicious. 

337 



PHI 

Pernix, icis (adj.). Swift, active, 
nimble, quick. 

Perpetuus, a, um (adj.). Perpet- 
ual, continual, uninterrupted. 

Persa, m (adj.). A Persian. 

Perseus, eos, and Perseus, ei 
(prop. n. 3 and 2 decl.). Perseus. 

Persevero, are, avi, Itum (neut. 
v. 1 conj.). To persevere, to 
persist, to hold out. 

Persicus, a, um (adj.). Persian. 

Persius, ii (prop. n. 2 decl, masc). 
Persius. 

Persolvo, solvere, solvi, solu- 
tum (a. v. 3 conj. from per and 
solvo). To pay completely, to 
pay, to render fully. 

Perspicio, spicere, spexi, spec- 
tum (a. v. 3 conj. from per and 
specio). To see clearly, to dis- 
cover fully, to discern, to ascer- 
tain. 

Perspicuitas, atis (fern, from per- 
spicuus). Perspicuity, clear- 
ness. 

Persuadeo, suadere, suasi, sua- 
sum (neut. v. 2 conj. from per 
and suadeo). To persuade, to 
advise earnestly. 

Pes, pedis (masc. 3 decl.). A 
foot. 

Pessimus, a, um (adj. superlative 
of malus). Very ill, very lad, 
worst. 

Pestilentia, m (fern. 1 decl.). A 
pestilence. 

Pestis, is (fern. 3 decl.). A pest, 
plague, calamity, ruin, destruc- 
tion. 

Peto, ere, ivi and n, itum (a. v. 
3 conj.). To ask, to seek, to re- 
quest. 

Phalanx, angis (fern. 3 decl.). A 
phalanx, a large body of men in 
close array. 

Phalereus, a, um (adj.). Of or 
belonging to Phalereus. 

Pharao, onis (prop. n. 3 decl. 
masc). Pharaoh. 

Pharmacop5la, m (masc. 1 decl.). 
An apothecary, a seller of medi- 
cines. 

Philippus, i (prop. n. 2 decl. 
masc). Philip. 
338 



PLA 

Philosophia, m (fern. 1 decl.). 

Philosophy. 

Philosopkicus, a, um (adj.). Phil- 
osophical. 

Philosophor, ari, atus sum (dep. 
v. 1 conj.). To philosophize. 

Philosophus, i (masc. 2 decl.). 
A philosopher. 

Phocenses, ium (adj.). The Pho- 
dans, or inhabitants of Phocis, 
in Greece. 

Phcenices, um (adj.). The Phoe- 
nicians. 

Pica, m (fem. ] decl.). A magpie. 

Pioentes, um (adj.). The Picen- 
tes, an Italian tribe. 

Picus, i (masc. 2 decl.). A ivood- 
pecker. 

Pieria, m (prop. n. 1 decl. fem.). 
Pieria, a district of Thessaly, the 
native country of the Muses. 

Pietas, atis (fem. 3 decl. from 
pius). Piety, veneration, rev- 
erence, respect. 

Piger, gra, grum (adj.). Lazy, 
slothful. 

Pignus, oris (neut. 3 decl.). A 
pledge. 

Pigritia, m (fem. 1 decl. from 
piger). Laziness, sloth. 

Pilosus, a, um (adj. from pilus). 
Hairy, covered with hair. 

Pilum, l (neut. 2 decl.). A javelin, 
the missile of the Roman foot- 
soldiers. 

Pindarus, i (prop. n. 2 decl. 
masc). Pindar. 

Pines, us (4 decl.), and Pinus, i 
(2 decl. both fem.). A pine-tree. 

Piper, eris (neut. 3 decl.). Pep- 
per. 

Pirum, i (neut. 2 decl.). A pear. 

Pirus, i (fem. 2 decl.). A pear- 
tree. 

Piraeus, i (prop. n. masc 2 decl.). 
The Piraus, one of the harbours 
of Athens. 

Piscis, is (masc. 3 decl.). A fish. 

Pisistratus, i (prop. n. 2 decl. 
masc). Pisistratus. 

Pius, a, um (adj.). Pious, dutiful, 
affectionate. 

Placeo, ere, ui, itum (neut. v. 2 
conj.). To please. 



POM 

Placo, are, AVI, atum (a. V. 1 

conj.). To appease. 
Planeta, je (masc. 1 decl.). A 

planet. 
Planetarium, ii (neut. 2 decl.). 

A planetarium, an orrery. 
Planta, je (fern. 1 decl.). A plant, 

a sprout, a shoot. 
Planto, are, avi, atum (a. v. 1 

conj.). To plant. 
Planus, a, um (adj.). Plane, level. 
Platea, je (fem. 1 decl.). A 

broad way, a street. 
Platina, m (fem. 1 decl.). Pla- 

tina. 
Plato, onis (prop. n. 3 decl. 

masc). Plato. 
Plenus, a, um (adj.). Full. 
Plerique, pler^eque, pleraque 

(adj.). Most, the greater part. 

Wants the singular. 
Plerumque (adv. properly the neu- 
ter singular of plerique). For 

the most part. 
Plotius, ii (prop. n. 2 decl. masc). 

Plotius. 
Pluma, ^e (fem. 1 decl.). A small 

feather, a feather, a plume. 
Plumbum, i (neut. 2 decl.). Lead. 
Plurimus, a, um (adj. superlative 

of multus). Very many, most. 
Plus, pluris (adj. comparative of 

multus). More. 
Pluto, onis (prop. n. 3 decl. 

masc). Pluto. 
Pluvia, m (fem. 1 decl.). Rain. 
Poculum, i (neut. 2 decl.). A cup. 
Poema, atis (neut. 3 decl.). A 

poem. 
Pcena, je (fem. 1 decl.). 1. Atone- 
ment. 2. Punishment, penalty. 
Poeta, je (masc 1 decl.). A poet. 
Poetria, je (fem. 1 decl). A po- 
etess. 
Pollex, icis (masc. 3 decl.). The 
thumb. 

POLLICEOR, LICERI, LICITUS SUM 

(dep. v. 2 conj.). To promise. 
Pollux, ucis (prop. n. 3 decl. 

masc). Pollux. 
Polyphemus, i (prop. n. 2 decl. 

masc). Polyphemus. 
Pomifer, fera, ferum (adj. from 

pomum and fero). Fruitful. 



POS 

Pompeius, ii (prop. n. 2 decl. 
masc). Pompeius. 

Pompilius, ii (prop. n. 2 decl.). 
Pompilius. 

Pomponius, ii (prop. n. 2 decl.). 
Pomponius. 

Pomum, i (neut. 2 decl.). Fruit, 
an apple. It includes, properly, 
all kinds of fruit. 

Pone (adv.). Behind. Also used 
as a preposition with the accusa- 
tive. 

Pono, ponere, posui, positum (a. 
v. 3 conj.). To place, to put, to 
set, to lay. 

Pons, pontis (masc. 3 decl.). A 
bridge. 

Pontus, i (masc. 2 decl.). The 
deep, the ocean, the sea. 

Populus, i (masc. 2 decl.). A 
people, a community. 

Populus, i (fem. 2 decl.). A pop- 
lar. 

Porcust, i (masc. 2 decl.). A hog. 

Porta, je (fem. 1 decl.). A gate. 

Porticus, us (fem. 4 decl.). A 
portico, a porch, a piazza. 

Porto, are, avi, atum (a. v. 1 
conj.). To carry, to bear. 

Portorium, ii (neut. 2 decl.). A 
tax, an impost, a duty on goods. 

Portus, us (masc 4 decl.). A 
port, a harbour. 

Positus, a, um (part, from pono). 
Placed. 

Possum, posse, potui (irreg. v.). 
To be able, to have power. 

Post (prep, with accusative). Af- 
ter. Used also adverbially. 

Postea (adverb, post ea). After- 
ward, after, hereafter. 

Posteaquam (adv.). After that, 
after. 

POSTERI, ORUM (plural Of POSTER- 
US used as a noun). Posterity ', 
descendants. 

Posterior, or, us (adj. compara- 
tive of posterus). Coming after, 
next in order, later. 

Postquam (adv. ). After that, after, 
when. 

Postremus, a, um (adj. superlative 
of posterus). Last, latest, hind- 
most. 

339 



PILE 

Postremo (adv. from postremus). 
Finally, lastly, at last. 

PoSTULO, ARE, AVI, ATUM (a. V. 1 

conj.). To claim as a right, to 
require, to insist, to demand. 

Potens, entis (verbal adj. from 
possum). Strong, able, power- 
ful. 

Potentia, je (fern. 1 decl. from pot- 
ens). Power, authority. Vid. 
Potestas. 

Potestas, atis (fern. 3 decl. from 
possum). Power, authority. The 
difference between this word and 
potentia is as follows : potestas 
denotes power delegated from 
another, derived from others ; 
whereas potentia means power of 
one's own acquiring. 

Potio, onis (fern. 3 decl. from po- 
to). 1. The act of drinking. 
2. A potion, a drink. 

Potior, or, us (adj. comparative 
degree of potis). Better, pref- 
erable. 

Potior, iri, itus sum (dep. v. 4 
conj.). To become master of, to 
gain possession of, to acquire, to 
get. 

Potius (adv. properly the neuter of 
potior). Rather. 

Potissimum (adv.). Most of all, 
especially, chiefly. 

Potissimus, a, um (adj. superlative 
of potis). Chief est, most supe- 
rior, best. 

POTO, ARE, AVI, ATUM (a. V. 1 COnj.). 

To drink, to quaff. 

Potcjs, a, um (part, from poto). 1. 
Having drunk. 2. Drunk, in- 
toxicated. 

P5tus, us (masc. 4 decl. from po- 
to). A drink, a draught. 

Vrje (prep, with ablative). Before, 
&c. 

Pr^ebeo, ere, ui, itum (a. v. 2 
conj.). To afford, to supply, to 
offer. 

Pr^eceps, ipitis (adj. from pr^e 
and caput). 1. Headlong. 2. 
Rash, headstrong. 3. Down hill, 
steep, precipitous. 4. Quick, 
rapid. 

Preceptor, oris (masc. 3 decl. 
340 



PILE 
from pr^cipio). A preceptor, 
an instructer. 

PRiECEPTUM, i (neut. 2 decl.). A 
precept, an order, a maxim, a 
rule. 

Pr^ecipue (adv. from pr^ecipuus). 
Particularly, especially, chiefly. 

Pr^eclarus, a, um (adj. from pr^e 
and clarus). Illustrious, re- 
nowned. 

Pr^eco, onis (masc. 3 decl.). A 
herald. 

Prjecordia, orum (neut. 2 decl. 
singular wanting). The midriff, 
the diaphragm. 

Pr^eda, je (fern. 1 decl.). Booty, 
plunder, prey. 

Pr^edo, onis (masc. 3 decl. from 
pr^eda). A robber, a plunderer. 

Pr^efero, ferre, tuli, latum (a. 
v. 3 conj. irreg. from trje and 
fero). 1. To bear or carry be- 
fore, to carry openly. 2. To 
prefer. 

Pr^elium, ii (neut. 2 decl.). A 
battle. 

Pr^elongus, a, um (adj. from prje 
and longus). Very long. 

Premium, ii (neut. 2 decl.). A 
reward, a recompense. 

Pr^enuntia, m (fern. 1 decl.). A 
foreteller, a harbinger, a forerun- 
ner, a precursor. Properly the 
feminine of the adjective pr^e- 
nuntius. 

PRiENUNTius, a, um (adj. from 
pr^: and nuntius). That fore- 
tells, a harbinger, forerunner, 
precursor. 

Pr^eparo, are, avi, atum (a. v. 
from pr^e and paro). To pre- 
pare, to get ready, to make ready. 

Pr^epono, ponere, posui, positum 
(a. v. 3 conj. from pr^e and po- 
no). To put or set before, to 
place first. 

Pr^esens, entis (verbal adj. from 
pr^esum). Present, at hand. 

Pr^sertim (adv.). Especially, 
chiefly, particularly, principally. 

Pr^eses, idis (masc. and fern.). 
One who presides, a president, 
a superintendent, a head, a gov- 
ernor. 



PRE 

Presidium, ii (neut. 2 decl.). Aid, 
assistance, succour. 

Pr^estans, antis (verbal adj. from 
presto). Excelling, surpass- 
ing, excellent, distinguished, re- 
markable, notable. 

Pr^estat (impersonal verb, pre- 
sto, are). It is better, it is more 
advantageous. Primitive mean- 
ing, it stands before, it is in ad- 
vance of. 

pRiESTO, PR^ESTARE, PR^ESTTTI, 

pr^estitum (a. v. 1 conj. from 
pr^e and sto). To afford, to of- 
fer, to give, to render. Used also 
impersonally (vid. Pr^stat). 
Primitive meaning, to stand be- 
fore, to be in advance of. 

Pr^esto (adv.)- Present, ready, 
at hand. 

Pr^esum, esse, fui (irreg. v. from 
pr^: and sum). To preside over, 
to be over, to have charge of, to 
be in authority. 

Prjeter (prep, with accusative). 
By, along, past, beside, except, 
&c. 

Pr^etereo, ire, ivi and 11, itum 
(irreg. v. from prater and eo). 
To pass by, to go beyond, to omit. 

Prjeteritus, a, um (verbal adj. 
from pr^tereo). Passed, gone 
by. 

Praetor, oris (masc. 3 decl.). A 
pretor, a Roman magistrate. 

Pr^etorium, ii (neut. 2 decl. from 
praetor, in its primitive sense of 
11 a commander"). A generaVs 
tent in a camp. 

Pr^evalidus, a, um (adj. from pr^e 
and validus). Very able, very 
strong. 

Pratum, i (neut. 2 decl.). A mead, 
a green field, a prairie, a mead- 
ow. 

Pravus, a, um (adj.). 1. Crooked, 
deformed. 2. Depraved, vicious, 
corrupt. 
Preces, um (fem. 3 decl. plural 
number ; from the singular prex). 
Prayers, entreaties. 
Precor, ari, atus sum (dep. v. 1 
conj.). To pray, to entreat, to 
beg, to supplicate. 
29* 



PRO 

Preti5sus, a, um (adj. from pret- 
ium). Valuable, precious. 

Pretium, ii (neut. 2 decl.). A 
price, a value. 

PrIamides, je (patronymic noun, 1 
decl. masc). A son of Priam. 

Primo (adv.). At first, in the first 
place, first. 

Primum (adv.). The first time, in 
the first place, first, first of all. 

Primus, a, um (adj.). First. 

Princeps, ipis (adj.). First, fore- 
most. Often used as a noun, a 
prince, a chief, a leader. 

Principium, ii (neut. 2 decl. from 
princeps). A beginning, a com- 
mencement. 

Prior, or, us (adj. comparative de- 
gree, the superlative being pri- 
mus). Former, previous, antece- 
dent. 

Prtscus, a, um (adj.). Ancient, 
old, out of date, antique. 

Pristinus, a, um (adj.). Former, 
accustomed, wonted, original, 
pristine. 

Prius (adj. neuter of prior, often 
used as an adverb). Before, 
sooner. 

Privatus, a, um (adj.). Private, 
one's own. Sometimes used as a 
noun, a private individual. 

Pro ! and Proh (interj.) ! Oh ! 

Pro (prep, with ablative). Before, 
for, instead of, &c 

Probo, are, avi, atum (a. V. 1 
conj.). To approve of, to com- 
mend, to praise. 

Probus, a, um (adj.). Worthy, up- 
right, honest, virtuous. 

Procas, je (prop. n. 1 decl. masc). 
Procas. 

Procedo, cedere, cessi, cessum 
(neut. v. 3 conj. from pro and 
cedo). To proceed, to advance, 
to go onward. 

Procella, m (fem. 1 decl.). A 
tempest. 

Procellaria, m (fem. 1 decl. 
from procella). A storm-bird. 
Properly an adjective, with avis 
understood. 

Procerus, a, um (adj.). Lofty, 
tall. 

341 



PRO 

Procreo, are, avi, atum (a. V. 1 
conj. from pro and creo). To 
beget, to generate, to procreate. 

Procul (adv.). Far, far off, at or 
from a distance. 

Proditor, oris (masc. 3 decl. from 
prodo). A betrayer, a traitor. 

Profectio, onis (fem. 3 decl. from 
proficiscor). A setting out, a 
departure. 

Profecto (adv.)- Undoubtedly, 
assuredly, certainly. 

Profero, ferre, tuli, latum 
(irreg. v. from pro and fero). 
To carry out, to bring out, to 
draw out, to produce, to show, to 
exhibit. 

Profestus, a, um (adj.). Not holy, 
on which work may be done, sec- 
ular. Dies profestus, a secular 
day, not a holy day. 

Proficiscor, proficisci, profec- 
tus sum (dep. v. 3 conj.). To 
set out on a journey, to depart, to 
go, to proceed. 

Prohibeo, ere, ui, itum (a. v. 2 
conj. from pro and habeo). To 
keep off or away, to ward off, to 
debar, to hinder, to prevent, to 
prohibit. 

Promitto, mittere, misi, missum 
(a. v. 3 conj. from pro and mit- 
to). To promise. 

Promontorium, ii (neut. 2 decl.). 
A promontory. 

PrONUNTIO, ARE, AVI, ATUM (a. V. 

1 conj. from pro and nuntio). 
To pronounce, to utter, to speak. 

Prope (adv.). Near, nigh. 

Propensus, a, um (verbal adj. from 
propendeo). Hanging, bending 
or inclining forward, hanging 
down. 

Propero, are, avi, atum (neut. v. 
1 conj.). To hasten, to make 
haste, to be quick. 

Propertius, ii (prop. n. 2 decl. 
masc). Propertius. 

Propinquus, a, um (adj.). Near, 
neighbouring. 

Propitius, a, um (adj.). Favour- 
able, propitious, merciful, kind. 

Proprius, a, um (adj.). 1. Pecu- 
liar, proper, one's own. 2. Fit, 
342 



PUG 

adapted. Proprium est, it be- 
longs to, it is the property or part 

°f- 

Propter (prep, with the accusa- 
tive). 1. Near, close by. 2. 
On account of. 

Prorsus (adv.). Altogether, en- 
tirely, wholly. 

Proserpina, m (prop. n. 1 decl. 
fem.). Proserpina. 

Prospicio, spicere, spexi, spec- 
tum (a. v. 3 conj. from pro and 
spec i o). 1. To behold from a 
distance. 2. To foresee, to per- 
ceive beforehand. 3. To provide 
for, to consult for. 

Prosum, prodesse, profui (irreg. 
v. from pro and sum). To profit, 
to benefit, to prove of service. 

Proverbium, ii (neut. 2 decl.). A 
proverb. 

Providentia, & (fem. 1 decl. from 
pro and video). 

Providus, a, um (adj. from pro and 
video). Provident, foreseeing, 
prudent, circumspect. 

Provincia, ^e (fem. 1 decl.). A 
province. 

Proximus, a, um (adj. superlative 
from propior). Nearest, next. 

Prudens, entis (adj.). Prudent, 
wise. 

Prudentia, m (fem. 1 decl). Pru- 
dence. 

Ptolem^us, i (prop. n. 2 decl. 
masc). Ptolemy. 

Publicus, a, um (adj.). Public. 

Publius, ii (prop. n. 2 decl. masc). 
Publius. 

Pudor, oris (masc. 3 decl.). Mod- 
esty, shame, bashfulness. 

Puella, m (fem. 1 decl.). A girl, 
a damsel. 

Puer, eri (masc 2 decl.). A boy. 

Pueritia, je (fem. 1 decl. from 
puer). Boyhood. 

Puerulus, i (masc 2 decl. dimin- 
utive from puer). A little boy. 

Pugil, ilis (masc. 3 decl.). A 
boxer, a pugilist. 

Pugio, onis (masc. 3 decl.). A 
dagger, a poniard. 

Pugna, je (fem. 1 decl.). A bat- 
tle, a fight. 



QUA 

PUGNO, ARE, AVI, ATUM (neut. V. 1 

conj.). To fight. 

PULCHER, CHRA, CHRUM (adj.). 

Fair, beautiful. 

Pulchritudo, inis (fem. 3 decl. 
from pulcher). Beauty, fair- 
ness. 

Pulex, icis (masc. 3 decl.). A 
flea. 

Pull us, a, um (adj.). Blackish, of 
a dusky colour. 

Pullus, i (masc. 2 decl.). The 
young of any animal, a foal, a 
young horse, a chick, &c. 

Pulmo, onis (masc. 3 decl.). The 
lungs. 

Puls, pultis (fem. 3 decl.). Pot- 
tage, thick gruel, a kind of food 
used by the early Romans in 
place of bread. 

PULSO, ARE, AVI, ATUM (a. V. 1 

conj. frequentative from pello, 
ere). To beat often, to strike, 
to batter. 

PUNGO, PUNGERE, PUPUGI, PUNC- 

tum (a. v. 3 conj.). To prick, 
to sting. 

Punio, ire, Ivi, itum (a. v. 4 conj.). 
To punish, to chastise. 

Purus, a, um (adj.). Pure, clean, 
cleanly. 

Pus, puris (neut. 3 decl.). Cor- 
rupt matter of a sore, corruption. 

Puteus, ei (masc. 2 decl.). A pit, 
a well. 

PUTRESCO, PUTRESCERE, PUTRUI 

(inceptive verb, from putreo). 
To grow rotten, to begin to pu- 
trefy. 

Pyramis, idis and loos (fem. 3 
decl.). A pyramid. 

Pyren^ei, orum (prop. n. masc. 2 
decl.). The Pyrenees. Properly 
an adjective, with monies under- 
stood. 

Pyrites, M (masc. 1 decl.). Fire- 
stone, pyrites. 

Pythagoras, & (prop. n. 1 decl. 
masc). Pythagoras. 

Pyxis, idis (fem. 3 decl.). A box. 

Q. 

Qua (adv. properly the ablative of 
qui, with via ox parte understood). 



QUA 

Which way, where, by or through 
which way. 

Quadrageni, je, a (distributive nu- 
meral adj. from quadraginta). 
Forty each, forty by forty. 

Quadragesimus, a, um (numeral 
adj. from quadraginta). The 
fortieth. 

Quadraginta (indeclinable numer- 
al adj.). Forty. 

Quadringentesimus, a, um (nu- 
meral adj. from quadringenti). 
The four hundredth. 

Quadringenti, je, a (numeral 
adj.). Four hundred. 

Quadrupes, edis (masc. and fem. 
3 decl. from quatuor and pes). 
A quadruped, a four-footed ani- 
mal. It occurs also, occasional- 
ly, as a neuter. 

Quadruplo (adv. properly ablative 
of quadruplus). Fourfold, four 
times as much. 

Qu^ero, qujerere, qu^ssivi, qu^e- 
situm (a. v. 3 conj.). To seek, 
to seek after, to acquire, to inquire 
into, to inquire. 

Qu^so (defective verb). / beseech. 

Qualis, is, e (adj.). Such as, as, 
of what kind. 

Quam (adv.). How, how much, as 
much. 

Quam (conjc). Than, as. 

Quamdiu or Quandiu (adv.). As 
long as, and, as an interrogative, 
how long ? 

Quamobrem (adv. properly quam 
ob rem). Why, wherefore, on 
what account, on which account, 

Quamprimum (adv.). As soon as 



QUAMQUAM Or QUANQUAM (COnjc). 

Although. 
Quamvis (conjunction). Although. 

(Adv.). However much. 
Quando (adv.). When. (Conjc). 

Since. 
Quandoquidem (conjc). Since. 
Quanquam, vid. Quamquam. 
Quantopere (adv.). How greatly, 

how much, as greatly as. 
Quantum (adv. properly the neuter 

of quantus). As much as, how 

much, 

343 



QUI 

Quantus, a, um (adj.). How great, 

how much, as great as. 
Quapropter (adv.). 1. For what 

reason, why. 2. For which rea- 
son, wherefore. 
Quare (adv. for qua re). 1. For 

which reason, wherefore. 2. 

Why ? wherefore ? 
Quater (numeral adv.). Four 

times. 
Quaterni (distributive numeral adj. 

from quatuor). Four each, four 

by four. 
Quatuordecim (indeclinable nu- 
meral adj. from quatuor and de- 

cem). Fourteen. 
Que (enclitic, always connected 

with the preceding word). And, 

both, also. 
Quercus, us (fern. 4 decl.). An 

oak. 

QuEROR, QUERI, QUESTUS SUM (dep. 

v. 3 conj.). To complain, to la- 
ment, to bewail. 

Qui, qxjje, quod (relative pron.). 
Who, which, that. 

Qui (adv. properly an old ablative 
singular from quis, itself an old 
form for qui, and making qui in 
the ablative, just as mitis, for 
example, makes miti. It is of all 
genders). How, in what way, 
by means of which, &c. 

Quia (conjc). Because. 

QuiCUNQUE, QU2ECUNQUE, QUOD- 

cunque (compound pronoun, 
from qui and cunque). Whoso- 
ever, whoever, whatsoever. 

QUIDAM, QU^EDAM, QUODDAM and 

quiddam (pron.). A certain one, 

one. 
Quidem (adv.). Indeed, truly, in 

truth. 
Quidni (adv.). Why not ? 
Quies, etis (fern. 3 deck). Rest, 

repose, quiet. 

QUILIBET, QU^LIBET, QUODLIBET 

and quidlibet (compound pro- 
noun from qui and libet). Any 
one whom you please, whosoever 
will, any one at pleasure. 
Quin (conjc). But that, but, why 
not 1 ay, and more than that, yet 
for all that. 
341 



QUO 

Quinuecim (indeclinable numeral 
adj. from quinque and decem). 
Fifteen. 

Quingentesimus, a, um (numeral 
adj. from quin genti). The five 
hundredth. 

Quingenti, je, a (numeral adj.). 
Five hundred. 

Quinquageni, je, a (distributive 
numeral adj. from quinquagin- 
ta). Fifty each, fifty by fifty. 

Quinquagies (numeral adv.). Fif- 
ty times. 

Quinquaginta (indeclinable nu- 
meral adj.). Fifty. 

Quinque (indeclinable numeral 
adj.). Five. 

Quintus, a, um (numeral adj.). 
Fifth. 

Quippe (conjc). Because, since, 
for, forasmuch as, in fact. 

Quis, q\jje, quid and quid (interrog- 
ative pronoun). Who 1 which ? 
what ? 

Quis (for aliquis, and so through- 
out). Some one, any one. 

QuiSNAM Or QuiNAM, QU^ENAM, 

quidnam or quodnam (compound 
pronoun). Who ? which ? what ? 
who, pray ? 

QuiSPIAM, QU^EPIAM, QUIDPIAM and 

quodpiam (compound pronoun). 

Any one, some one. 
Quisquam, qu^equam, quidquam 

or quicquam (compound pron.). 

Any one. 
Quisque, qu^eque, quodque and 

quidque (compound pronoun). 

Each one, every one. 
Quivis, qu^evis, quodvis and quid- 
vis (compound pronoun). Any 

one you please, whosoever, any 

one. 
Quo (adv.). Whither. (Conjc). 

In order that. 
Quocirca (adv.). Wherefore. 
Quocunque (adv.). Whithersoever. 
Quod (conjc). Because, in that, 

that, since. 
Quominus (adv.). The less, that 

not, from. 
Quomodo (adv.). How ? in what 

manner or way ? 
Quoniam (conjc from quom, an old 



REG 

form for quum, and jam). Since, 

seeing that. 
Quoque (conjc). Also. 
Quot (indeclinable numeral adj.). 

How many ? as many as. 
Quotannis (adv.). Yearly, every 

year. 
Quote ni, m, a (distributive numer- 
al adj. from quot). How many ? 

to what number ? 
QuotIdie (adv.). Daily, every 

day. 
Quoties (numeral adv. from quot). 

How often 1 as often as. 
Quotus, a, um (numeral adj. from 

quot). Of what number ? how 

many ? Quota hora est, what is 

the hour 1 
Quum (adv. and conjc). Same as 

CUM. 

R. 

Radius, ii (masc. 2 decl.). A ray, 

a beam,. 
Radix, icis (fern. 3 decl.). A 

root. 
Ramus, i (masc. 2 decl.). A 

branch, a bough. 
Rana, m (fern. 1 decl.). A frog. 
Rapax, acis (adj. from rapio). 

Rapacious, ravenous, ravening, 



Rapidus, a, um (adj. from rapio). 
Rapid, swift. 

Rapio, rapere, rapui, raptum (a. 
v. 3 conj.). To seize, to carry 
off by force. 

Raritas, atis (fern. 3 decl. from 
rarus). Thinness, rarity (op- 
posed to density). 

Ra.ro (adv. from rarus). Rarely, 
seldom. 

Rarus, a, um (adj.). 1. Rare, 
thin, not dense or thick. 2. Rare, 
uncommon, seldom met with. 

Ratio, onis (fern. 3 decl.). 1. 
Reason, the rational faculty. 2. 
Plan, method, way. 

Rebello, are, avi, atum (neut. v. 
1 conj. from re and bello). To 
wage war again, to rebel, to re- 
volt. 

Recens, entis (adj.). Recent, 
lately done, fresh. 



REG 

Receptaculum, i (neut. 2 decl.). 
A receptacle, a storehouse, a place 
to keep things in. 

Recipio, cipere, cepi, ceptum (a. 
v. 3 conj. from re and capio). 
To receive, to get back, to recover. 
Recipere se, to betake one's self, 
to retreat. 

Recito, are, avi, atum (a. v. 1 
conj.). To recite, to read aloud. 

Recordor, ari, atus sum (dep. v. 1 
conj . ). To remember, to be mind- 
ful of 

Recte (adv. from rectus). 1. Di- 
rectly, in a straight line. 2. 
Rightly, properly. 

Rectus, a, um (verbal adj. from 
rego). Right, straight, direct, 
upright, just, correct. 

Recurro, currere, curri and cu- 
curri, cursum (neut. v. 3 conj. 
from re and curro). 1. To run 
again, to run back. 2. To have 
recourse to. 3. To recur. 

Reddo, reddere, reddidi, reddi- 
tum (a. v. 3 conj. from re and 
do). To give back, to render, to 
restore, to return. 

Redeo, ire, ivi and if, itum (neut. 
v. 4 conj. from re and eo). To 
return. 

Redigo, redigere, redegi, re- 
dactum (a. v. 3 conj. from re 
and ago). 1. To bring or drive 
back. 2. To reduce, to constrain, 
to compel. 

Reduco, reducere. reduxi, re- 
ductum (a. v. 3 conj. from re 
and duco). 1. To bring or lead 
back, to conduct back. 

Refero, referre, retuli, rela- 
tum (irreg. v. from re and fero). 
To bear back, to carry back, to 
bear again. Referre se, to re- 
treat. 

Refrigero, are, avi, atum (a. v. 
1 conj.). 1. To cool, to chill, to 
make cool or chill. 2. To rein- 
vigorate, to refresh. 

Regillus, i (prop. n. 2 decl. masc). 
Regillus, the name of a lake in 
Latium, near Mount Algidus. 

Regina, m (fern. 1 decl. from rex). 
A queen. 

345 



REP 

Regio, onis (fern. 3 decl.). A re- 
gion, a tract of land, a country. 

Regius, a, um (adj. from rex). 
Kingly, royal, regal, princely. 

Regnum, i (neut. 2 decl. from 
rex). A kingdom. 

Rego, regere, rexi, rectum (a. 
v. 3 conj.). To rule, to direct, 
to lead straight, to regulate, to 
moderate. 

Regulus, i (masc. 2 decl. diminu- 
tive from rex). A petty mon- 
arch, a prince. 

Regulus, i (prop. n. 2 decl. masc). 
Regulus. 

Religio, onis (fern. 3 decl.). Re- 
ligion. 

Relinquo, linquere, liqui, lic- 
tum (a. v. 3 conj. from re and 
linquo). To leave, to leave be- 
hind, to neglect, to abandon. 

ReliquLe, arum (fem. 1 decl. from 
relinquo, singular wanting). 
Remains, residue of a thing, the 
rest, the remainder. 

Reliquus, a, um (from relinquo). 
Remaining, left. 

Remaneo, manere, mansi, man- 
sum (neut. v. 2 conj.). To re- 
main. 

Remex, igis (masc. 3 decl. from 
remus and ago). A rower. 

Reminiscor, minisci (dep. v. 3 
conj.). To remember, to call to 
mind. 

Remitto, mittere, misi, missum 
(a. v. 3 conj. from re and mitto). 
To send back, to return. 

Removeo, movere, movi, motum 
(a. v. 2 conj. from re and mo- 
veo). To remove, to withdraw, 
to take away. 

Remus, i (masc. 2 decl.). An 
oar. 

Remus, i (prop. n. 2 decl. masc). 
Remus, the brother of Romulus. 

Ren, renis (masc. 3 decl.). The 
reins, the kidneys. More com- 
monly found in the plural, renes, 

UM. 

Renes, um (masc. 3 decl. from 

ren, which see). 
Reparo, are, avi, atum (a. v. 1 

conj. from re and paro). To re- 
346 



RES 

pair, to retrieve, to recover, to re- 
new. 

Repello, pellere, puli, pulsum 
(a. v. 3 conj. from re and pello). 
To drive back, to repel, to drive 
away, to keep off. 

Reperio, perire, peri, pertum 
(a. v. 3 conj. from re and pario). 
To find, to find out, to discover, 
to ascertain. 

Repeto, petere, petivi and petii, 
petitum (a. v. 3 conj. from re 
and peto). To ask or demand 
again, to demand back, to seek. 

Reprehendo, prehendere, pre- 

HENDI, PREHENSUM (a. V. 3 COnj. 

from re and prehendo). 1. To 
catch, to seize. 2. To reprove, 
to blame, to censure. 

Reprehensor, oris (masc. 3 decl. 
from reprehendo). A reprover, 
a blamer, a censurer. 

Repudio, are, avi, atum (a. v. 1 
conj. from repudium). To re- 
ject, to refuse, to repudiate, to di- 
vorce, to cast off. 

Res, rei (fem. 5 decl.). A thing, 
a matter, an affair. Res ges- 
tae, exploits, operations, literally 
things carried on. 

Resaluto, are, avi, atum (a. v. 1 
conj. from re and saluto). To 
salute in return, to return a sa- 
lute. 

Respicio, spicere, spexi, spectum 
(a. v. 3 conj. from re and spe- 
cio). 1. To look back. 2. To 
look at, to observe. 3. To re- 
gard, to have respect for. 

Respondeo, spondere, spondi, 
sponsum (a. v. 2 conj.). To an- 
swer, to reply. 

Respublica, m (fem. 1 decl.). 1. 
A form of government, a govern- 
ment. 2. A republic. 

Restituo, stituere, stitui, sti- 
tutum (a. v. 3 conj. from re and 
statuo). To replace, to restore. 

Resto, stare, stiti (neut. v. 1 
conj. from re and sto). To re~ 
main. 

Resurgo, surgere, surrexi, sur- 
rectum (neut. v. 3 conj. from re 
and surgo). To rise again. 



ROM 

Eete, is (neut. 3 decl.). A net. 

Reticeo, ticere, ticui (neut. v. 
2 conj. from re and taceo). To 
be silent, to keep secret. 

Reus, i (masc. 2 decl.)- An ac- 
cused person. Properly an ad- 
jective, reus, a, um. 

Revereor, vereri, veritus sum 
(dep, v. 2 conj. from re and 
vereor). To reverence, to re- 
vere, to stand in aioe of, to fear. 

Reverto, vertere, verti, ver- 
sum (neut. v. 3 conj. from re 
and verto). To return. 

Revoco, are, avi, atum (a. v. 1 
conj. from re and voco). To 
recall, to call back. 

Rex, regis (masc. 3 decl.). A 
king. 

Rhenus, i (prop. n. 2 decl. masc). 
The Rhine. 

Rhetorice, es (fern. 1 decl.). 
Rhetoric. 

Rhinoceros, otis (masc. 3 decl.). 
A rhinoceros. 

Rhodanus, i (prop. n. 2 decl. 
masc). The Rhone. 

RlDEO, RIDERE, RISI, RISUM (neut. 

v. 2 conj.). To laugh. 

Ridiculus, a, um (adj. from rideo). 
Laughable, ridiculous, exciting 
laughter, worthy of being laughed 
at. 

Rigidus, a, um (adj. from rigeo). 
Stiff, rigid, hard, frozen. 

Ripa, m (fern. 1 decl.). A bank. 

Risus, us (masc. 4 decl. from ri- 
deo). Laughter, laughing, a 
laugh. 

Rivus, i (masc 2 decl.). A brook, 
a stream, a rill, a rivulet. 

Rixa, m (fern. 1 decl.). A dispute, 
strife, quarrel. 

Robur, oris (neut. 3 decl.). 1. 
Oak, oak of the hardest kind, 
heart of oak. 2. Strength, vig- 
our. 

Robustus, a, um (adj. from robur). 
Strong, robust, vigorous, power- 
ful. 

ROGO, ARE, AVI, ATUM (a. V. 1 COnj.). 

To ask, to request, to entreat. 
Roma, m (prop. n. 1 decl. fern.). 
Rome. 



RUT 

R5manus, a, um {adj. from Roma). 
Roman, a Roman. Romani, the 
Romans. 

Romulus, i (prop. n. 2 decl. masc). 
Romulus. 

Ros, roris (masc 3 decl.). 
Dew. 

Rosa, je (fern. 1 decl.). A rose. 

Roscius, ii (prop. n. 2 decl. masc). 
Roscius. 

RostruxM, i (neut. 2 decl.). A 
beak, a beak of a ship. The plural, 
rostra denotes the rostradX Rome, 
the place from which the public 
speakers addressed the people, 
and which was adorned with the 
beaks of ships as naval trophies. 

Rota, m (fern. 1 decl.). A wheel. 

Rotundus, a, um (adj. from rota). 
Round, circular, globular. 

Rubeo, ere, ui (neut. v. 2 conj.). 
To be red, to redden, to blush. 

Ruber, bra, brum (adj.). Red f 
ruddy. 

Rubicon, onis (prop. n. 3 decl. 
masc). The Rubicon, a river of 
Italy. 

Rubor, oris (masc. 3 decl.). Red- 
ness, a red colour, a blush. 

Rudis, is, e (adj.). Rude, uncul- 
tivated, unpolished, rugged, un- 
formed, unwrought. 

Ruina, ^e (fern. 1 decl.). Ruin, 
destruction. 

Rumpo, rumpere, rupi, ruptum 
(a. v. 3 conj.). To break, to 
sever, to burst, to rend. 

Ruo, ruere, rui, ruitum and ru- 
tum (a. v. 3 conj.). 1. To throw 
down, to overturn, to destroy, to 
ruin. 2. To rush, to sally forth, 
to run ox flock together. 

Rupes, is (fern. 3 decl.). A 
rock. 

Rus, ruris (neut. 3 decl). The 
country. Rure, from the coun- 
try. Ruri, in the country. 

Rusticus, a, um (adj. from rus). 
Rural, rustic, rude, homely. 

Rutilus, a, um (adj.), Gleaming, 
shining. 

Rutuli, orum (p?Qp. n. 2 decl. 
masc). The Rutuli, a pepplc 
of Latiunj in Italy. 

347 



SAM 

S. 

Sabinus, a um (adj.). Saline. 

Sacer, cra, um (adj.). Sacred, 
holy. Primitive meaning, devo- 
ted. 

Saccharum, i (neut. 2 decl.). Su- 
gar, 

Sacerdos, otis (masc and fern. 3 
decl.). A priest, a priestess. 

Sacro, are, avi, atum (a. v. 1 
conj. from sacer). To conse- 
crate, to dedicate. 

Speculum or Seculum, i (neut. 2 
decl.). A s&culum, an age, a 
period of 120 years. 

S^epe (adv.). Often. 

Sagitta, je (fern. 1 decl.). An 
arrow. 

Sal, salis (masc. and neut. 3 decl. 
plural sales, masc). Salt. In 
the plural, witticisms, wit, pleas- 
antry. 

Salamis, inis (prop. n. 3 decl. 
fern.). Salamis, an island in the 
Saronic Gulf, over against Eleu- 
sis, and near -'Egina. 

Salii, orum (masc. 2 decl. plural). 
The Salii, priests of Mars. 

Sallustius, ii (prop. n. 2 decl. 
masc). Sallust, a celebrated 
Roman historian. 

Salluvius, ii (prop. n. 2 decl. 
masc). A Salluvian. 

Salomo, onis (prop. n. 3 decl. 
masc). Solomon. 

Salsus, a, um (adj. from sal). 
Salt, salted. 

Salto, are, avi, atum (neut. v. 1 
conj. frequentative from salio). 
1. To leap. 2. To dance. 

Saluber, bris, bre (adj. from sa- 
lus). Healthful, wholesome, sa- 
lubrious. 
Salus, utis (fern. 3 decl.). Pres- 
ervation, safety. 
Salutaris, is, e (adj. from salus). 

Salutary, healthful, wholesome. 

Saluto, are, avi, atum (a. v. 1 

conj. from salus). To salute, 

to greet, to pay one's respects to. 

Salve, eto (defective v. imperative 

mood). Hail. 
Samnis, itis (adj.). A Samnite. 
348 



SAT 

Samii, orum (adj.). Samians. 

Sancio, sancire, sanxi, sancitum 
and sanctum (a. v. 4 conj.). To 
decree, to ordain, to establish, to 
ratify. 

Sancte (adv. from sanctus). Re- 
ligiously, piously, devoutly, sol- 
emnly. 

Sanguis, inis (masc. 3 decl.). 
Blood. 

Sanitas, atis (fem. 3 decl. from 
sanus). Health, soundness of 
body. 

Sannio, onis (masc. 3 decl. from 
sanna). A buffoon, a jester, a 
mimic, a zany. 

Sanus, a, um (adj.). Sound, heal- 
thy, whole, sane. 

Sapidus, a, um (adj. from sapio.). 
Savoury, palatable. 

Sapiens, entis (verbal adj. from 
sapio). Wise, skilful. 

Sapientia, j& (fem. 1 decl. from 
sapiens). Wisdom. 

Sapio, ere, ivi and ii (neut. v. 3 
conj.). ]. To have a taste or 
relish. 2. To savour or smell 
of. 3. To be wise, to know well, 
to understand. 

Sapor, oris (masc. 3 decl.). A 
taste, savour, relish. 

Sarcio, sarcire, sarsi, sartum 
(a. v. 4 conj.). To patch, to re- 
pair, to mend, to sew up. 

Sardanapalus, i (prop. n. 2 decl. 
masc). Sarda?iapalus. 

Sarissa, m (fem. 1 decl..). A sa- 
rissa, a long Macedonian spear. 

Sartor, oris (masc 3 decl. from 
sarcio). A mender, a patcher, 
a botcher. 

Satelles, itis (masc. and fem. 3 
decl.). 1. A lifeguard. 2. An 
attendant, a satellite. 
Satiatus, a, um (verbal adj. from 

satio). Satiated, sated. 
Satis (adv.). Enough, sufficiently. 
S ati us (adv. comparative of satis). 

Better, preferable. 
Satur, ura, urum (adj. from sat- 
is). Full, vjell-fed, stuffed, sa- 
ted. 
Saturnus, i (prop. n. 2 decl. 
masc). Saturn. 



SEC 

Saxones. um (adj.). Saxons. 
Saxosus, a, um (adj. from saxum). 

Stony, rocky. 
Scalprum, i (neut. 2 decl. from 

scalpo)- 1. A paring-knife. 2. 

An erasing- knife. 3. A penknife. 
Scamnum, i (neut. 2 decl.)- A 

bench, a stool. 
Sceleratus, a, um (adj. from sce- 

lus). Wicked, impious, accur- 
sed. 
Scelestus, a, um (adj. from sce- 

lus). Wicked, unprincipled, de- 



Scelus, eris (neut. 3 decl.). Vil- 
lany, wickedness, guilt, crime. 

Schola, m (fern. 1 decl.). A 
school. 

Scintilla, m (fern. 1 decl.). A 



Scio, scire, scivi, scitum (a. v. 
4 conj.). To know, to under- 
stand. 

Scipio, 5nis (prop. n. 3 decl. 
masc). Scipio. 

Sciscito, are, avi, atum (a. v. 1 
conj.). To inquire, to demand, 
to ask, to interrogate. More 
commonly found as a deponent. 

SdSCITOR, A.RI, ATUS SUM (dep. V. 

1 conj.). Same meaning as scis- 
cito. 
Sciurus, i (masc. 2 decl.). A 



ScSpulus, i (masc. 2 decl.). A 

high rock, a cliff, a crag. 
Scriba, je (masc. 1 decl. from 

scribo). A scribe, a writer, a 

secretary, a clerk. 
Scribo, scribere, scripsi, scrip- 

tum (a. v. 3 conj.). To write. 
Scrinium, ii (neut. 2 decl.). A 

case, an escritoir, a portfolio, a 

writing-desk. 
Scriptum, i (neut. 2 decl. from 

scribo). A writing, anything 

written. 
Scytha, m (masc. 1 decl.). A 

Scythian. 
Scythia, m (prop. n. fern. 1 decl.). 

Scythia. 
Seco, secare, secui, sectum and 
secatum (a. v. 1 conj.). To cut, 
to cut off. 
30 



SEN 
Secundum (prep, with accusative). 

According to, by, along, &c, 
Secundus, a, um (adj. from se- 
quor). 1. Second. 2. Favour- 
able, prosperous. Res secundae, 
prosperity. Fortuna secunda, 
good fortune. 
Securus, a, um (adj.). Safe, se- 
cure, unconcerned, careless, re- 
gardless. 
Sed (conjc). But, however, &c 
Sedeo, sedere, sedi, sessum (neut. 
v. 2 conj.). To sit, to sit down. 
Sedes, is (fem. 3 decl.). A seat. 
Sedile, is (neut. 3-decl.). A seat } 

a bench, a stool. 
Sedulitas, atis (fem. 3 decl. from 
sedulus). Assiduity, applica- 
tion, diligence, zeal, earnestness. 
Sedulus, a, um (adj.). Assiduous , 
sedulous, earnest, zealous, dili- 
gent. 
Seges, etis (fem. 3 decl.). 1. 
Land prepared to receive seed. 
2. Land tilled and sown. 3. A 
crop, a harvest. 4. Grain, stand- 
ing corn. 
Segnis, is, e (adj.). Lazy, slow, 

dull, heavy. 
Sejanus, i (prop. n. 2 decl. masc). 
Sejanus, prime minister of Tibe- 
rius. 
Sella, m (fem. 1 decl.). A seat, 

a chair. 
Semel (adv.). Once. 
Semen, inis (neut. 3 decl.). Seed. 
Semianimis, is, e (adj. from semis 
and anima). Half dead, only 
half alive. 
Semino, are, avi, atum (a. v. 1 

conj. from semen). To sow. 
Semita, m (fem. 1 conj.). Afoot- 
path, a path, a narroio way. 
Semper (adv.). Always, ever, for 

ever. 
Sempiternus, a, um (adj. from 
semper). Eternal, everlasting, 
endless. 
Senator, oris (masc. 3 decl. from 

senex). A senator. 
Senectus, utis (fem. 3 decl. from 

senex). Old age, age. 
Senex, senis, contracted from sen- 
ilis (adj.). Oldt aged. Often 
349 



SEP 
Used 2& a noun, an old man, an 
aged person. 

Seni, m, a (distributive numeral, 
from sex). Six each, six by six, 
&c 

Senilis, is, e (adj. from senex). 
Of or belonging to age, senile, 
an old man's. 

Senior, oris (adj. comparative of 
senex). Elder, more advanced 
in years. 

Sensus, us (masc. 4 decl. from 
sentio). Sense, a sense, the 
faculty of perceiving. 

Sententia, je (fern. 1 decl. from 
sentio). Opinion, judgment, in- 
tention, purpose, view, sentiment. 

Sentio, sentire, sensi, sensum 
(a. v. 4 conj.). To discern by 
the senses, to perceive, to feel, to 
be aware of. 

Sepelio, sepelire, sepelivi and 
sepelii, sepultum (a. v. 4conj.). 
To bury, to inter. 

Septem (indeclinable numeral adj.). 
Seven. 

September, bris (masc. 3 decl. 
from septem). September. Prop- 
erly an adjective, mensis being 
urderstood, and so called from 
its being the seventh month from 
March, when the earlier Roman 
year began. , 

Septeni, je, a (distributive numer- 
al, from septem). Seven each, 
by sevens, seven by seven. 

Septentrio, onis (masc. 3 decl.). 
The North. More frequently 
used in the plural. The primi- 
tive meaning is, the seven stars 
that form the Greater Bear. 

Septentrionalis, is, e (adj. from 

septentrio). Northern. 
Septies (numeral adverb, from 

septem). Seven times. 
Septimius, ii (prop. n. 2 decl. 

masc). Septimius 
Septimus, a, um (numeral adjec- 
tive, from septem). Seventh. 
Septingentesimus, a, um (numer- 
al adjective, from septingenti). 
Seven hundredth. 
Septingenti, je, a (numeral adjec- 
tive). Seven hundred. 
350 



SEV 

Septuagesiaius, a, um (numeral 
adjective, from septuaginta). 
The seventieth. 
Septuagies (numeral adv.). Sev- 
enty times. 
Septuaginta (indeclinable numer- 
al adj.). Seventy. 
Sepulcrum or Sepulchrum, i 
(neut. 2 decl. from sepelio). A 
sepulchre, a tomb. 
Sequani, orum (prop. n. 2 decl. 

masc). The Sequani. 
Sequana, je (prop. n. fern. 1 decl.). 

The Seine. 
Sequor, sequi, secutus sum (dep. 

v. 3 conj.). To follow. 
Sera, je (fern. 1 decl.). A bar, a 

bolt. 
Serenitas, atis (fern. 3 decl. from 
serenus). Serenity, calmness, 
fair weather. 
Serenus, a, um (adj.). Calm, se- 
rene, fair. 
Sermo, onis (masc. 3 decl.). Dis- 
course, speech, conversation ; a 
discourse, a speech. 
Sero, serere, serui, sertum (a. 
v. 3 conj.). To set in order, to 
arrange, to connect together. 
Sero, serere, sevi, satum (a. v. 

3 conj.). To sow, to plant. 
Serpens, entis (masc and fern. 3 

decl.). A serpent, a snake. 

Servator, oris (masc 3 decl. from 

servo). A preserver, a saviour. 

Servio, ire, ivi and n, itum (neut. 

v. 4 conj.). To serve, to be a 

slave to one. 

Servitus, utis (fern. 3 decl. from 

servus). Servitude, slavery. 
Servo, are, avi, Itum (a. v. 1 

conj.). To save, to preserve. 

Servus, i (masc 2 decl.). A slave. 

Sestertius, i (masc. 2 decl.). A 

sesterce, a Roman silver coin, 

equal to about 3 cents 8 mills 

of our currency. 

Seta, je (fern. 1 decl.). A bristle, 

stiff hair. 
Setosus, a, um (adj. from seta). 

Full of bristles, bristly. 
Seu (conjc). Whether, or, either. 
Severus, a, um (adj.). Austere, 
severe, grave, rigorous. 



SIM 

Sex (indeclinable numeral adj.). 
Six. 

Sexageni, je, a (distributive nu- 
meral, from sexaginta). Sixty 
each, by sixties. 

Sexagesimus, a, um (numeral adj. 
from sexaginta). The sixti- 
eth. 

Sexaginta (indeclinable numeral 
adj.). Sixty. 

Sexcentesimus, a, um (numeral 
adj. from sexcenti). The six 
hundredth. 

Sexies (numeral adv.). Six times. 

Sextus, a, um (numeral adj.). 
The sixth. 

Si (conjc). If Joined with both 
the subjunctive and indicative. 
With the latter it often has the 
meaning of since. 

Sic (adv.). Thus, so. 

Siccus, a, um (adj.). Dry, arid, 
parched, thirsty. 

Sxcilia, je (prop. n. 1 decl. fern.). 
Sicily. 

Sido, sidere, sidi (neut. v. 3 
conj.). 1. To settle, to descend, 
to light. 2. To be fixed. 

Sidus, eris (neut. 3 decl.). A con- 
stellation, a cluster of fixed stars, 
a star. 

Signifer, eri (masc. 2 decl. from 
signum and fero). A standard- 
bearer. 

SlGNIFICO, ARE, AVI, ATUM (a. V. 1 

conj. from signum and facio). 

To signify, to indicate, to show, 

to point out, to declare. 
Signum, i (neut. 2 decl.). A sign, 

a mark. 
Silentium, ii (neut. 2 decl. from 

sileo). Silence. 
Sileo, ere, ui (neut. v. 2 conj.). 

To be silent. 
Silex, icis (masc. and fern. 3 

decl.). A flint, flintstone. 
Silva or Sylva, m (fern. 1 decl.). 

A wood, a forest. 
Silvius, ii (prop. n. 2 decl. masc). 

Silvius. 
Simla, m (fern. 1 decl.). An ape. 
Simtlis, is, e (adj.). Like, resem- 
bling, similar. 
Simiutudo, inis (fem. 3 decl. 



SOL 
from similis). Likeness, resem- 
blance. 

Simplex, icis (adj.). Simple, sin- 
gle, candid, sincere. 

Simul (adv.). Together, at the 
same time. Simul ac, as soon 
as. 

Sin (conjc). But if, if, however. 

Sincerus, a, um (adj.). Sincere, 
candid. 

Sine (prep, with ablative). With- 
out. 

Singuli, je, a (adj.). Each, one 
by one, single, every. The sin- 
gular is seldom used. 

Sinister, tra, trum (adj.). Left, 
on the left. Sinistra, the left 
hand, manus being understood. 

SlNO, SINERE, SIVI, SITUM (a. V. 3 

conj.). To permit, to suffer, to 
allow. 

SiquLdem (conjc. from si and qui- 
dem). Since, seeing that, inas- 
much as. 

Siquis, siqua or siquiE, siquod or 
siquid (compound pronoun). If 
any one. 

Sitis, is (fem. 3 decl.). Thirst. 

Situs, a, um (verbal adj. from sino). 
Situated, placed. 

Situs, us (masc. 4 decl. from sino). 
Site, situation. 

Socer, eri (masc. 2 decl.). A 
father-in-law. 

Socius, i (masc. 2 decl.). A com- 
panion, an ally. 

Socrates, is (prop. n. 3 decl. 
masc). Socrates. 

Socrus, us (fem. 4 decl.). A 
mother-in-law. 

Sol, solis (masc. 3 decl.). The 
sun. 

Solatium, ii (neut. 2 decl. from 
solor). Consolation, comfort, 
solace. 

Soleo, solere, solitus sum (neu- 
ter passive v. 2 conj.). To be 
accustomed, to be wont. 

Solertia, je (fem. 1 decl. from so- 
lers). Sagacity, skill, ingenu- 
ity. 

Solitus, a, um (verbal adj. from 
soleo). Accustomed, wonted, 
usual. 

351 



SPA 

Sollicitudo, inis (fem. 3 decl.). 

Solicitude, anxiety, disquiet. 
Solon, onis (prop. n. 3 decl. masc). 

Solon. 
Solum (adv. from solus). Only, 

alone. 
Solum, i (neut. 2 decl.). 1. The 

ground, the soil. 2. The bottom 

of anything. 
Solus, a, um (adj.). Alone, only. 

SOLYO, SOLVERE, SOLVI, SOLUTUM 

(a. v. 3 conj.). 1. To loosen, 
to disengage, to unbind. 2. To 
iceaken, to relax. 3. To pay, to 
discharge. 

SoMNIFER, ERA, ERUM (adj. from 

somnus and fero). Somnifer- 
ous, soporiferous, causing sleep. 

SOMNIO, ARE, AVI, ATUM (a. V. 1 

conj. from somnium). To dream 
of, to dream. 

Somnium, 11 (neut. 2 decl.). A 
dream. 

Somnus, i (masc. 2 decl.). Sleep. 

Sonitus, us (masc. 4 decl. from 
sono). A sound, noise. 

Sono, are, ui, itum (a. v. 1 conj.). 
To sound, to sound forth, to re- 
sound. It sometimes appears as 
a neuter verb. 

Sons, sontis (adj.). Guilty, crim- 
inal. 

Sonus, i (masc. 2 decl.). A noise, 
a sound, din. 

SophScles, is (prop. n. 3 decl. 
masc). Sophocles, a celebrated 
Athenian tragic poet. 

Sorbeo, ere, ui (a. v. 2 conj.). 
To suck up or in, to drink up, to 
absorb. 

Sordidus, a, um (adj. from sordes). 
Filthy, sordid, mean, dirty. 

Soror, oris (fem. 3 decl.). A 
sister. 

Sors, sortis (fem. 3 decl.). 1. 
Lot, fate, destiny. 2. Chance, 
fortune. 

Sortior, iri, itus sum (dep. v. 4 
conj. from sors). 1. To cast 
lots, to draw lots, to allot, to se- 
lect by lot. 

Spargo, spargere, sparsi, spar- 
sum (a. v. 3 conj.). To scatter, 
to throw about. 
352 



SPL 

Spartanus, a, um (adj.). Spartan. 
Used also as a noun, a Spartan. 

Sparus, i (masc. 2 decl.). A dart, 
a spear. Sometimes sparum, i 
(neut.) is employed. 

Spatior, ari, atus sum (dep. v. 1 
conj.). To walk about, to walk 
up and down, to range, to wan- 
der. 

Spatium, ii (neut. 2 decl). A 
space, a distance. 

Species, ei (fem. 5 decl.). 1. A 
form, figure, fashion, shape, ap- 
pearance. 2. A species, a sort. 

Specto, are, avi, atum (a. v. 1 
conj.). To behold, to gaze at, to 
view. Properly a frequentative 
from specio. 

Spectrum, i (neut. 2 decl.). A 
spectre, a phantom,, an apparition. 

Speculum, i (neut. 2 decl. from 
specio). A mirror, a looking- 
glass. 

Specus, us (masc. fem. and neut. 
4 decl. The masculine is most 
common ; the neuter appears only 
seldom ; the feminine occurs in 
the earlier writers). A cave, a 
den, a grot, a cavern. 

Sperno, spernere, sprevi, spre- 
tum (a. v. 3 conj.). To spurn, 
to contemn, to despise. 

Spero, are, avi, atum (a. v. 1 
conj. from spes). To hope, to 
hope for. 

Spes, spei (fem. 5 decl.). Hope. 

Sphynx, sphyngis (fem. 3 decl.). 
A Sphynx, a fabulous animal, 
having the head and hands of a 
maiden, the body of a hound, the 
wings of a bird, the tail of a drag- 
on, the claws of a lion, and a 
human voice. It propounded 
riddles, and destroyed those who 
could not solve them. 

Spina, ^e (fem. 1 decl.). 1. A 
thorn, a prickle. 2. The spine, 
the backbone. 

Splen, splenis (masc. 3 decl.). 
The spleen. 

Splendidus, a, um (adj. from 
splendeo). Bright, brilliant, 
shining, splendid. 

Splendor, oris (masc. 3 decl.). 



STR 

Effulgence, splendour, brilliancy, 
lustre. 

Spons, spontis (fern. 3 decl.). 
Free will, accord. Found merely 
in the genitive and ablative sin- 
gular, especially the latter. Spon- 
te, of one's own accord, spontane- 
ously, willingly, voluntarily. 

Stapia, uE (fern. 1 decl). a stirrup. 

Stabilio, ire, ivi, itum (a. v. 4 
conj. from stabilis). To make 
firm, to render stable, to establish, 
to support. 

Stabilis, is, e (adj. from sto). 
Firm, stable, steadfast. 

Statio, onis (fern. 3 decl. from 
sto). A station, a position, a 
post, an outpost, a vidette. 

Statua, m, (fern. 1 decl.). A 
statue. 

Statuo, uere, ui, utum (a. v. 3 
conj.). 1. To place, to fix, to 
establish. 2. To determine, to 
resolve. 

Status, us (masc. 4 decl. from 
sto). A state, a condition, a 
position. 

Statutus, a, um (part, from stat- 
uo). Resolved, determined upon. 

Stella, je (fern. 1 decl.). A star. 

Stelliger, era, erum (adj. from 
stella and gero). Bearing 
stars, starry. 

Stellio, onis (masc. 3 decl.). A 
lizard. A peculiar kind, having 
the back variegated with spots 
like stars. 

Stercus, oris (neut. 3 decl.). 
Dung, manure. 

Sterno, sternere, stravi, stra- 
tum (a. v. 3 conj.). I. To strew, 
to spread. 2. To overthrow, to 
lay low. 

Stipes, itis (masc. 3 decl.). I. A 
stake fixed in the ground. 2. A 
log, a trunk, a thick branch. 

Stomachus, i (masc. 2 decl). 1. 
The gullet, the oesophagus. 2. 
The stomach. 

Stramen, inis (neut. 3 decl. from 
sterno). Anything strewn on 
the ground, straw. 

Strepitus, us (masc. 4 decl. from 
strepo). Noise, din, tumult. 
30* 



SUB 

Strix, strigis (fern. 3 decl.). A 
screech-owl. 

Structura, m (fern. 1 decl. from 
struo). 1. Building, construe- 
Hon, structure, arrangement. 2. 
A structure, a building. 

Struthio, onis (masc. 3 decl.). 
An ostrich. 

Studiosus, a, um (adj. from stu- 
dium). Studious, eager, desi- 
rous, attentive, zealous, solicit- 
ous. 

Studium, ii (neut. 2 decl.). Zeal, 
eagerness, ardour, study. 

Stulte (adv. from stultus). Fool- 
ishly. 

Stultitia, m (fern. 1 decl. from 
stultus). Folly. 

Stultus, a, um (adj.). Foolish. 

SUADEO, SUADERE, SUASI, SUASUM 

(a. v. 2 conj.). To advise. 

Suavis, is, e (adj.). Agreeable, 
pleasant, sweet. 

Sub (prep, with accusative and ab- 
lative). Under, beneath, &c. 

Subeo, ire, ivi and ii, itum (neut. 
v. 4 conj. from sub and eo). 1. 
To go under, to come under, to 
undergo. 2. To approach, to 
draw near. 3. To occur, to sug- 
gest itself. 4. To come after, to 
follow. 

Subjectus, a, um (part, from sub- 
jicio). 1. Placed under, set un- 
der, subject to. 2. Applied to. 

SUBJICIO, JICERE, JECI, JECTUM (a. 

v. 3 conj. from sub and jacio). 
1 . To lay under, to put under, to 
subject. 2. To substitute. 

SUBLEVO, ARE, AVI, ATUM (a. V. 1 

conj. from sub and levo). 1. 
To lift, to raise, to hold up. 2. 
To lighten, to lessen. 3. To aid, 
to help, to succour. 

SUBSCRIBO, SCRIBERE, SCBIPSI, 

scriptum (a. v. 3 conj. from sub 

and scribo). To write beneath 

or under, to subscribe. 
Subsequor, sequi, secutus sum 

(dep. v. 3 conj. from sub and se- 

quor). To follow after, to come 

after, to succeed. 
Subter (prep, with accusative and 

ablative). Beneath, under. 
353 



SUP 

Subtilis, is, e (adj.). Subtile, 
thin, fine, small, slender. 

SuBTRAHO, TRAHERE, TRAXI, TRAC- 

tum (a. v. 3 conj. from sub and 
traho). To subtract, to draw or 
take from under. 

SUCCEDO, CEDERE, CESSI, CESSUM 

(neut. v. 3 conj. from sub and 
cedo). 1. To succeed, to follow. 
2. To draw near, to approach. 

Successor, oris (masc. 3 decl. 
from succedo). A successor. 

Successus, us (masc. 4 decl. from 
succedo). Success, good for- 
tune. 

Succdsus, a, um (adj. from suc- 
cus). Full of juice, juicy, moist, 
sappy. 

Succurro, currere, cubri, cur- 
sum (neut. v. 3 conj. from sub 
and curro). To run to one's 
aid, to succour, to help. 

Sudor, oris (masc. 3 decl.). Per- 
spiration, sweat. 

Suecia, je. (prop. n. 1 decl. fem.). 
Sweden. 

Suevi, orum (prop. n. 2 decl. 
masc). The Suevi, a German 
nation. 

Sui (pron. ). Of himself, of herself, 
of itself , &e. 

Sulphur or Sulfur, uris (neut. 3 
decl.). Sulphur. 

Sum, esse, fui (irreg. v.). To be, 
to exist, &c. 

Summus, a, um (adj. superlative of 
superus). Highest, uppermost, 
topmost, very high, &c. 

Sumptus or Sumtus, us (masc. 4 
decl. from sumo). Expense, cost, 
charge. 

Sumtus, us, vid. Sumptus. 

Supellex, pellectilis (fem. 3 
decl.). Household furniture, an 
article of furniture, moveables. 

Super (prep, with accusative and 
ablative). Above, beyond, &c. 
Super ccenam, at supper, liter- 
ally over supper. 

Superbio, ire, ivr, itum (neut. v. 
4 conj. from superbus). To be 
proud, to act proudly, to boast 
proudly. 

Superbus, a, jjm (adj.). Proud, 
354 



SUU 

haughty. Tarquinius Superbus, 

Tarquin the Proud. 
Supercilium, ii (neut. 2 decl.), 

1. An eyebrow. 2. Pride, sup- 
per ciliousness, haughtiness. 
Superficies, ei (fem. 5 decl. from 

super and facies). A surface, 

a superficies. 
Superior, or, us (adj. comparative 

of superus). Higher. 
Supero, are, avi, atum (a. v. 1 

conj. from super). To overcome, 

to conquer, to surmount. 
Supplex, plicis (adj.). Suppliant, 

humble, entreating. 
Supra (prep, with the accusative). 

Above, beyond, &c. 
Supremus, a, um (adj. superlative 

of superus). Highest, supreme. 
Surdus, a, um (adj.). Deaf. 

SURGO, SURGERE, SURREXI, SUR- 

rectum (neut. v. 3 conj.). To 
arise, to spring up, to grow. 

Surripio, ripere, ripui, reptum 
(a. v. 3 conj. from sub and ra- 
pio). To take away secretly, to 
steal, to filch. 

Sursum (adv.). Upward, on high, 
up. 

Sus, suis (masc. and fem. 3 decl.). 
A hog, a sow, a boar. 

Suscipio, cipere, CEPI, ceptum (a. 
v. 3 conj. from sub and capio). 
To take up, to undertake, to en- 
gorge in. 

SUSCITO, ARE, AVI, ATUM (a. V. 1 

conj.). To arouse, to excite, to 
stir up. 

Suspectus, a, um (part, from sus- 
picio). Suspected. 

Suspectus, us (masc. 4 decl. from 
suspicio). A looking upward. 

Suspicio, onis (fem. 3 decl.). Sus- 
picion, mistrust. 

SUSTENT.0, ARE, AVI, ATUM (a. V. 1 

conj. frequentative from sustin- 
eo). To sustain, to uphold, to 
support. 

SUSTINEO, TINERE, TINUI, TENTUM 

(a. v. 2 conj. from sub and ten- 
eo). To sustain, to support. 
Suus, a, um (pron. adj.). One's 
own, its own, particular, proper, 
peculiar, favourable. 



TAU 

T. 

Tabula, je (fern. 1 decl.). A 
board, a plank. Tabula picta, a 
picture, with picta sometimes 
understood. 

Xaceo, ere, ui, itum (neut. v. 2 
conj.). To become silent, to hold 
one's peace, to be silent. Taceo, 
properly, is to become silent after 
having spoken, and sileo to re- 
main silent after having been so 
previously. 

Tacitus, a, um (verbal adj. from 
taceo). Silent. 

Tacitus, i (prop. n. 2 decl. masc). 
Tacitus. 

Tactus, a, um (verbal adj. from 
tango). Touched, affected. 

Tactus, us (masc. 4 decl. from 
tango). Touch, the sense of 
touch. 

Talpa, je (masc. and fern, more 
commonly the former, 1 decl.). 
A mole. 

Tam (adv.). So, so much. 

TlMEN(conjc)- Notwithstanding, 
yet, nevertheless, however. 

Tamesis, is (masc. 3 decl.). The 
Thames. 

Tametsi (conjc from tamen and 
etsi). Though, although. 

Tango, tangere, tetigi, tactum 
(a. v. 3 conj.). To touch. 

Tanquam (adv.). As if, as, as it 
were. 

Tantalus, i (prop. n. 2 decl. 
masc). Tantalus. 

Tantum (adv.). 1. So much, to 
such a degree. 2. Only, alone. 

Tantus, a, um (adj.). So great, 
so much, so important. 

Tapes, etis (masc. 3 decl.). Ta- 
pestry. 

Tarandus, i (masc. 2 decl.). A 
reindeer. 

Tardus, a, um (adj.). Slow, inert, 
lazy, dull. 

Tarquinius, ii (prop. n. 2 decl. 
masc). Tarquinius. Vid. Su- 
perbus. 

Taurus, i (masc. 2 decl.). A 
bull. 

Taurus, i (prop. n. 2 decl. masc). 



TER 
Mount Taurus, an extensive 
mountain range in Asia. 

Tectum, i (neut. 2 decl. from te- 
go). 1. A covering. 2. A roof. 
3. A house, a dwelling. 

Tegumentum, i (neut. 2 decl. from 
tego). A covering. 

Tell us, uris (fern. 3 decl.). The 
earth. 

Tellus, uris (prop. n. 3 decl. 
fern. ). The goddess of the earth, 
Tellus. 

Telum, i (neut. 2 decl.). A weap- 
on, a dart, a missile. Any weap- 
on of attack. 

Temo, onis (masc. 3 decl.). The 
pole of a chariot, the beam of a 
plough, the draught-tree. 

Temperantia, je (fern. 1 decl. 
from temperans). Continence, 
self-control, moderation, temper- 
ance. 

Temper atus, a, um (verbal adj. 
from tempero). Tempered, mod- 
erated, restrained, mixed. 

Tempestas, atis (fern. 3 decl. from 
tempus). 1. A particular time, 
time. 2. A storm, a tempest. 

Templum, i (neut. 2 decl.). A 
temple. 

Tempus, oris (neut. 3 decl.). 
Time. It differs from tempestas 
in denoting time generally. 

Tempus, oris (neut. 3 decl.). One 
of the temples of the head. Tem- 
pora, The temples. 

Tenebr^i, arum (fem. 1 decl. 
wants the singular). Darkness, 
obscurity, gloom. 

Teneo, tenere, tenui, tentum 
(a. v. 2 conj.). To hold, to keep 
firm, to retain. 

Tener, era, erum (adj.). Tender, 
soft, pliant, yielding. 

Tenuis, is, e (adj.). 1. Thin, 
slender, fine. 2. Weak, feeble. 

Tenus (prep, with ablative, and 
placed generally after its case). 
As far as, up to, down to. 

Ter (numeral adv.). Thrice, three 
times. 

Terentius, ii (prop. n. 2 decl. 
masc). Terence. 

Tergum, i (neut. 2 decl.). The 
355 



THE 

back, whether of man or beast, a 
back of any object. 

Terni, m, a (distributive numeral, 
from ter). Three each, by threes. 

Tero, terere, trivi, tritum (a. 
v. 3 conj.). To rub, to wear 
away, to consume, to bruise. 

Terra, m (fern. 1 decl.). The 
earth. 

Terribilis, is, e (verbal adj. from 
terreo). Terrible, fearful, for- 
midable. 

Terror, oris (masc 3 decl.). 
Terror, fright, alarm. 

Tertio (adv. from tertius). The 
third time, for the third time, a 
third time. 

Tertius, a, um (numeral adj. from 
ter). Third. 

Testamentum, i (neut. 2 decl. from 
testor). A testament, a will. 

Testis, is (masc. and fern.). A 
witness. 

Testor, ari, atus sum (dep. v. 1 
conj.). To testify, to bear wit- 
ness to, to show, to declare. 2. 
To declare solemnly, to conjure, 
to invoke. 

Testudo, inis (fem. 3 decl.). 1. 
A tortoise. 2. A tortoise-shell. 
3. A lyre. 4. A testudo in mil- 
itary language, when the soldiers 
advanced to attack the walls with 
their shields locked over their 
heads like the shell of a tor- 
toise. 

Teter, tra, trum (adj.). Foul, 
offensive, noisome, disgusting, 
shocking. 

Teucer, cri (prop. n. 2 decl. 
masc). Teucer, half brother of 
Ajax. 

Thales, lis and letis (prop. n. 3 
decl. masc). Thales, a celebra- 
ted philosopher. 

Theatrum, i (neut. 2 decl.). A 
theatre. 

Theb^e, arum (prop. n. 1 decl. 
fem.). Thebes. 

Thebanus, a, um (adj.). Theban. 
As a noun, a Theban. 

Themistocles, is (prop. n. 3 decl. 
masc). Themistocles. 

Thermopylae, arum (prop. n. fem. 
356 



TON 

1 decl. wants the singular). 

Thermopylae. 
Thersites, je (prop. n. 1 decl. 

masc). Thersites. 
Thessalia, m (prop. n. 1 decl. 

fem.). Thessaly. 
Thetis, idis or idos (prop. n. 3 

decl. fem.). Thetis. 
Thorax, acis (masc 3 decl.). 1. 

The breast, the chest, the thorax. 

2. A breastplate, a corslet. 
Thracia, je (prop. n. 1 decl. fem.). 

Thrace. 
Thronus, i (masc. 2 decl.). A 

throne. 
Thus, thuris, vid. Tus. 
Tiberis, is (prop. n. 3 decl. masc). 

The Tiber. It also occurs in the 

following forms, Tibris, is, and 

Thybris, idis or idos. 
Tiberius, ii (prop. n. 2 decl. 

masc). Tiberius. 
Tibullus, i (prop. n. 2 decl. 

masc . ) . Tibullus. 
Ticinus, i (prop. n. 2 decl. masc). 

The Ticinus, a river of Italy, 

now the Tesino. 
Tigris, is and idis or idos (masc 

and fem. 3 decl.). A tiger, a 



Tilia, je (fem. 1 decl.). A lin- 
den-tree. 

Timeo, ere, ui (a. v. 2 conj.). To 
fear. 

Timidus, a, um (adj. from timeo). 
Timid, fearful. 

Timoleon, onis (prop. n. 3 decl. 
masc). Timoleon. 

Titan, anis (masc. 3 decl.). A 
Titan. 

Titus, i (prop. n. 2 decl. masc). 
Titus. 

Toga, m (fem. 1 decl.). A toga, 
an outer robe or gown, of a white 
colour, worn by the Romans. 

TOLERO, ARE, AVI, ATUM (a. V. 1 

conj.). To endure, to bear, to 

suffer. 

TONDEO, TONDERE, TOTOND1, TON- 
SUM (a. v. 2 conj.). To shear, 
to cut, to shave. 

Tonitru (neut. 4 decl. indeclinable 
in the singular ; in the plural ton- 
itrua). Thunder. 



TRA 

TONO, TONARE, TONUI (neut. V. 1 

conj.). To thunder. 

Tonsor, oris (masc. 3 decl. from 
tondeo). A barber. 

Torques, is (masc. and fern. 3 
decl.). A chain worn round the 
neck, and made of twisted work, 
a collar. 

Torridus, a, um (adj. from tor- 
reo). Dry, parched, dried up. 

Tot (indeclinable adj.). So many. 

Totidem (adv. from tot and idem). 
As many, just so many. 

Toties (adv. from tot). So often. 

Totus, a, um (adj.). The whole, 
all together, entire, total. 

Trabs, trabis (fern. 3 decl.). A 
beam, a rafter, a piece of wood. 

Traditus, a, um (part, from tra- 
do). Delivered up, given up, 
surrendered, handed over. 

Trado, tradere, tradidi, tra- 
DiTUM'(a. v. 3 conj. from trans 
and do). To deliver, to give 
over, to surrender, to consign. 

Tragicus, a, um (adj.). Tragic. 

Tragcedia, m (fern. 1 decl.). A 
tragedy, tragedy. 

Trajanus, i (prop. n. 2 decl. 
masc). Trajan. 

Trames, itis (masc. 3 decl.). A 
cross-way, a cross-road, a by- 
path, a path. 

Trans (prep, with accusative). 
Across, beyond, over. 

Transduco, ducere, duxi, duc- 
tum (a. v. 3 conj. from trans 
and duco). To lead over, to car- 
ry over, to convey across, to lead 
through, to transport. 

Transeo, ire, ivi, itum (irreg. v. 
from trans and eo). To go or 
pass over or beyond, to cross 
over. 

Transfero, ferre, tuli, latum 
(irreg. v. from trans and fero). 
To bring or carry over, to trans- 
fer, to remove from one place to 
another. 

Transigo, igere, egi, actum (a. 
v. from trans and ago). 1. To 
drive through, to pierce. 2. To 
accomplish, to perform, to con- 
clude, to transact. 



TRI , 

Trebia, m (prop. n. 1 decl. fern.). 
The Trebia, a river of northern 
Italy, where Hannibal gained one 
of his victories over the Romans. 
It falls into the Po near Placen- 
tia or Placenza. 

Trecentesimus, a, um (numeral 
adj. from trecenti). The three 
hundredth. 

Trecenti, m, a (numeral adj. from 
tres and centum). Three hun- 
dred. 

Tremor, oris (masc. 3 decl.). A 
trembling, a tremour. 

Tres, tres, tria (numeral adj.). 
Three. 

Treviri, orum (prop. n. 2 decl. 
masc). The Treviri, a people 
of Belgic Gaul. Their ancient 
capital is now Treves. 

Tribuo, uere, ui, utum (a. v. 3 
conj.). To give, assign, grant, 
to bestow, to attribute. 

Triceni, j&, a (distributive numer- 
al adj. from triginta). Thirty 
each, by thirties. 

Tricesimus, a, um, or Trigesimus 
(numeral adj. from triginta). 
The thirtieth. 

Tricies (numeral adv. from tri- 
ginta). Thirty times. 

TrTduum, i (neut. 2 decl. from 
tres and dies). The space of 
three days, three days. Properly 
an adjective, with spatium under- 
stood. 

Triginta (indeclinable numeral 
adj.). Thirty. 

Triplex, plicis (adj. from tres 
and plica). Triple, threefold. 

Triplo (ablative neuter of trip- 
lus). Three times. 

Triplus, a, um (adj.). Thrice as 
much, three times. 

Triticum, i (neut. 2 decl.). Wheat. 

Triton, onis (prop. n. 3 decl. 
masc). Triton, a sea- god. Also 
a common noun, signifying a tri- 
ton. The tritons were the attend- 
ants upon the cars of the sea- 
deities, and blew on shells. Tri- 
ton himself was the attendant on 
Neptune and Amphitrite. 

Triumpho, are, Ivi, Itum (a. v. 1 
357 



TUT 

conj.). To triumph, to celebrate, 

a triumph. 
Triumphus, i (masc. 3 decL). A 

triumph. 
Troja (prop. n. 1 decl. fern.). 

Troy. 
TrojXnus, a, hm (adj. from Tro- 
ja). Trojan. 
Trucido, are, avi, atum (a. V. 1 

conj.). To butcher, to slaughter, 

to kill cruelly, to cut to pieces, to 

massacre. 
Truncus, i (masc. 2 decl.). The 

trunk of a tree, the trunk of a 

human body without the limbs. 
Truncus, a, um (adj.). Maimed, 

mutilated, dismembered, deprived 

of. 
Tu (pron.). Thou. 
Tuber, eris (neut. 3 decl.). A 

tumour, a bump, a swelling. 

TUEOR, TUERI, TUITUS Or TUTUS 

sum (dep. v. 2 conj.). 1. To 
behold, to gaze upon, to look 
steadfastly, to look carefully to a 
thing. 2. To protect, to take 
care of, to defend, to preserve. 

Tulipa, m (fern. 1 decl.). A tu- 
lip. 

Tum (adv.). Then, thereupon. 

Tumidus, a, dm (adj. from tumeo). 
Swollen, swelling, tumid, protu- 
berant. 

Tumultus, us (masc. 4 decl. from 
tumeo). A tumult, commotion, 
uproar. 

Tunc (adv.). Then, at that time. 

Turca, m (masc. 1 decl.). A 
Turk. 

Turpis, is, e (adj.). Foul, dis- 
graceful, filthy, loathsome, ugly. 

Turris, is (fern. 3 decl.). A tower. 

Turtur, uris (masc. 3 decl.). A 
turtle, a turtle-dove. 

Tus or Thus, uris (neut. 3 decl.). 
Incense, frankincense. 

Tusci, orum (prop. n. 2 decl. 
masc). The Etrurians or Tus- 
cans. 

Tute (compound pron. from tu and 
the strengthening suffix te). 
Thou thyself. 

Tuto (adv. from tutus). Safely. 

Tutor, ari, atus sum (dep. v. 1 
358 



UND 

conj. from tueor). To protect, 

to defend. 
Tutus, a, um (verbal adj. from tu- 
eor). Safe, protected. 
Tuus, a, um (pronominal adj. from 

tu). Thy, thine. 
Tydides, iE (prop. n. 1 decl. 

masc). Tydides, a patronymic 

appellation for Diomedes, who 

was the son of Tydeus. 
Tyndarus, i (prop. n. 2 decl. 

masc). Tyndarus. 
Tyrannis, idis or idos (fern. 3 

decl. from tyrannus). Tyranny. 
Tyrannus, i (masc. 2 decl.). A 

tyrant. 

U. 

Ubi (adv.). Where, in which place, 

in what place. 
Ubique (adv.). Everywhere. 

ULCISCOR, ULC1SCI, ULTUS SUM 

(dep. v. 3 conj.). T* punish, 

to avenge, to take vengeance upon. 
Ulcus, ceris (neut. 3 decl.). An 

ulcer, a sore. 
Ullus, a, um (adj.). Any, any 

one. 
Ulpianus, i (prop. n. 2 decl. masc). 

TJlpian. 
Ulterior, oris (adj. comparative 

degree). Farther, beyond. 
Ultimus, a, um (adj. superlative 

degree). Farthest, farthermost, 

utmost. 
Ultra (prep, with accusative). 

Beyond, on the farther side of, 

past. 
Ulula, je (fern. 1 decl.). An owl. 
Ulysses, is (prop. n. 3 decl. 

masc). Ulysses. 
Umbra, je (fern. 1 decl.). A shad- 
ow, a shade. 
Unanimus, a, um (adj. from unus 

and animus). Of one mind, in 

complete accordance with each 

other. 
Unci a, m (fern. 1 decl.). 1. An 

ounce. 2. The tioelfth part of 

any whole. 
Unda, m (fern. 1 decl.). Water. 
Undecim (indeclinable numeral 

adj.). Eleven. 
Undecimus, a, um (numeral adjec- 



UTI 
live from undecim). The elev- 
enth. 

Undenonagesimus, a, um (numeral 
adj. from undenonaginta). The 
eighty-ninth. 

Unletriginta (indeclinable nu- 
meral adj.). Twenty-nine. 

Undeviginti (indeclinable numeral 
adj.). Nineteen. 

Undique (adv.). From all sides, 
from every quarter, on all sides. 

Unguis, is (masc. 3 decl.). A nail 
of the finger or toe, a claw, a 
talon. 

Ungula, m (fern. 1 decl. from un- 
guis). A hoof. 

Unio, onis (masc. 3 decl. from 
unus), 1. Unity, the number 
one. 2. A pearl. 

Universus, a, um (adj. from unus 
and versus). The whole, uni- 
versal, the whole taken at once. 

Unquam (adv.). Ever, at any 
time. 

Unus, a, um (numeral adj.). One, 
single, alone. 

Unusquisque, unaquzeque, unum- 
quodque, &c. (compound pron. 
from unus and quisque). Ev- 
ery, every one. 

Urania, m (prop. n. 1 decl. fern.). 
Urania, the muse of astronomy. 

Urbanus, a, um (adj. from urbs). 

1. Of or belonging to the city. 

2. Polite, refilled, courteous. 
Urbs, urbis (fem. 3 decl.). A city. 
Ursus, i (masc. 2 decl.). A bear. 
Urus, i (masc. 2 decl.). A wild 

ox, a buffalo. 

Usque (adv.). 1. Even, as far as. 
2. Continually, incessantly, al- 
ways. 

Ut (adv.). ,4s, like as, just as, 
even as, how, when. 

Ut (conjc). That, in order that. 

Uter, tra, trum (pronominal adj.). 
Which of the two, whether of the 
two. 

Uti (adv.). As. Same as ut. 

Uticensis, is, e (adj. from Utica). 
Of Utica. An appellation given 
to the younger Cato, from his 
ending his existence at Utica by 
his own hand. 



VAS 
Utilis, is, e (verbal adj. from 

utor). Useful, advantageous. 
Utilitas, atis (fem. 3 decl. from 

utilis). Utility, advantage. 
Utinam (adv.). I wish that, would, 

that, oh that ! 
Utor, uti, usus sum (dep. v. 3 

conj.). To use, to make use of 

to enjoy. 
Utrinque (adv.). On both sides. 
Utrum (adv.). Whether. 
Uva, m (fem. 1 decl.). A grape. 
Uxor, oris (fem. 3 decl.). A 

wife. 



Vacca, m (fem. 1 decl.). A cow. 

Ym (interj.) ! Wo ! alas ! 

Vagor, ari, atus sum (dep. v. 1 
conj.). To wander, to rove t to 
stray, to move up and down. 

Valde (adv.). Greatly, very, ex- 



Vale (imperative of valeo). Fare- 
well. 

Valeo, ere, ui, itum (neut. v. 2 
conj.)- To be well, to enjoy good 
health, to be strong, to be power- 
ful. 

Valetudo, inis (fem. 3 decl. from 
valeo). Health, whether good 
or bad. 

Validus, a, um (adj. from valeo). 
Sound, in sound health, strong, 
powerful. 

Vallis, is (fem. 3 decl.). A valley. 

Vanitas, atis (fem. 3 decl. from 
vanus). Emptiness, vainness. 

Vannus, i (fem.). A corn-fan. 

Vapor, oris (masc. 3 decl.). An 
exhalation, vapour, steam. 

Vapulo, are, avi, atum (neutral 
passive v. 1 conj.). To be beat- 
en, to be whipped, to be chastised. 

Varietas, atis (fem. 3 decl. from 
varius). Diversity, variety. 

Vario, are, avi, atum (a. v. 1 
conj.). To diversify, to varie- 
gaJe, to vary, to change. 

Varius, a, um (adj.). Various, 
different, diversified, variegated. 

Vas, vadis (masc. 3 decl.). A 
surety, bail. 

Vas, vasis (neut. 3 decl). A vase, 
359 



VEN 
a vessel. In the plural, vasa, 

ORUM. 

Vastus, a, um (adj.). 1. Vast, 
spacious, ample. 2. Waste, un- 
peopled, deserted. 

Vaticinor, ari, atus sum (dep. v. 
1 conj. from vates and cano). 
To prophesy, to predict, to divine. 

Ve (conjc.). Or. Always placed 
at the end of a word as a suffix. 

Vectigal, alis (neut. 3 decl. from 
veho). Duty on goods, &c, 
impost. In the plural, taxes, rev- 
enue, duties, customs, &c, trib- 
ute. 

Vehementer (adv.). Vehement- 
ly, extremely, eagerly, warmly. 
Comparative vehementius, su- 
perlative vehementissime. 

Veii, orum (prop. n. masc. 2 decl.). 
Veii, an ancient city of Etruria, 
not far from Rome. 

Vel (conjc). Or, either. 

Velocitas, atis (fem. 3 decl. 
from velox). Velocity, sivift- 
ness, speed, quickness. 

Velox, ocis (adj.). Fleet, swift, 
quick, rapid. 

Velut or Veluti (adv.). -4s, like 
as. 

Venatio, onis (fem. 3 decl. from 
venor). A hunting", the chase. 

Venator, oris (masc. 3 decl. from 
venor). A hunter, a huntsman. 

Venatus, us (masc. 4 decl. from 
venor). A hunting, a chasing. 

VENDO, VENDERS, VENDID1, VEN- 

ditum (a. v. 3 conj.). To sell, 
to vend. 

Venenatus, a, um (verbal adj. from 
veneno). Poisoned, envenomed. 

Venenum, i (neut. 2 decl.). Poi- 
son. Primitive meaning, a drug 
or medicine. 

Veneror, ari, atus sum (dep. v. 
1 conj.). To venerate, to rever- 
ence, to adore, to worship. 

Venia, m (fem. 1 decl.). Pardon, 
indulgence, permission, leave, li- 
cense. 

Venio, venire, veni, ventum 
(neut. v. 4 conj.). To come, to 
arrive. 

Venor, ari, atus sum (dep. v. 1 
360 



VER 

conj.). To hunt, to chase, to 
pursue. 

Ventriculus, i (masc. 2 decl. dim- 
inutive from venter). A ven- 
tricle, the stomuch. Primitive 
meaning, a little stomach. 

Ventus, i (masc. 2 decl.). Wind, 
a wind. 

Venus, eris (prop. n. 3 decl. fem.). 
Venus. 

Venustas, atis (fem. 3 decl. from 
Venus). Elegance, grace, love- 
liness. 

Ver, veris (neut. 3 decl.). The 
spring. 

Verber, eris (neut. 3 decl.). A 
lash, a scourge. 

Verbum, i (neut. 2 decl.). A 
word, an expression. 

Vereor, vereri, veritus sum 
(dep. v. 2 conj.). To dread, to 
fear, to regard with reverential 
awe. 

Vergo, vpirgere, versi (neut. v. 
3 conj. perfect rarely found). 1, 
To incline, to bend, to look to- 
wards. 2. To pour out. 

Veritas, atis (fem. 3 decl. from 
verus). Truth, verity. 

Vermis, is (masc. 2 decl.). A 
worm. 

Vero (adv.). Certainly, truly, in- 
deed. It often appears as an ad- 
versative adverb, but. 

Ver res, is (prop. n. 3 decl. masc). 
Verves. 

Versicolor, oris (adj. from ver- 
to and color). Changeable of 
colour, changing its hue, varie- 
gated. 

Versor, ari, atus sum (dep. v. 1 
conj . ). 1. To frequent, to be fre- 
quently in a place. 2. To be con- 
versant with, to be often engaged 
in, to be employed in. 

Versus, us (masc. 4 decl. from 
verto). A verse. 

Versus (prep, with accusative, and 
commonly following its case). 
Towards. 

Vertebra, m (fem. 1 decl. from 
verto). A vertebra, one of the 
joints of the spine. 

Vertex, icis (masc. 3 dec!, from 



VES 
verto). A top, a summit, a 
height. Primitive meaning, a 
point or extremity on which any- 
thing revolves. Hence arises 
also another frequent meaning of 
a whirlpool, a vortex. 

Verto, vertere, verti, versum 
(a. v. 3 conj.). To turn, to turn 
round, to direct another way. 

Veru (neut. indeclinable 4 decl.). 
1. A spit. 2. A thin tapering 
spear. 

Verum (adv.). 1. Truly, just so, 
exactly so. 2. More frequently 
adversative, bat, however. 

Verumtamen or Veruntamen 
(adv.). But, however, neverthe- 
less, notwithstanding. 

Verus, a, um (adj.). True, real, 
sincere. 

Vervex, ecis (masc. 3 decl.). 1. 
A wether, a wether-sheep. 2. A 
dull fellow, a blockhead,. 

Vespasianus, i (prop. n. 2 decl. 
masc). Vespasian. 

Vesper, eris (masc. 3 decl.). The 
evening star, evening. 

Vespera, je (fern. 1 decl.). Even- 
ing. 

Vespere or Vesperi (ablative of 
vesper). In the evening. 

Vesperus, i (masc. 2 decl.). Same 
meaning as vesper. 

Vespertilio, onis (masc. 3 decl.). 
A bat. 

Vespertinus, a, um (adj. from ves- 
per). Of evening, in the even- 
ing, evening } s. 

Vespillo, onis (masc. 3 decl. from 
vesper). One who carries out 
dead bodies at dark, an interrer, 
a bier -bearer, a sexton. 

Vestalis, is, e (adj. from Vesta). 
Of Vesta, Vestal. Virgo Ves- 
talis, a Vestal virgin. 

Vester, tra, trum (pronominal 

adj.). Your, yours. 
Vestigium, ii (neut. 2 decl.). A 
print of a foot, a footstep, a track, 
a trace. 
Vestimentum, i (neut. 2 decl. 
from vestio). A garment, a 
vestment, an article of cloth- 
ing. 
31 



VIG 

Vestio, ire, ivi, itum (a. v. 4 

conj.). To clothe, to cover. 
Vestis, is (fem. 3 decl.). A gar- 

ment, a vestment. 
Vestitus, a, um (part, from ves- 
tio). Clad, arrayed, clothed. 
Vestras, atis (adj. from vester). 

Of your country, of your party, 

of your family, &c. 
Vesuvius, ii (prop. n. 2 decl. 

masc). Vesuvius, a mountain 

near Naples. 
Vetus, eris (adj.). Old, ancient, 

of long standing. Comparative 

veterior, superlative veterri- 

mus). 
Vetustas, atis (fem. 3 decl. from 

vetus). 1. Antiquity, ancient- 

ness. 2. Length of time. 
Via, m (fem. 1 decl.). A way, a 

path. 
Viator, oris (masc. 3 decl. from 

via). A traveller, a wayfaring 

man. 
Vibex, icis (fem. 3 decl.). The 

mark of a stripe or blow, a weal. 
Viceni, je, a (distributive numeral 

from viginti). Twenty each, by 

twenties. 
Vicesimus or Vigesimus (numeral 

adjective, from viginti). The 

twentieth. 
Vicies (numeral adv.). Twenty 

times. 
Vicissitudo, inis (fem. 3 decl.). 

Change, vicissitude. 
Victor, oris (masc 3 decl. from 

vinco). A victor, a conqueror. 
Victoria, je (fem. 1 decl. from vic- 
tor). Victory. 
Victoria, je (prop. n. 1 decl. fem.). 

Victoria. 
Victrix, icis (feminine adj.). She 

that is victorious, victorious. 
Victus, us (masc 4 decl. from 

vivo). Food, sustenance, the 

means of existence. 
Victus, a, um (part, from vinco). 

Conquered, overcome. 
Video, videre, vidi, visum (a. v. 

2 conj.). To see, to perceive. 
Videor, videri, visus sum (passive 

of video). To appear, to be seen. 
Vigil atus, a, um (verbal adj. from 
361 



VIS 

vigil o). Spent i 

spent without sleep. 
Viginti (indeclinable numeral). 

Twenty. 
Vilis, is, e (adj.). Vile, worthless, 

cheap, of little value. 

VlNCO, VINCERE, VICI, VICTUM (a. 

v. 3. conj.). To conquer, to 
overcome: 

Vinculum, i (neut. 2 decl. from 
vincio). A bond, a chain, a fet- 
ter. 

Vindex, icis (masc. and fern. 3 
decl.). 1 . An avenger, a repress- 
er of grievances. 2. An assert- 
or, a defender. 

Vindicia, je (fern. 1 decl. more 
commonly found in the plural). 
A claim. 

Vindob5na, m (prop. n. 1 decl. 
fem.). Vienna. 

Vinum, i (neut. 2 decl.). Wine. 

Viola, m (fem. 1 decl.). A violet. 

Vipera, m (fem. 1 decl.). A vi- 
per. 

Vir, viri (masc. 2 decl.) 
a hero. 

Virgilius, ii (prop, n, 
masc). Virgil. 

Virgo, inis (fem. 3 decl.) 
gin, a maiden. 

Viridis, is, e (adj.). Green, ver- 
dant. 

Virilis, is, e (adj. from vir). Of 
or belonging to a man, manly. 

Viritim (adv. from vir). Man by 
man. 

Virtus, utis (fem. 3 decl.). 1. 
Energy, 2. Talent, merit. 3. 
Virtue. 

Virus, i (neut. 2 decl.). 1- Juice, 
moisture. 2. Venom, poison. 
3, A rank or fetid smell. 

Vis, is (fem. 3 decl. the nominative, 
accusative, and ablative are alone 
used in the singular. In the 
plural, vires, virium, viribus, 
&c, is regular). Force, vig- 
our, strength. In the plural, 1. 
Strength, bodily powers. 2. Re- 
sources, means. 
Viscum, i (neut. 2 decl.). 1. The 

mistletoe. 2. Birdlime. 
Viscus, eris (neut. 3 decl.). A 
362 



A man, 

2 decl. 

A vir- 



VOL 

bowel or entrail. The plural is 

more common, viscera, um. 
Viso, visere, visi, visum (a. v. 3 

conj.). To visit. 
Visus, us (masc. 4 decl. from vid- 
eo). Sight. 
Vita, je (fem. 1 decl.). Life, ex- 
istence. 
Vitellius, ii (prop. n. 2 decL 

masc). Vitellius. 
Vitis, is (fem. 3 decl.). A vine. 
Vitium, ii (neut. 2 decl.). A vice, 

a failing, a fault. 
Vito, are, avi, atum (a. v. 1 conj.). 

To avoid, to shun. 
Vitreus, a, um (adj. from vitrum). 

Of glass, glassy. 
Vitrum, i (neut. 2 decl.). Glass. 

Vitra ocularia, spectacles, glasses 

for the eyes. 
Vituperator, oris (masc 3 decl. 

from vitupero). A defamer, a 

reviler. 
Vitupero, are, avi, atum (a. v. 1 

conj.). To defame, to abuse, to 

revile. 
Vivo, vivere, vixi, victum (neut. 

v. 3 conj.). To live. 
Vivus, a, um (adj.). Alive, living. 
Vix (adv.). Scarcely, hardly. 
Voco, are, avi, atum (a. v. 1 conj.). 

To call, to summon, to invite, to 

name. 
Volatus, us (masc. 4 decl. from 

volo, are). The act of flying, 

flying. 

V6LIT0, ARE, AVI, ATUM (neut. V. 

1 conj. frequentative from volo, 

are). To fly up and down, to 

flutter about, to fly about, to warn. 

Volo, are, avi, atum (neut. v. 1 

conj.). To fly. 
Volo, velle, volui (irreg. v.). To 

be willing, to ipish. 
Volucer, cris, cre (adj. from 

volo, are). Swift, flying, fleet, 

vringed, rapid. 
Volucris, is (masc and fem. 3 

decl. properly an adjective). A 

bird, a winged creature, anything 

that flies. 
Voluntas, atis (fem. 3 decl. from 

volo, velle). Will, inclination, 

wish. 



VUL 

Voluptas, atis (fem. 3 decl.). 
Pleasure, joy, delight. 

Vomer, eris (masc. 3 decl.). A 
ploughshare. 

Vox, vocis (fem. 3 decl.). A voice, 
an accent. 

Vulcanus, i (prop. n. 2 decl. 
masc). Vulcan. 

Vulgaris, is, e (adj. from vulgus). 
Vulgar, common, mean, ordinary. 

Vulgo (adv.). Commonly, gener- 
ally. 

VULGO, ARE, AVI, ATUM (a. V. 1 

com'.). To make common, to 
spread abroad. 
Vulgus, i (masc. and neut. more 
commonly the latter, 2 decl.). 
The common people, the populace, 
the vulgar, the lower orders, the 
multitude. 



ZAM 

Vulnus, eris (neut. 3 decl.). A 

wound. 
Vulpes, is (fem. 3 decl.). A fox, 
Vultur, uris (masc. 3 decl.). A 



Vultus, us (masc. 4 decl. from 
volo, velle). The look, the 
countenance. 

X. 

Xerxes, is (prop. n. 3 decl. 

masc). Xerxes. 
Xenophon, ontis (prop. n. 3 decl. 

masc). Xenophon. 

Z. 

Zingiber, beris (neut. 3 decl.). 

Ginger. 
Zama, m (prop. n. 1 decl. fem.). 

Zama. 

363 



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